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Population geography is a subdiscipline of Human geography and studies the
distribution, concentration and density of population over the terestrial
surface, as well as differences in population size, changes and
characteristics, like structures, migrations, activity etc, among some places
present compared to others. Population geography has had a perscientific
stage as long as human history. First modern scientific treatis of population
in geography was the F. Ratzels book Antropogeography in 1882. During the
first half of the XX century, French geographer Vidal de la Blanche gave a
capital importance of population studies in his work Principes de Geographie
Humaine. In interwar years, various aspects of population were studied. After
The Second World War started the renovating movement of geography and new
tendencies appear in human geography and, consequently in population
geography. Attempts were made to define population geography as a separate
sub-discipline. The world wide trend of treating population geography as
separate discipline was expressed by publishing monographs, bibliographies
and textbooks. The most significant authors who worked on defining population
geography were French geographers P. George (1951, 1959), Beaujen-Garnier
(1965, 1966); North-american geographers: G. Trewarta (1953, 1969), W. Bunge
(1962), J. Clance (1965, 1971), W. Zelinski (1966); in Great Britain: J.I.
Clarke (1965); in USSR: Ju.G. Sauskin i D.N. Anucin (1950), V.V. Poksisevskij
(1966), D.I. Valentej (1973); in Poland V. Ormotski (1931), L. Kosinski
(1967) A. Jagelski (1980). Those authors and their works had the significant
influence on the development of population science in the world and also in
Serbia. Although the development of population geography was different in
different countries and scientific research centers, we can clearly defined
four stages. First stage lasted untill 1960s and was characterised by works
of G.Trewarta, H. Doerres Ju.G. Sauskin, D.N. Anucin, J. Beaujeu-Gariner. G.
Trewarta argued that the population is the point of reference from which all
other elements are observed and from which all derive significance and
meaning. This view was adopted and shared by authors dealing with population
items, explicitly or implicitly. Second stage lasted from 1960s till 1970s
and the most significant authors dealing with population problems were W.
Zelinsky, W. Bunge; H.Bobek, W. Hartke, K.Ruppert, F.Schaffer; D.I. Valentej,
K.Korcak. This phase was characterized by the application of quantitative
methods and efforts for understanding the spatial structure of the
population. Many scientists see this development phase as a particularly
prosperous period, because it carried more intensive relations of geography
and demography through the introduction of statistical, mathematical and
demographic methods and techniques in studies of population geography. Third
phase lasted from 1970s to 1980s, and was characterized by close relations
between population geography and formal demography. Development and
application of GIS and computer data, have made population studies more
complex and applicable in practice, through population policy and population
projections. The most significant authors in this period were L. Kosinski, A.
Jagelski, H?gerstrand. And at last, fourth stage started in 1980s and in many
countries lastes untill present days. In population geography appeared new
tendencies associated with the critique of positivism, the establishment of
humanistic approaches and modifications of general geographic concepts. In
this period, spatial analysis and quantitative scientific methods were
reaffirmed, and because of that some population studies were redefined in
spatial demography, a time dimension advocated in historical demography. In
this context, we emphasize the work of D. Plane and P. Rogerson. Population
geography is viewed differently from one country to another. Its definition
differs from too narrow to overly broad. But two research areas were of
particular interest to geographers - population distribution and migration.
Both items acquired an international dimension. Recently, eminent population
geographers exchanged various view points in an attempt to provoke new
thinking on subject and define the answers of new fields research in
population geography. Population geography in the XXI Century is no longer a
field comprised of spatial applications of fertility, mortality and migration
only. Contemporary population geography is theoretically sophisticated,
integrating spatial analysis, GIS and geo-referenced data. Future progress in
the field of population geography will derive from more research at the
intersections of population processes and societal issues and concerns. Major
themes of future empirical researches in population geography should be:
global population growth, studies of migration, transnationalism, human
security issues, population-health-environment nexus, human-environment
sustainability, economic development and poverty issues.

