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China played an important part in Franklin Roosevelt's vision for the post-World War II world. The president, however, lacked a clear and coherent plan of the tactics he should use to help turn his vision into a reality. The relationship between the U.S. ambassador in China, Clarence Gauss, and the U.S. commander of the China-Burma-India Theater, General Joseph Stilwell, provides an instructive case study of FDR's mismanagement of the relations between the War and State Departments over China. This article argues that the president's mismanagement resulted from the failure to develop a clear plan to bring about the conditions in China that would see his vision succeed.

This paper provides a descriptive framework for analyzing television advertising in the 2008 Presidential general election. Using insights gleaned from data on the advertising contest in the 2004 elections from the Wisconsin Advertising Project, this paper shows how important it is for observers of elections to focus on the various sponsors of advertising, the different motives and aims of advertisers, and the variation in tactics used by campaigners. Television advertising remains the dominant means by which campaigns directly communicate with voters, and understanding the technological, regulatory and strategic context in which these ads are aired will allow for a better understanding of their effects.

PurposeTo consider what a criticalist qualitative research methodology might look like for universities in the context of the contemporary COVID-19 crisis.Design/methodology/approachThis polemical paper explores the rationale for a dramatic recasting of the approach needed in qualitative research methodology to address the challenges of the crisis-ridden times we live in. Broadly conceived of as an "evolving criticality", to borrow from Kincheloe, the paper addresses the kind of disposition, orientation or state of mind required that provides the space and opportunities in universities within which this strategic methodological reinvention might occur. After explaining what a research methodology committed to the notion of "criticality" might look like, the paper argues that to enact this we need to start with the immediacy of our own academic work and then emanate to other public spheres.FindingsThe polemical exchange engaged in by this paper presents the underpinnings of how critical social science might be deployed in both reconceiving how we understand the purpose of research in universities and changing the nature of academic work.Research limitations/implicationsThese exist only in so far as university academics are prepared to embrace what is being argued for to change the status quo.Practical implicationsThe broader critical social science methodology being argued for in this paper is using a wider framing to a form of critical ethnography that has the potential to enable academic workers to extricate themselves from the ruinous situation brought on by the neoliberal paradigm that has been so drastically exacerbated by COVID-19.Originality/valueWhile the paper rehearses some existing ideas of critical social science, the novelty of the papers lies in the way these are applied to the COVID-19 crisis within which universities have become embroiled.

The political appraisal of economic policies is necessary and often decisive in the selection of government policies. Considers what we mean by saying that employment is a public policy problem. Secondly, considers 2 attributes for appraising policies: political desirability, and economic effectiveness. In the third section alternative models of choice in conditions of uncertainty are presented, depending upon whether or not there is consensus among politicians about political desirability, and whether or not there is consensus among economists about the effectiveness of a policy. (Abstract amended)

There is little guidance about developing systems for antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) for general practice. A literature review identified six key components: governance, monitoring of antibiotic prescribing and resistance with feedback to prescribers, consultation support, education of the public and general practitioners, pharmacist and nurse involvement, and research, which were incorporated into a potential framework for the general practice context. Objectives: to determine the feasibility and validity of the proposed AMS framework. A secondary objective was to identify likely bodies responsible for implementation in Australia. We undertook interviews with 12 key stakeholders from government, research, and professional groups. Data were analysed with a thematic approach. The framework was considered valid and feasible. No clear organisation was identified to lead AMS implementation in general practice. The current volume-based antibiotic prescription monitoring system was considered insufficient. AMS education for the public, further development of GP education, and improved consultation support were strongly recommended. The role of community-based pharmacists and nurses is largely unexplored, but their involvement was recommended. A clear leader to drive AMS in general practice is essential for an action framework to gain traction. Monitoring and feedback of antibiotic prescribing require urgent development to include monitoring of prescribing appropriateness and patient outcomes.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: 'A Fantasy Brought to Life' : Revisiting Neo-Ottomanism in Yeni Turkiye -- Chapter 3: Trajectories of a Stalemate: Turkey's Kurdish Question -- Chapter 4: The Lebanese Revolution and Hizbullah's Shi'i Axis of Resistance -- Chapter 5: Imperial Storm Troopers and the Return of the Mahdi: A Historical Perspective of the Israeli-Iranian Struggle -- Chapter 6: Saudi Arabia: Navigating a Perilous Regional and International Politics -- Chapter 7: Safeguarding the Islamic Republic: Structural Factors and Generational Shift Shaping Tehran's Foreign Policy -- Chapter 8: From Proactive to Reactive Shift in American Middle East Strategy -- Chapter 9: The Return of the Prodigal: The Lengthening Shadow of Russia in the Middle East -- Chapter 10: China, Iran and West Asia: Civilisational Co-operation in the Twenty-first Century -- Chapter 11: The Unstable Middle East and India's Options.