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Abstract Sir Syed's An Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt did lose its very raison d'etre just before it went into press because the British Crown had taken the government of India in her own hands from the East India Company (EIC). The pamphlet chiefly concerns itself with the rule of EIC in Hindustan, and this was rolled back before it got published. It has not, however, gone unnoticed eversince for carrying many significant features and is very often referred to in historical as well as literary discussions. Author of this article got its facsimile copy from British Library London, edited its text, prepared critical edition and published it with as many as 26 annexures that are vital for understanding this text and the worldview of the Revolt of 1857. By going deep into the lexis, the author posits that only this pamphlet is not sufficient for understanding Sir Syed's actual stance since he wrote it in Urdu, and that too, only for the concerned officers of the then government. Sir Syed managed to get this pamphlet rendered into English after 15 years which, as the author holds, is necessary for this understanding. Since the original text of this pamphlet was never available to researchers, all previous compilations are therefore based on the copy that was produced by the scribe who worked on the 1st edition of Hayat e Javed (1901). This compilation, ie, edition 2021, thus provides the most authentic text of this revered pamphlet of the colonial India. Key words: Indian Revolt 1857, Text, Correction of text, Victoria Proclamation, Martial Race, Bengal Lancers, Christianization, Religious Card, National Humiliation, Fasting & Prayer Day

The article analyzes the formation and development of the UAE space sector in the context of the country's strategic plans. The author draws attention to how large-scale space activities change the existing perception of this country as a state whose economic well-being depends on export of energy resources. The article discusses how modernization has created conditions for transition to a fundamentally new stage of economic development, with space activity being one of its important sectors. The article analyzes in detail the organizational structure and legal acts that regulate activities in the field of space in the UAE. Space programs such as astronaut training, satellite launches, lunar exploration, and the Martian program are examined. All of them are part of Emirati international efforts aimed at space exploration. International cooperation, as the article argues, is a characteristic feature of the UAE space activities. The author acknowledges these colossal shifts that are taking place not only in the economic structure, but also in the social status, and in the minds of the Emirati citizens. The article also touches upon the rapid changes in the status of women, as demonstrated by the example of their participation in space activities. The author also draws attention to the growth in the number of nationally qualified personnel employed in the space sector, which indicates that there must be a reassessment of the established perceptions of the UAE as a traditional country whose citizens, with their well-being provided by the state, do not show interest in improving their education and increasing participation in economic development of their state. UAE space activities reflect the aspirations of the country to make a breakthrough in their economic and social development, as well as to increase their international prestige.

Работа посвящена анализу правового режима самовольной постройки в Российской Федерации в разрезе необоснованности трактовки соответствующего института как смешанного (содержащего элементы как гражданского, так и административного). Подробно изучаются основания признания того или иного строения самовольной постройкой, санкция за возведение самовольной постройки, а также иные характеристики, присущие институту самовольной постройки. При написании работы автор опирается на актуальную нормативную базу, в частности на положения Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации, на Постановления Пленума Верховного Суда Российской Федерации, Высшего Арбитражного Суда Российской Федерации, а также на определения Конституционного Суда Российской Федерации. В конце автор приходит к выводу о преобладании административно-правовых начал над гражданско-правовыми началами в институте самовольной постройки и размышляет о негармоничности законодательного раздробления положений о самовольной постройке. ; In this article the author analyzes the legal regime of an unauthorized construction in the Russian Federation as institution of law, which is constructed with legal norms and elements of both civil and administrative law. The charachteristics for recognizing a particular structure as an unauthorized construction, a sanction for the construction of an unauthorized construction, as well as other elements inherent in the institution of unauthorized construction are studied in details. When writing a work, the author relies on the current regulatory framework, in particular on the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, on the opinions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, as well as on the Definitions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. In the end, the author comes to the conclusion about the predominance of administrative-legal principles over civil-legal principles in the institution of unauthorized construction and reflects on the "non-"harmony of the legislative "fragmentation" of the legal norm of unauthorized construction.

