Standard-Essential Patents
In: Journal of political economy, Band 123, Heft 3, S. 547-586
ISSN: 1537-534X
1831 Ergebnisse
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In: Journal of political economy, Band 123, Heft 3, S. 547-586
ISSN: 1537-534X
In: American economic review, Band 105, Heft 6, S. 1665-1682
ISSN: 1944-7981
SSRN
This paper analyzes how private decisions and public policies are shaped by personal and societal preferences (values), material or other explicit incentives (laws) and social sanctions or rewards (norms). It first examines how honor, stigma and social norms arise from individuals' behaviors and inferences, and how they interact with material incentives. It then characterizes optimal incentive-setting in the presence of norms, deriving in particular appropriately modified versions of Pigou and Ramsey taxation. Incorporating agents' imperfect knowledge of the distribution of preferences opens up to analysis several new questions. The first is social psychologists' practice of norms-based interventions, namely campaigns and messages that seek to alter people's perceptions of what constitutes normal behavior or values among their peers. The model makes clear how such interventions operate, but also how their effectiveness is limited by a credibility problem, particularly when the descriptive and prescriptive norms conflict. The next main question is the expressive role of law. The choices of legislators and other principals naturally reflect their knowledge of societal preferences, and these same community standards are also what shapes social judgements and moral sentiments. Setting law thus means both imposing material incentives and sending a message about society's values, and hence about the norms that different behaviors are likely to encounter. The analysis, combining an informed principal with individually signaling agents, makes precise the notion of expressive law, determining in particular when a weakening or a strengthening of incentives is called for. Pushing further this logic, the paper also sheds light on why societies are often resistant to the message of economists, as well as on why they renounce certain policies, such as cruel and unusual punishments, irrespective of effectiveness considerations, in order to express their being civilized.
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SSRN
In: The Rand journal of economics, Band 37, Heft 4, S. 799-815
ISSN: 1756-2171
In: Journal of political economy, Band 113, Heft 6, S. 1217-1238
ISSN: 1537-534X
In: American economic review, Band 94, Heft 3, S. 691-711
ISSN: 1944-7981
The paper builds a tractable model of patent pools, agreements among patent owners to license sets of their patents. It provides a necessary and sufficient condition for patent pools to enhance welfare and shows that requiring pool members to be able to independently license patents matters if and only if the pool is otherwise welfare reducing. The paper allows patents to differ in importance, asymmetric blocking patterns, and licensors to also be licensees. We undertake some initial exploration of the impact of pools on innovation. The analysis has broader applicability than pools, being relevant to a number of co-marketing arrangements.
In: Revue économique, Band 32, Heft 5, S. 829-869
ISSN: 1950-6694
SSRN
In: Zeitschrift für öffentliches Recht: ZÖR = Journal of public law, Band 65, Heft 3, S. 487-489
ISSN: 1613-7663