Suchergebnisse

This article describes the epidemiological situation of bacterial zoonoses in the countries of the European Union prior to its enlargement, based on documents provided by the European Commission and the International Office of Epizooty. Results from countries joining the EU in 2004 and their surrounding countries are also provided. ; La situation épidémiologique de zoonoses bactériennes dans les pays de l'Union Européenne avant son élargissement est rapportée à partir des documents établis par la Commission Européenne et l'Office International des Épizooties. Des résultats concernant les pays adhérents en 2004 et des pays géographiquement proches sont également fournis.

"The United Kingdom and the European Union" published on by Oxford University Press.

The increased internationalized competition as well as the evolvement of the transport industry as a whole, has a significant effect on quality and safety management for the ports around the world and more specifically in Europe. Quality is a complex and subjective concept, incorporating at any given time the expressed and implied needs of all those involved. Over the last two decades, new security and safety risks have been introduced by the European Union for the ports in Europe. These include new safety and security regulations for environmental as well as for other important aspects of the port operations. This paper explores ideas involved in quality and safety EU policies through a qualitative review of the literature. The qualitative analysis aims at a. to investigate contemporary issues for quality and safety/security systems integration within European port industry and b. to provide evidence for the interrelation and integration of quality and safety/security standards. Furthermore, benefits and pitfalls of the different quality and safety approaches are discussed while further study directions are provided. ; peer-reviewed

Ungleichheit der Geschlechter.

Abstract Background Since non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) disease is not notifiable in most European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) countries, the epidemiological situation of the >150 NTM species is largely unknown. We aimed to collect data on the frequency of NTM detection and NTM species types in EU/EEA countries. Methods Officially nominated national tuberculosis reference laboratories of all EU/EEA countries were asked to provide information on: laboratory routines for detection and identification of NTM, including drug sensitivity testing (DST) methods; data on the number and type of NTM species identified; coverage and completeness of the provided data on NTM; type and number of human specimens tested for NTM; and number of specimens tested for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and NTM. This information was summarized and the main results are described. Results In total, 99 different NTM species were identified with M. avium, M. gordonae, M. xenopi , M. intracellulare, and M. fortuitum identified most frequently. Seven percent of the NTM species could not be identified. NTM was cultured from between 0.4-2.0% of the specimens (data from four countries). The laboratories use culturing methods optimised for M. tuberculosis complex. Identification is mainly carried out by a commercial line probe assay supplemented with sequencing. Most laboratories carried out DST for rapid growers and only at the explicit clinical request for slow growers. Conclusion It is likely that the prevalence of NTM is underestimated because diagnostic procedures are not optimized specifically for NTM and isolates may not be referred to the national reference laboratory for identification. Due to the diagnostic challenges and the need to establish the clinical relevance of NTM, we recommend that countries should concentrate detection and identification in only few laboratories.

ABSTRACTIt has been experienced in the recent years that the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution increased rapidly world wide. European Union was sensitive to these innovations, as well. When the aim for sea trading and the economical needs considered all together with the former situation, it became necessary to complete this study. It is proved to be more logical resolving maritime disputes within Europe with ADR methods. The reasons for this subject matter to be chosen were the above mentioned condition and as well the desire to be able to enlighten the issue. The ADR Mechanisms in the European Union Maritime Law were told excluding Arbitration from the area, especially emphasizing on Mediation. Therefore, the study has been prepared and concluded in the manner that it would be useful for the Maritime and as a consequence for the Economy of the Union.ÖZETDünyada son yıllarda Alternatif Uyuşmazlık Çözümüne başvuru artmıştır. Avrupa Birliğinin kendisine henüz yeni olan bu gelişmelere önem verdiği görülmektedir. Deniz ticaretine tekrar yönelmeler ile ekonomik ihtiyaçlar da göz önüne alındığında, bu çalışmanın tamamlanması gereklilik göstermiştir. Böylelikle Birlik içinde deniz ticaretine yönelik uyuşmazlıkların alternatif yöntemlerle çözümlenmesi daha mantıklı bir boyut kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı yukarıda anılan gelişmelerin ortaya konulmasının yanı sıra konuya da ışık tutmaktır. Avrupa Birliği Deniz Ticareti Hukukunda Alternatif Yöntemler, Tahkimi ayrık tutarak, özellikle de Arabuluculuk vurgusu altında anlatılmıştır. Çalışma bu çerçevede, Birlik Deniz Ticaretine, dolayısıyla da Birlik Ekonomisine faydalı olmak üzere hazırlanıp, bitirilmiştir.