The article observes the evolution of bi-regional cooperation between the EU and Latin-Caribbean America (LCA). The author pays special attention to the obstacles that impede the interregional interaction in recent years. Some other difficulties and prospects in concluding new bi-regional agreements, including «EU-MERCOSUR» Treaty are analyzed. Also, the dynamics of economic cooperation during the first two decades of the 21 st century are traced. The article focuses on the specific characters of mutual foreign trade during the pandemic period. At the same time the author explores the promising forms of interregional «EU-LCA» interaction in the near future. The article shows that during the pandemic a wide range of interregional communication remained within the framework of common economic interests, among them the cooperation in the healthcare, in solving climate problems, investing in renewable energy sources, in protection of the multilateral trade system and searching synergies between the trade policy and the global Agenda 2030. The inclusion of challenges of sustainable development is the important task for partnership agreements with Mexico, Chile, and MERCOSUR - EU format. The European Union remains its status of a leading investor and the donor in the framework of official development assistance (ODA) programs for LCA countries. The author concludes that the post-pandemic period will be characterized by the certain adjustments in the global economic relations in a short-term perspective, especially in the recovery process from a sharp decline in the macroeconomic indicators on both sides of the Atlantic. Under the new conditions, the fragmentation of regional integration may intensify in the foreseeable future, and the role of the state in national economies may increase. At the same time, in the European and Latin American directions there may be an expansion of humanitarian ties between countries.

The Artificial Intelligence systems have already become a reality. The work on their development is going very successfully, and therefore this reality requires monitoring and reflection, moreover, understanding not only how artificial intel­ligence can be developed, but also what the price can be, the consequences of the widespread use and applying of such technology. In the article, this theme is considered in the context of the work of K. Schwab, who put forward the idea that a new, Fourth, industrial revolution is beginning today. It is in this context that the phenomenon of AI and its applications is being raised and considered to­day. Therefore, the Fourth industrial revolution itself is considered in the row with other industrial revolutions that are singled out today. In the course of re­viewing the history of industrial revolutions, the author shows that now Schwab's concept looks somewhat unfinished. The first three industrial revolutions have some main distinguishing features, the Fourth industrial revolution so far looks like it consists of equivalent components. In accordance with this, it is shown that the dominant discovery in the Fourth industrial Revolution is still present, and these are developments in the field of AI. An important question of the arti­cle is how to save people in the context of the industrial expansion of AI. In this regard, the theme of universal basic income discussed today is considered. Ac­cording to the author, this tool alone is not enough for people to go through the introduction of robots and AI painlessly. The author draws attention to the fact that people who are unemployed, but at the same time have a basic income, will be threatened by an overly comfortable home environment, leading to degradation.

In this paper, the author expresses his concerns over recent trends that have led the Council of Europe to be inconsistent with its own functioning and pillars on which it is based (human rights, democracy and the rule of law). In the first part, the author relates this concern to the excessive bureaucratization and to an inconsistency with the respect for the rule of law in international procedures. The second part illustrates this concern with regrettable episodes (concerning the modification of the rules of procedure or the election of representative bodies) which the Conference of INGOs within the Council of Europe has been involved in. Finally, the author reflects on the need to strengthen the pillars of the Council of Europe by reducing the democratic deficit in its internal functioning. ; El autor expresa en el artículo su inquietud por las tendencias que, en el curso de los últimos años, han llevado al Consejo de Europa a no guardar coherencia en su propio funcionamiento con los tres pilares sobre los que se asienta la Organización (derechos humanos, democracia y Estado de Derecho). En este sentido, en la primera parte el autor relaciona esa preocupación con un exceso de burocratización y una inconsistencia con el respeto del imperio de la ley en los procedimientos internos. A continuación, la segunda parte ilustra dicha preocupación con episodios lamentables (referentes a la modificación del reglamento interno o a la elección de los órganos representativos) en los que se ha visto implicada la Conferencia de las OING en el seno del Consejo de Europa. En fin, el autor reflexiona sobre la necesidad de reforzar los pilares del Consejo de Europa reduciendo el déficit democrático en su funcionamiento interno.