International audience ; [The geopolitical history of Israel is primarily a demographic history. After the existence of a political society in the centuries before the Christian era, the expulsion of the Jews from this Near East, which can be defined geographically as this space between the Jordan and the Mediterranean, removes them for a long time from this region, generating the Diaspora. Almost two millennia later, as of the end of the nineteenth century, various migratory flows of Diaspora nationals began to converge towards Palestine. Then these flows increase with the rise of Zionism and the rejections of the Jews by the Arab countries. After its independence in 1948, Israel's internal geopolitics is characterized by singular demographic dynamics, both for the migratory movement and for the natural movement, which contribute to geopolitical evolutions. Even today, the demographic tempo, or rather the demographic tempi of Israel and its environment, suggests that tomorrow and yesterday the geopolitical history of Israel will be closely linked to its demographic history.] ; L'histoire géopolitique d'Israël est d'abord une histoire démographique. Après l'existence d'une société politique dans des siècles antérieurs à l'ère chrétienne, l'expulsion des juifs de ce Proche-Orient, que l'on peut géographiquement définir comme cet espace entre le Jourdain et la Méditerranée, les éloigne pour longtemps de cette région, engendrant la Diaspora. Près de deux millénaires plus tard, à compter de la fin du XIXe siècle, divers courants migratoires de ressortissants de la Diaspora commen-cent à converger vers la Palestine. Puis ces flux s'accroissent au fil de l'essor du sio-nisme et des rejets des juifs par les pays arabes. Après son indépendance en 1948, la géopolitique interne d'Israël se caractérise par des dynamiques démographiques singu-lières, tant pour le mouvement migratoire que pour le mouvement naturel, qui concou-rent aux évolutions géopolitiques. Aujourd'hui encore, le tempo démographique, ou plu-tôt les tempi ...

International audience ; [The geopolitical history of Israel is primarily a demographic history. After the existence of a political society in the centuries before the Christian era, the expulsion of the Jews from this Near East, which can be defined geographically as this space between the Jordan and the Mediterranean, removes them for a long time from this region, generating the Diaspora. Almost two millennia later, as of the end of the nineteenth century, various migratory flows of Diaspora nationals began to converge towards Palestine. Then these flows increase with the rise of Zionism and the rejections of the Jews by the Arab countries. After its independence in 1948, Israel's internal geopolitics is characterized by singular demographic dynamics, both for the migratory movement and for the natural movement, which contribute to geopolitical evolutions. Even today, the demographic tempo, or rather the demographic tempi of Israel and its environment, suggests that tomorrow and yesterday the geopolitical history of Israel will be closely linked to its demographic history.] ; L'histoire géopolitique d'Israël est d'abord une histoire démographique. Après l'existence d'une société politique dans des siècles antérieurs à l'ère chrétienne, l'expulsion des juifs de ce Proche-Orient, que l'on peut géographiquement définir comme cet espace entre le Jourdain et la Méditerranée, les éloigne pour longtemps de cette région, engendrant la Diaspora. Près de deux millénaires plus tard, à compter de la fin du XIXe siècle, divers courants migratoires de ressortissants de la Diaspora commen-cent à converger vers la Palestine. Puis ces flux s'accroissent au fil de l'essor du sio-nisme et des rejets des juifs par les pays arabes. Après son indépendance en 1948, la géopolitique interne d'Israël se caractérise par des dynamiques démographiques singu-lières, tant pour le mouvement migratoire que pour le mouvement naturel, qui concou-rent aux évolutions géopolitiques. Aujourd'hui encore, le tempo démographique, ou plu-tôt les tempi ...

