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The author proposes that political studies focus on five points about theory & method, & five points about issues to maintain relevance as a discipline of study. Theoretically, the danger that political studies face is the ideoligisation & the hegemony by American style "political science" as a domain of competence that overcomes offering solutions to real political questions. Relations between political science & other social disciplines, & the need to include history as a measure are discussed. Issues & research agendas are presented from the view of avoiding hype in the areas of globalization, democracy & democratization, economic equality, civil society & climate change. The author argues that by focusing on these points, political studies will maintain relevance, & present credible lessons & viable recipes for change. References. J. Harwell

Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Acknowledgments; 1. Introduction: Language as Action in the ELA Classroom; Adopting a Languaging Perspective: Using Language as Actions; Using Languaging to Build Relations with Others; Using Languaging Actions to Enact Relations in the Classroom; What Does It Mean to Adopt a Languaging Perspective in ELA Classes?; Teacher Voice: Fawn Canady: Languaging as Actions; Using Languaging to Create Supportive Classrooms; Construction of "In-between" Meanings through Languaging

In the age of Enlightment, France did not succeed in imposing its military prestige, in contrast with the preceding century. In the second half of the eighteenth century, especially at the end of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763), the French army was in dire need of regeneration which was carried out under the impetus of the enlightened War Ministers who canvassed their officers en masse for advice. Officers reflected on what the body of the soldier should be like, how it would have to be fabricated within the institution through the implementation of military discipline. Military drill then appears as a major process with the aim of reshaping the body of the warrior. Through the analysis of the officers' memoranda, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the ideal male body that should be, according to the hierarchy, straight and proud, but at the same time silent, immobile, and obedient. The paper also focuses on how the soldier - as a man and a Frenchman – is valued differently to both the Prussian and the female.

On 23 March 2001, the hydrographic survey ship USNS Bowditch (T-AGS 62) was conducting routine military survey operations in China's claimed exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the Yellow Sea when it was "aggressively confronted" by a Chinese Jianheu III–class frigate and ordered to leave the EEZ. Being an unarmed naval auxiliary vessel, Bowditch changed course and left the area as instructed. A few days later, the U.S. embassy filed a strongly worded diplomatic protest with the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Bowditch returned to the area of the encounter, this time with an armed U.S. escort, to continue its mission.

Violent Inheritance deepens the analysis of settler colonialism's endurance in the North American West and how infrastructures that ground sexual modernity are both reproduced and challenged by publics who have inherited them. E Cram redefines sexual modernity through extractivism, wherein sexuality functions to extract value from life including land, air, minerals, and bodies. Analyzing struggles over memory cultures through the region's land use controversies at the turn of and well into the twentieth century, Cram unpacks the consequences of western settlement and the energy regimes that fueled it. Transfusing queer eco-criticism with archival and ethnographic research, Cram reconstructs the linkages—";land lines";—between infrastructure, violence, sexuality, and energy and shows how racialized sexual knowledges cultivated settler colonial cultures of both innervation and enervation. From the residential school system to elite health seekers desiring the ";electric"; climates of the Rocky Mountains to the war-time incarceration of Japanese Americans, Cram demonstrates how the environment promised to some individuals access to vital energy and to others the exhaustion of populations through state violence and racial capitalism. Grappling with these land lines, Cram insists, helps interrogate regimes of value and build otherwise unrealized connections between queer studies and the environmental and energy humanities