Role is participation in activities both in the institution and in the community. One of the roles and positions of women in the DPRA is in the process of forming Qanun. Qanun is a legal product made by the DPRA together with the governor of Aceh which is regulated in Law no. 11 of 2006 concerning the Government of Aceh. In this case, the formulation of the problem is how the role of women during the sultaniah period until now and how the position of women as long as the woman was involved in the formation with a review of Islamic law. The purpose of this research is to find out and examine how the role of women in the formation of Qanun in the DPRA during their tenure as members of the legislature is to find out the obstacles and opportunities faced by female politicians in forming the Qanun. The author conducts qualitative research using an empirical normative approach, namely legal research regarding the application of normative legal provisions (codification, laws or contracts) in action on every particular legal event that occurs in society. Sources of data taken by the author, through primary data sources and secondary data. The primary data source is through field research, namely by conducting interviews with members of the DPRA. Meanwhile, secondary data sources are through library research, namely documents and lists of related reading books. The results of the research carried out by the author are that the role of women in the process of forming the qanun is only as a member who proposes, gives opinions and critiques, it is rare for a woman to be the chairman when drafting the qanun, in Islam women are only as input providers who decide, namely Rasulullah as in the Hudaibiyah agreement.

This paper considers the problems of state financial control, which are relevant for the government of any country. The aim of the study is to develop practical proposals to improve the effectiveness of the state financial and control authorities in the Republic of Tajikistan. The author uses the methods of analysis, generalization and comparison to identify shortcomings of the state financial control in the Republic of Tajikistan. The study presents an analysis of international experience in this area and some aspects of the Lima Declaration, which have been applied in practice and showed their effectiveness. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the author proposes measures to improve the state financial control activities of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Accounts Chamber. Among them: increasing the efficiency of using public funds, creating an integral system of state financial control, preventing duplication of powers and functions of state financial control bodies, introducing international experience in the field of state financial control and measures to improve laws and regulations in the field of state financial control, and creating a mobile and efficient system of state financial control. The author concludes that it is necessary to adjust the financial control system of Tajikistan to ensure its relevance and compliance with the requirements of the country's current policy objectives. The author's recommendations can be used to improve the regulatory framework of the state audit in the Republic of Tajikistan. ; Рассмотрены проблемы государственного финансового контроля, являющиеся актуальными для правительства любой страны. Цель исследования — разработка практических предложений по повышению эффективности деятельности государственных финансово-контрольных органов в Республике Таджикистан. Использованы методы анализа, обобщения, сравнения для выявления недостатков государственного финансового контроля в Республике Таджикистан. Проанализированы международный опыт в данной ...

With the Great Charter of Universities as a point of departure, the author discusses the four tasks of the university: (1) search for the truth (2) education which supplies students them with the latest scientific knowledge and the skills that knowledge justifies (3) student formation in the spirit of tolerance, pluralism and openness to dialogue, (4) popularizing scientific knowledge. For their accomplishment to be unconstrained (by ideological, religious, xenophobic or economic limitations), as well as effective and ethical, the university must be free and autonomous. Nowadays humanities and social sciences are particularly exposed to factors that damage or hinder this autonomy and freedom, which is regrettably the case especially in countries that declare attachment to democratic values, yet trample them at the same time.
The author is very critical of the state's policy of evaluating scholarly activities of universities based on converting scientific output into points. According to the author, this produces a greatly simplified and distorted picture of their achievements. What is more, it also encourages certain academics (for whom "survival" at a given institute or department is at stake) to engage in unethical behaviour: plagiarism of other people's works, falsification of empirical research results, fabrication of findings, guest authorship, ghost authorship. One of the major solutions aimed to counter such unethical practices is to depart from bibliometric evaluation (via IF, H index) in favour of peer review. It is also necessary to implement new publishing practices, which would require replication of empirical studies, access to raw results provided by authors, as well as preregistration assessment of research projects so as to take works in which positive results were not obtained (thus failing to bear out the initial hypothesis) into consideration as well.