International mobilities of physicians take place in the context of the rise of a world market of medical skills and the lack of medical staff in Western Europe. The harmonisation of immigration policies in the EU fostered the mobility of medical staff towards Western Europe, especially to France where the lack of physicians has been identified since the end of the nineties as the "crisis of medical demography". As of January 2010, around 10 000 foreign physicians were practicing in France, and among them Romanian physicians came first. Why are there so many Romanian physicians in France? To which need do they react and what are the consequences of their departure for Romanian society and health care system? The first part of the text is a synthesis of the causes of the immigration of Romanian physicians? The second part of our argumentation is a presentation of the situation of Romanian physicians in the French medical system, and finally we will analyze the impact of these migrations, which requires to understand underlying motivations. ; Les mobilités internationales de médecins s'inscrivent dans le contexte d'émergence d'un marché mondial des compétences médicales et de déficit de personnel médical dans les pays d'Europe occidentale. L'harmonisation des politiques migratoires dans l'Union européenne a favorisé les déplacements de personnels médicaux vers l'Europe occidentale, dont la France où le manque de médecins a été reconnu à la fin des années 1990 sous l'expression " crise de la démographie médicale ". Au 1er janvier 2010, un peu plus de 10 000 médecins étrangers exerçaient en France, parmi lesquels les médecins roumains arrivaient au premier rang : pourquoi les médecins roumains sont-ils si nombreux à venir en France, à quels besoins répondent-ils et quels sont les effets de leur départ pour la Roumanie ? Afin de présenter quelques hypothèses de réponse, la première partie du texte est une synthèse des facteurs qui ont favorisé l'immigration de médecins roumains. Après une présentation des grandes ...

International mobilities of physicians take place in the context of the rise of a world market of medical skills and the lack of medical staff in Western Europe. The harmonisation of immigration policies in the EU fostered the mobility of medical staff towards Western Europe, especially to France where the lack of physicians has been identified since the end of the nineties as the "crisis of medical demography". As of January 2010, around 10 000 foreign physicians were practicing in France, and among them Romanian physicians came first. Why are there so many Romanian physicians in France? To which need do they react and what are the consequences of their departure for Romanian society and health care system? The first part of the text is a synthesis of the causes of the immigration of Romanian physicians? The second part of our argumentation is a presentation of the situation of Romanian physicians in the French medical system, and finally we will analyze the impact of these migrations, which requires to understand underlying motivations. ; Les mobilités internationales de médecins s'inscrivent dans le contexte d'émergence d'un marché mondial des compétences médicales et de déficit de personnel médical dans les pays d'Europe occidentale. L'harmonisation des politiques migratoires dans l'Union européenne a favorisé les déplacements de personnels médicaux vers l'Europe occidentale, dont la France où le manque de médecins a été reconnu à la fin des années 1990 sous l'expression " crise de la démographie médicale ". Au 1er janvier 2010, un peu plus de 10 000 médecins étrangers exerçaient en France, parmi lesquels les médecins roumains arrivaient au premier rang : pourquoi les médecins roumains sont-ils si nombreux à venir en France, à quels besoins répondent-ils et quels sont les effets de leur départ pour la Roumanie ? Afin de présenter quelques hypothèses de réponse, la première partie du texte est une synthèse des facteurs qui ont favorisé l'immigration de médecins roumains. Après une présentation des grandes ...

International mobilities of physicians take place in the context of the rise of a world market of medical skills and the lack of medical staff in Western Europe. The harmonisation of immigration policies in the EU fostered the mobility of medical staff towards Western Europe, especially to France where the lack of physicians has been identified since the end of the nineties as the "crisis of medical demography". As of January 2010, around 10 000 foreign physicians were practicing in France, and among them Romanian physicians came first. Why are there so many Romanian physicians in France? To which need do they react and what are the consequences of their departure for Romanian society and health care system? The first part of the text is a synthesis of the causes of the immigration of Romanian physicians? The second part of our argumentation is a presentation of the situation of Romanian physicians in the French medical system, and finally we will analyze the impact of these migrations, which requires to understand underlying motivations. ; Les mobilités internationales de médecins s'inscrivent dans le contexte d'émergence d'un marché mondial des compétences médicales et de déficit de personnel médical dans les pays d'Europe occidentale. L'harmonisation des politiques migratoires dans l'Union européenne a favorisé les déplacements de personnels médicaux vers l'Europe occidentale, dont la France où le manque de médecins a été reconnu à la fin des années 1990 sous l'expression " crise de la démographie médicale ". Au 1er janvier 2010, un peu plus de 10 000 médecins étrangers exerçaient en France, parmi lesquels les médecins roumains arrivaient au premier rang : pourquoi les médecins roumains sont-ils si nombreux à venir en France, à quels besoins répondent-ils et quels sont les effets de leur départ pour la Roumanie ? Afin de présenter quelques hypothèses de réponse, la première partie du texte est une synthèse des facteurs qui ont favorisé l'immigration de médecins roumains. Après une présentation des grandes ...