This dissertation studies the role of social institutions in economic development. While other research has examined the role of ethnicity, religion and other types of large-scale social organizations in development, I study the impact of two different types of local social organizations in two very different contexts. The first social institution that I study are the tribes of modern Yemen and the second is the Freemasons of the United States in the nineteenth century. I demonstrate that both have had an important impact on development, with the first affecting a political patronage network that functions through the education system and the second having a direct impact on the development of the American educational system.The first chapter examines the relationship between political patronage and tribes, a key social institution in the developing world. Patronage is a tool used throughout the world to reward political allies. Here I create a dataset of Yemeni tribes to explore their role in an educational patronage network that accounts for upwards of 6% of the entire Yemeni government budget. My analysis has two key results. First, conditional on a rich set of controls, I find that the number of tribes has a significant impact on the quantity of patronage. This impact is negative between regions, though positive within regions, as regions with more tribes have less patronage while sub-regions with more tribes have more patronage. The contrast between these effects illustrates the differing influence of tribes in local and national politics. Second, I find no evidence that a recent decentralization reform affected this patronage network. This analysis provides insight into how pre-Islamic institutions have an important role in the development outcomes of the Muslim Middle East and why decentralization reforms proposed for countries similar to Yemen, such as Afghanistan and Somalia, may be ineffective in weakening the power of local elites.The second chapter examines the role that American Freemasonry played in the historical expansion of the American educational system. I demonstrate that 19th century Freemasonry had a significant positive impact on educational enrollment during and after the rapid rise of the `common school' in the late 19th century. And in what is a striking example of the `path dependence' of social institutions, I show that this effect persisted through the expansion of American high schools in the 1910s-1940s even after the waning of the influence of this organization. Interestingly, Freemasonry's impact was particularly significant in areas that were the most heterogeneous - both ethnically and religiously. This, combined with the the further observation that areas with more Freemasons had higher levels of local taxation, suggests that Freemasonry helped communities overcome the common good problem. As Freemasons did not tend to migrate to areas with existing public education systems, this effect is not driven by reverse causality. And I use a panel data set of enrollment to provide evidence that unobserved heterogeneity and endogeneity are not driving the observed relationship.The third chapter, which is a co-authored project with Bryan Graham and Cristine Campos de Xavier Pinto, develops a new empirical tool of significant utility for empirical economists studying issues such as those faced in the other chapters. It presents a new estimator, based on minimum empirical discrepancy (MD) methods, for a class of data combination problems. In these problems the researcher does not have access to a random sample containing measurements of all required variables, Z=(W',X',Y') . Instead two separate samples are available. The first is drawn from the study population of interest and contains N s measurements of (Y, W) . The second is drawn from an auxiliary population and contains N a measurements of (X, W) . The first step of our procedure involves using MD methods to re-weight the auxiliary sample in order to match study sample moments of W , the variable common to the two datasets. Sample moments from the study and re-weighted auxiliary samples are then combined to estimate the parameter of interest. We show that our estimator's asymptotic variance coincides with the relevant variance bound under two auxiliary parametric restrictions, but only requires one of these two restrictions to hold for consistency (`double robustness'). Our procedure can be used to estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), the two sample instrumental variables (TSIV) model, counterfactual earnings distributions, and to construct poverty maps. We compare our estimator with leading alternatives in an illustrative study of the effect of National Supported Work (NSW) demonstration participation on earnings and in a series of Monte Carlo experiments.

This edited collection examines how people use a range of different modalities to negotiate, influence, and/or project their own or other people's identities. It brings together linguistic scholars concerned with issues of identity through a study of language use in various types of written texts, conversation, performance, and interviews.

Child and adolescent psychiatry is an underdeveloped specialty in Nigeria, relegated by more entrenched cultural systems, such as traditional healers and syncretic churches, to merely an auxiliary role in child mental health care. Little is therefore known about the epidemiology of childhood disorders as encountered in psychiatric settings. We reviewed the outpatient psychiatric clinic's patient register at the Psychiatric Hospital of Uselu in Benin City, Nigeria, over a twenty-four week period. Fifty-three patients who presented in the twenty-four week index period had definite diagnoses indicated in the register. Of these, 68% had diagnoses denoting significant behavioral disturbances that would motivate their visit to allopathic hospitals after other, more culturally sanctioned healers were of little help. Our findings are compared with similar studies in other cultures.