The article deals with historical aspects of the cooperative development from primary local forms to national and supranational cooperative structures. The author substantiates differences between cooperative and commercial corporate vertically integrated organizational forms in assigning the final economic result. The main factors of longevity and viability of cooperative forms are identified and substantiated, which include the principles of economic democracy, transparency, and solidarity in cooperatives; the unity of interests of cooperative members as its owners and cooperative services customers; the ability of cooperatives to adapt to rapidly changing external conditions; the impact of cooperatives on price stabilization and food affordability, which characterizes them as both economic and socio-humanistic essence; and solid economic and social connection with communities. The objective conditionality of the state support has been proved for the development of the cooperative movement as a factor in preserving the farming type of economy, promoting the rural population, the development of the rural areas, and strengthening the country's food sovereignty. The author proves the conformity of cooperative forms of economic activity organization to the principles of sustainable development, which provides them with demand in the future of the agricultural sector. Generalized foreign practice of forming a favorable institutional and legal environment for the cooperative development, their financial support at the formation stage, staffing, and informational and advisory support. The main causes of the slow revival of the cooperative movement in the domestic agricultural sector are explained, and guidelines and ways of their elimination are outlined. Among them, the author identifies as urgent the aligning of domestic cooperative legislation with Western European legal practice and the introduction of long-term state support programs for the development of cooperative movement in Ukraine's agricultural sector.

"Contemporary Health Care poses a lot of challenges, which sometimes are incompatible with the maintenance of the Christian faith. The report aims to analyze the discussions in the Russian Orthodox community to find the solution to the question: Does the participation of Orthodox infertile couples in Reproductive technologies (e.g. In Vitro Fertilization - IVF) coordinate with traditional Christian morality? Nowadays the Orthodox community is divided into conservatives, who are totally against being involved in IVF, and liberals, who suppose that some of the variants of IVF are admissible. The report provides an analysis of bioethical issues of Reproductive Technologies from the Orthodox point of view. The author posits that the dilemma discussed is false. It's possible to avoid grievous ethical problems while using IVF. All of them are not equal. Some aspects are absolutely inappropriate. Others, falling short of the mark but not too far, still might be permitted due to the dispensation to a suffering person. The author discusses conservative and liberal arguments, which were articulated in the International Congress of Orthodox Doctors (2015) and at a panel discussion of Inter-Council Presence of Russian Orthodox Church (2017 – 2019). Cases of Orthodox infertile couples counseled by the author will show the need for some flexibility in resolving these issues. In the report the following cases of counseling will be discussed: A) Surrogacy in case of Snow Flakes Adoption); B) Ectogenesis – growing embryos and fetuses in artificial wombs; C) Cryopreservation of embryos; D) the use of IVF in secondary infertility. The work was done within the project of the Russian Science Foundation "Problems of bioethics in the historical context and socio-cultural dynamics of society" (№ 18-78-10018), carried out based on FSBEI HE PRMU MOH Russia. "

In this study, the author intends to investigate the possible threats that affect the national security of the Republic of Moldova in the context of the Russian Federation's ignorance of the state neutrality status, as explained by the delay in the process of political Regulation of the Transnistrian conflict, caused by the illegal existence of Russian military forces, funding of illegitimate institutions and separatist military structures on the left bank of the Dniester, including providing weapons and military equipment. Looking into these issues, the author particularly stresses that the process of strengthening the stability and security of a vulnerable state on the inside is painstaking and requires efforts both from state institutions, the whole society and international support. In this regard, the Republic of Moldova has undertaken to deepen its relations with the European Union by signing the Association Agreement in June 2014, which provides inter alia for the enhancement of forms of cooperation focused on common interests in the field of security promotion, defense cooperation and crisis management. By this, Moldova has accepted the challenges of aligning to the standards of development of the Community, while also benefiting from the support on behalf of development partners in a variety of domains: political, economic, social, etc. In conclusion, the author notes that in the course of cooperation, it is relevant for the European Union to ensure its security. Thus, the national interests of the Republic of Moldova in relation to certain risks and threats to national security converge with those of the Union. The European Union is politically and financially supportive of the actions that are undertaken to clarify them, but the institutions of the Moldovan State are exclusively responsible for the results of these actions/inactions.