International audience ; [As in past centuries, the drivers of international migration in the twenty-first century are of a "classical" nature, linked to political, religious, economic and demographic factors. The emergence of "new migratory logics" does not in any way negate the "classical" factors, since they combine with them.] ; Comme au cours des siècles passés, les facteurs des migrations internationales au XXIe siècle sont de nature « classique », liées à des facteurs politiques, religieux, économiques et démographiques. L'apparition des « nouvelles logiques migratoires » n'annihile nullement les facteurs « classiques », puisqu'elles se combinent avec eux.

International audience ; [As in past centuries, the drivers of international migration in the twenty-first century are of a "classical" nature, linked to political, religious, economic and demographic factors. The emergence of "new migratory logics" does not in any way negate the "classical" factors, since they combine with them.] ; Comme au cours des siècles passés, les facteurs des migrations internationales au XXIe siècle sont de nature « classique », liées à des facteurs politiques, religieux, économiques et démographiques. L'apparition des « nouvelles logiques migratoires » n'annihile nullement les facteurs « classiques », puisqu'elles se combinent avec eux.

In this study, I address the vast and complicated problem of population replacement in Russia's border regions. Although both national and regional demographic indicators have improved in Russia in recent years, many issues relating to sub-replacement fertility, irrational migration, etc. remain unresolved. This lends an urgency to studying regional demographic security, namely, the problems of ensuring replacement fertility, regulating migrations, and overcoming a skewed age and sex structure. I provide a detailed definition of the notion of demographic security and a list of indicators for evaluating it. I stress typological differences in the demographic situation across Russia's western borderlands to ensure a differentiated approach to providing regional demographic security. In this study, I use economic- statistical methods, a comparative analysis, and an empirical typology of regions based on the above indicators. In terms of theory, the findings obtained can contribute to a more detailed definition of demographic security and a better methodology of regional population studies. In practical terms, the study has relevance to the development of proposals for improving national and regional demographic policy and regional strategic planning given the identified typological differences.

Une carte et deux figures illustrent cet article. ; International audience ; In the demographic history of France, 2015 she will remain a double blip or a real turning point? Quantitatively, the changes are indisputable: net decrease in births, dropping to the fertility decline, soaring death. Further analysis also means choosing the right geographical scale. ; Dans l'histoire démographique de la France, l'année 2015 restera-t-elle un double incident de parcours ou un vrai tournant ? Au plan quantitatif, les changements sont incontestables : nette diminution des naissances, décrochage à la baisse de la fécondité, forte hausse des décès. Une analyse approfondie suppose aussi de choisir la bonne échelle géographique.

Une carte et deux figures illustrent cet article. ; International audience ; In the demographic history of France, 2015 she will remain a double blip or a real turning point? Quantitatively, the changes are indisputable: net decrease in births, dropping to the fertility decline, soaring death. Further analysis also means choosing the right geographical scale. ; Dans l'histoire démographique de la France, l'année 2015 restera-t-elle un double incident de parcours ou un vrai tournant ? Au plan quantitatif, les changements sont incontestables : nette diminution des naissances, décrochage à la baisse de la fécondité, forte hausse des décès. Une analyse approfondie suppose aussi de choisir la bonne échelle géographique.

International audience ; The demographics of Iran highlight both constants settlement and important developments that reflect profound societal changes. ; Les données démographiques de l'Iran mettent en évidence à la fois des constantes de peuplement et d'importantes évolutions qui témoignent de profonds changements sociétaux.

International audience ; The demographics of Iran highlight both constants settlement and important developments that reflect profound societal changes. ; Les données démographiques de l'Iran mettent en évidence à la fois des constantes de peuplement et d'importantes évolutions qui témoignent de profonds changements sociétaux.

International audience ; The demographics of Iran highlight both constants settlement and important developments that reflect profound societal changes. ; Les données démographiques de l'Iran mettent en évidence à la fois des constantes de peuplement et d'importantes évolutions qui témoignent de profonds changements sociétaux.