Viking Age Europe was a well-connected world. Wherever we look in the archaeological record from this period we find evidence of communication and exchange across vast distances, connecting Europe with North Africa, the Middle East, and beyond. Taking this evidence into consideration, I ask if the same sort of connectedness applied to medieval Iceland and, if so, what role might it have played in its development of secondary state institutions. Previous models have vacillated between those that emphasize indigenous, autonomous state development and those that emphasize the purely secondary, derivative nature of the Icelandic state and its relationship to existing complex societies. I argue that these perceptions are the result of methodological and analytical limitations to research on the process of secondary state formation in general, and in particular to the history of research on the development of political and economic complexity in the North Atlantic. My primary goal in this dissertation is to reconsider the concept of secondary state formation in light of the new evidence from my archaeological study on the economic organization of Skagafjörour, northern Iceland. For my research I have designed the Skagafjörour Landscape Project (SLP), a regional archaeological survey that covers an area a little more 5,500 km² and spans nearly a thousand years. The data from the SLP suggests that it is misleading to examine the process of state formation at the hands of either local or external factors, but should instead be viewed along several different structural, spatial, and temporal scales of analysis. This kind social dynamism is what I term here a "synergistic secondary state," where state level institutions are the result of cultural practices that are situated at the intersection of independent but highly connected endogenous and exogenous processes. Unlike existing approaches to the study of secondary state formation, the synergistic secondary state model makes use of a social network methodology, capable of examining the relationship between variables rather than generating a series of trait lists. While this model has been developed to understand social developments in medieval Iceland, this approach has applications that can be used for investigations of other known case studies of state formation

From 1661 to 1683, the province of Fujian in southeast China was the scene of the most devastating scorched earth campaign in early-modern history. A thousand-mile stretch of coast lay in wreckage, and the smoke of burning towns darkened the sky for days. Hundreds of thousands were killed, and hundreds of thousands more were uprooted as the Qing state, in the midst of its conquest of China, fought a total war to defeat the sealord Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong). The present dissertation seeks to uncover the history of the Qing Coastal Depopulation (Qianjie) and the sealords of Fujian. It also aims at an interpretation, through the Fujianese historical experience, of an East Asian maritime system that may furnish a working vocabulary for integrating the Chinese littoral with early -modern world history. It begins by placing Fujian province and her seafaring peoples in the context of a century of evolution from the Wako pirate wars of the mid- 1500s to the brutal depopulation of the Chinese coast of the 1660s. It describes how the Seaban or maritime prohibitions of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) militarized the Chinese coast and inadvertently encouraged oligopoly (by a confederation of smuggler-pirates) and then monopoly (in the rise of a sealord). It ends with the brutal story of how the Qing state created a maritime frontier, destroyed the autonomous coastal powers, and reshuffled Fujian into a provincial administration

Conducting a multi-aspect comparative analysis of curricula of bachelor's degree programmes in oceanology offered at universities in St Petersburg, Klaipeda and Kaliningrad, the authors trace similarities between the existing variants of oceanologist training in the context of competence modules, disciplines, the so-called academic practices, and the number of hours and credits stipulated in the existing curricula. A formal comparison of generalised quantitative indicators without analysing the content of curriculum components demonstrated certain similarities in all indicators in terms of workload, the number of disciplines (50, 56 and 45) and academic practices. The clustering of competence modules and disciplines at each university within generalised academic areas - physics and mathematics, philosophy, informatics and computers, geoecology, measurement disciplines, etc. - made a more detailed comparison possible. The results of research demonstrate considerable similarities in the curricula used at the given universities in terms of all variants of comparison. The strongest similarity is observed in the areas of basic and professional disciplines.

In particular she points to the biopolitical lectures of Michel Foucault as offering a framework for more persuasive anticapitalist critiques by reconstituting people's conscious understandings as well as their natural instincts.

"This book examines the causes of a growing wave of digital activism across developing countries, arguing that it is driven by social change, rather than technological advancement alone. Beginning with an investigation into the modernisation of 'middle-income countries' and its ramifications for political culture, the book examines large-scale social media protest during political controversies in Indonesia. The book connects empirical evidence to classic theories of value change and political behaviour. It departs from a narrow 'digital divide' framing whereby Internet access produces Internet activism. It introduces the concepts of 'digital self-expression' and of 'middle-class struggles' to capture the value-stratified nature of political engagement in the online sphere. Drawing on a blend of 'big-data' text analyses, representative opinion research and socioeconomic household analyses, a rich picture of the determinants of digital activism emerges. This truly cross-disciplinary book will appeal particularly to students and scholars in Political Science, Sociology, International Development, and Communication, but also to anyone eager to learn about political activism, social transformation, and new media from a global perspective"--