This paper examines and explores in detail the key theoretical aspects and leading ideological and political trends of The black rights movement in the United States in the 1960s. As the main sources, the author uses the works and speeches of its most famous representatives, such as: Martin Luther king, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Huey Percy Newton, Robert Seal, Eldridge cleaver, highlighting the main trends and dominant trends. Materialistic dialectics is suggested as the main research method. This makes it possible to consider the process of formation of the Movement for the rights of african americans directly in development. The author not only conducts a comparative analysis of various trends and ideological and political views of the most prominent representatives of this movement, but also does it in dynamics, explaining the nature and mechanism of qualitative changes taking place using the laws of materialistic dialectics. In particular, the opposing classical concepts of integrationism and black nationalism, which underlie the definition of the notorious ambivalence of african-american consciousness, were replaced in the second half of the 1960s by revolutionary black nationalism and revolutionary socialism, which negate the previous two and are simultaneously closely related to them. As a conclusion, the concept of understanding the qualitative transformations of The black rights Movement in the United States is proposed, and parallels are drawn with the current rise of the socio-racial movement, taking place within the same discursive Reld, which was finally formed in the 1960s and continues to dominate the protest-minded part of the african-american population to this day. This gives the author the opportunity to make a forecast for the future development of the situation in the United States and the scenario of the Movement.

Developing the problem of the formation and representation of the past, the mechanisms of memory transformation of past events both in individual and collective consciousness, modern researchers are paying more and more attention to the materials of oral history. The article analyzes the importance of oral history materials and documents of personal origin in the study of the Great Patriotic War history. The author believes that proactive documentation is an indispensable source for writing history in the "human dimension" and an excellent opportunity to commemorate memorable events of the war. Reflecting the individuality of storytellers, their cultural values and world outlook / worldview, as well as specific historical conditions that have formed individual views of the world, oral history materials demonstrate images and phenomena of the past that have become socially significant for certain generations, and carry factual and evaluative information. Through indepth interviews with the participants of the events, the researcher actualizes personally significant and socially important memories, transforming them into cultural and historical values. Considering the potential of these sources, the author identifies the main plotlines and themes that resonate with military issues; draws attention to the fact that they illustrate in detail the private world of a person. Due to natural departure of the Great Patriotic War eyewitnesses and contemporaries after the era, the author pays special attention to the accumulation and publication of memoirs that makes it possible to preserve the depth of historical memory horizons. Despite the common and different aspects in the structure and content of the constructed ideas about the war, she concludes that all materials of oral history are an important contribution to the preservation of the collective memory of the nation.

Based on the analysis of modern theories and practical approaches to local development management, the author determined that many successful strategies for community revival are based on the ability of society and business to self-organize at the local level. The author identifies the formation factors of local innovation archetypes and the resource base of innovation development of communities. One of the main aspects of the formation of local innovation archetypes is the development of mechanisms for the public choice of the innovation process priorities and their implementation, and creating tools for broad information support and promotion of innovative ideas to create success stories. It is determined that the main tasks of local community development practices are capacity building and community empowerment, the transformation of local residents from actors into actors, development of participatory democracy and involvement of residents in the development of the territory (enhanced participation). The author substantiates that regional (local) innovation landscapes are more suitable for developing complex interactions and capital formation of ties as competitive advantages. The territories are communities of economic interest and can take advantage of ties and joint activities of economic entities. Implicit knowledge (cooperation between educational institutions, research institutions, business, staff relocation, public-private sector interaction, technology diffusion, etc.) in the measurement of networks depend heavily on coordination and are necessary for various innovations. Based on the analysis of local development theories, it is substantiated that the most effective tool developing of local communities is to involve people in joint activities aimed at achieving the public good or benefit for all participants. Examples of the best world experience and practices in involving communities in solving local development issues are considered.