Suchergebnisse

'In den letzten Jahren entwickelte sich eine enge Kooperation von kognitiven (Sozial-) Psychologen und Umfrageforschern, in deren Mittelpunkt die kognitiven und kommunikativen Prozesse stehen, die Antworten von Befragten zugrunde liegen. Wir stellen dieses interdisziplinäre Forschungsgebiet anhand zweier zentraler Fragestellungen vor. Zunächst gehen wir auf die Validität retrospektiver Berichte und ihre Abhängigkeit vom Forschungsinstrument ein. Dabei erweisen sich Verhaltensberichte und nachfolgende Urteile in wesentlichem Maße als Funktion der vom Forscher vorgegebenen Antwortalternativen. Anschließend behandeln wir das Auftreten von Kontexteffekten bei Meinungsfragen und spezifizieren die Bedingungen, unter denen Assimilations- oder Kontrasteffekte als Funktion vorausgegangener Fragen auftreten.' (Autorenreferat)

Feral goats (Capra hircus) were shot from a helicopter
on four sites in central-western Queensland. These sites centred on Idalia
National Park (660 km2) and three nearby properties:
Lissoy (360 km2), Mt Calder (260
km2) and Ravensbourne (320 km2),
the order reflecting increasing goat density. On Idalia, 134 goats were shot
in 8 h of flying time. On Lissoy, 28 goats were shot in 3 h, 1038 goats were
shot on Mt Calder in 15 h, while 2307 goats were shot on Ravensbourne in 21 h.
The reduction was monitored by aerial surveys using fixed-wing aircraft. No
goats were recorded on either Idalia or Lissoy immediately following shooting
and substantial reductions in goat numbers were achieved on Mt Calder
(75%) and Ravensbourne (49%). Surveys conducted six months after
this reduction indicated population increases on all sites following shooting.
This was particularly marked on Ravensbourne, where goat numbers had increased
by 31% despite further substantial removals by commercial mustering.
These population increases were largely the result of immigration. The
cooperation of landowners over a large area is therefore essential for
effective control of goats. The per capita cost of
shooting goats from a helicopter was essentially constant down to a threshold
density of <1 goat km-2 , below which the cost
increased substantially.
The accuracy of fixed-wing aerial surveys was improved by using
double-counting and these corrected estimates compared favourably with
index–manipulation–index estimates. Estimates of densities <1
goat km-2 were imprecise and at these densities goats
were difficult to detect. The extent of vegetation cover did not affect the
sightability of goats, whereas group size was positively correlated with the
sightability of goats. To estimate true density, correction factors of
1–2 were applied to goat group sizes using survey parameters of 100 m
strip width, a survey height of 76 m and a speed of 187 km
h-1.

Abstract: At present, Japanese researchers conducting social surveys encounter several difficulties such as restricted access to official registers and a decrease in current response rates. These researchers may expect these difficulties to be solved by the survey techniques or methods developed outside Japan, such as computer‐assisted interviews (CAI) and Internet surveys. It is unclear whether the numerous technical differences between survey methodologies developed in Japan and elsewhere imply the backward‐ness of Japan or cultural differences. This paper discusses the potential of various recent survey methods, focusing on the culture and paradigms in Japan and the UnitedStates. First, this paper presents an overview of survey techniques, such as computer‐assisted personal interviewing, Internet surveys, and mixed modes. Second, it points out the fact that the existence of the registers and different survey concepts might have created the different survey paradigms. In addition, reference is made to the linguisticdifferences between the US and Japan. The results indicate that survey research is more dispersed in Japan than in the US and that survey research adapted to the uniqueness of Japanese culture is not accumulated sufficiently, although such an accumulation is required. Finally, it is stated that not only surveys, but also the concept of methodology, is not very popular in Japan. Furthermore, the development of survey research in the US is likely to be related to pragmatism.