The European Union project initially started as a peaceful solution for war reconstruction in Europe. European countries decided to cooperate rather than compete in an aggressive way. At the beginning, this project supposed (involved) market liberalization, trade barriers removals, market access improvement (initially for coal, steel, energy and, later, for all goods, services, workforce and capital). Unfortunately, in the last decades, all these Single Market facilities have been backed by redistributive schemes, protectionist mechanisms, social engineering, subsidies and facilities packed in so-called "EU policies". New "European" institutions have been created, more and more funds have been involved to financially support this very complex redistributive intervention. The political dimension of the European Union project enhanced the economic dimension and constantly suffocated private markets and the economy. The "incomes" of the European Union that fuel its financial support are coming from taxes and/or inflation (better administered after the introduction of a Single Currency – the Euro). This paper will discuss the relevance of European Funds for economic development, especially for new members in this project.

"Relations between the EU and East Asia have consistently expanded in recent years, particularly between the EU and Japan. Against the background of negotiations on an economic and strategic partnership agreement, the EU-Japan relationship is set to become the single most comprehensive 'region-to-state' relationship the world has known today, accounting for more than a third of world GDP and a combined population of more than 600 million people.This book addresses the potential role of the EU, in cooperation with Japan, to craft a stable and prosperous mode of governance in the Asian region. In today's globalized world seemingly defined by waxing Chinese power and waning American power, the book reflects the lack of appreciation for an EU-Japan concert in maintaining and developing multilateral principles. It aims towards fortifying this relationship by acknowledging that in order to enhance the credibility and capabilities of such an alliance, it is necessary to take stock of where the partnership stands today, what kind of obstacles still need to be overcome and which options have been left untouched.By introducing state-of-the-art empirical research in multiple fields, this book will be of key interest to students and scholars of international relations, comparative regionalism, the European Union and Japanese politics."--Provided by publisher.

"The European Union in the 21st Century takes a fresh look at a complex and ever-changing organization by examining its pursuit of two very different objectives: power (security and political weight) and plenty (economic growth and social welfare). Nikolaos Zahariadis aims to help students understand these two objectives and how the tension between them affects different issue areas, illuminating how each objective represents a different perspective on what the EU is and what it does. The book also introduces students to the systematic thinking that political scientists employ to see the connections between policies, institutions, and actors. By unpacking the various perspectives, students will gain greater insight into how policymakers think and why EU leaders make the kinds of decisions they do"--

The fact that social stratification factors are closely related to different levels of political participation is a classical issue that has relevant normative as well as explanatory implications for the study of participation. However, in the shift from the industrial to the information or knowledge society some patterns in that respect may be changing. This paper explores the effect of various possible sources of inequality on political participation (gender, age, social class, education, income, ethnicity, and working status) on four political activities, using data from the European Social Survey for 22 European countries. The frequency, consistency, and the mode specific patterns of the observed differences are taken into account to discuss which of these factors can be considered genuine sources of inequality. Overall, age and education emerge as the most widespread causes of distortion, while gender, membership in minorities, and occupational variables are less clearly related to participation. In conventional activity the differences are more predictable in the direction of the disadvantage, while demonstrators can be in some respects both under- and overrepresented among disadvantaged citizens. Finally, the fact that socio-economic inequalities in turnout are unambiguously visible in most European countries stands in sharp contrast with past research and deserves further attention.

AbstractInterest group networks are crucial for understanding European Union (EU) integration, policymaking and interest representation. Yet, comparative analysis of interest organisation networks across EU policy areas is limited. This study provides the first large‐scale investigation of interest group information networks across all EU policy domains. We argue that interest groups prioritise access to trustworthy and high‐quality information coming from partners with shared policy goals. Thus, interest organisations form network ties with other organisations if the latter are from the same country, represent the same type of interest, or are policy insiders. The effect of these three factors varies across policy domains depending on the extent to which the institutional setting assures equal and broad organisational access to decision‐making. Our empirical analysis operationalises information ties as Twitter‐follower relationships among 7,388 interest organisations. In the first step of the analysis, we use Exponential Random Graph Models to examine tie formation in the full network and across 40 policy domains. We find strong but variable effects of country and interest type homophily and policy insiderness on the creation of network ties. In the second step, we examine how the effect of these three variables on tie formation varies with policy domain characteristics. We find that shared interest type and policy insiderness are less relevant for tie formation in (re‐)distributive and especially regulatory policy domains characterised by more supranational decision‐making. Sharing an interest type and being a policy insider matters more for tie formation in foreign and interior policies where decision‐making is more intergovernmental. The effect of country homophily is less clearly related to policy type and decision‐making mode. Our findings emphasise the importance of institutional and policy context in shaping interest group networks in the EU.