Suchergebnisse

What does it mean for a machine learning model to be 'fair', in terms which can be operationalised? Should fairness consist of ensuring everyone has an equal probability of obtaining some benefit, or should we aim instead to minimise the harms to the least advantaged? Can the relevant ideal be determined by reference to some alternative state of affairs in which a particular social pattern of discrimination does not exist? Various definitions proposed in recent literature make different assumptions about what terms like discrimination and fairness mean and how they can be defined in mathematical terms. Questions of discrimination, egalitarianism and justice are of significant interest to moral and political philosophers, who have expended significant efforts in formalising and defending these central concepts. It is therefore unsurprising that attempts to formalise 'fairness' in machine learning contain echoes of these old philosophical debates. This paper draws on existing work in moral and political philosophy in order to elucidate emerging debates about fair machine learning.

What is driving the rise in data-driven techniques used by politicians and political campaigns to connect with the concerns and needs of citizens? Will a data-driven approach to political campaign messaging disrupt the "echo chamber" effect that is perceived to emerge within online spaces? Jo Bates finds the role of data science in the development of the democratic process is still far from certain.

Since Bosnia and Herzegovina's declaration of independence in 1995, its path has been a rocky one. Unwillingness by the international community to stand by the central government and stand in the way of the neighboring states of Serbia and Croatia's territorial pretensions, produced a succession of ceasefire agreements, culminating in the final, Dayton Peace Agreement. Each of these agreements espoused the ethnic principle as the guiding philosophy for the organization of the state. The post-war period demonstrates that despite the passage of time, the principle of organization of multi-ethnic state along ethnic lines presents a stumbling block to the functioning of the political, economic and social life in the country. The political history of post-independence Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) therefore reads as a history of protracted political paralysis, with no hope of rectifying the problems without another forceful intervention of the international community.

Current dilemmas of governance in advanced industrial Western nations can be analyzed within the common framework of the thesis of the withering of the modern welfare state. It is argued that the policy sciences have a legacy of problem-oriented & value-conscious scholarship, bestowed by Harold D. Lasswell & others, that can & should be taken up in the analysis of the comprehensive problems of governance confronting advanced industrial nations. The requirement that the policy sciences go significantly beyond a managerial perspective & take up the timely but challenging task of linking problem-orientation to contextuality is considered. 28 References. Modified HA.

This work project aims at exploring the role of intergenerational immobility in political violence. A cross-country macro-level analysis is done where no significant results are found. Additionally, an individual micro-level analysis is done where intergenerational mobility (measured through a proxy variable) has a negative significant effect in political violence

Evolving consumer tastes and competing food trends have made the modern foodscape ever more complex for food and beverage companies to navigate. Not only must food companies deliver products that are safe to consume, but they must also be wary of consumer perceptions of risk, which can undermine new foods and established brands. Risk communication refers to the collection and analysis of real-time information through social listening and other avenues to provide advice to organisations and individuals facing threats to their economic or social well-being. Companies use a range of tools in this area, including polling and social media monitoring, in addition to social listening; however, these tools often fail to get at the sentiments that underlie the concerns identified. Behavioural science is particularly relevant to companies working in controversial sectors to anticipate issues and to respond before they become problems. For this reason, companies are establishing behavioural science teams in order to improve strategic decision-making and enhance the effectiveness of marketing campaigns.

Numerous studies have found that people of color, women, and those with physical challenges are significantly under-represented in political careers due to societal barriers. For example, women's participation in politics shows some improvement while women occupy only 12% of the political careers. To explore whether students and professors interested in political careers have experienced under-representation of minorities, a mixed-method approach with both surveys and interviews of Minnesota State University, Mankato, students and professors from the departments of Government and Gender and Women's Studies were utilized. These students were selected because both fields study political institutions, and are likely to seek political careers. According to previous literature and similar to our own research findings, minorities experience obstacles in the process of obtaining political careers. In addition, professors who work in academic careers and feel in touch with various political topics, described a lack of support to maintain their careers. This study has implications for raising awareness about the obstacles that people of color, women, and those with physical challenges face obtaining and maintaining political careers. Building upon a wealth of research, our findings will challenge our society to lay prejudicial barriers to rest and provide greater equality for all those seeking political careers.

Argentina, from 1965 to 1976, experienced three major changes of power, two of which were regime changes. What caused all the instability in such a short period of time? The tranquility of the early sixties was shattered by political violence. In 1965, there were fewer than ten incidents per month. By June 1976, before the last military coup, there were over 300 incidents per month. With historical & quantitative data, this analysis will show how political violence can undermine regime stability. Original data were generated to study the consequences of political violence during this period, based on Argentine news sources. 1 Table, 6 Figures, 1 Appendix. Adapted from the source document.

THIS ARTICLE DEALS WITH RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF ORGANIZATIONAL FORMATION, WHICH IS PERHAPS OF GREATEST IMPORTANCE IN THE STUDY OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND TRADE UNIONS. THE AUTHORS PROPOSE THE COMBINATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL THEORY WITH APPROACHES AND METHODS FROM NATION-BUILDING AND POLITICAL STUDIES OF DEVELOPMENT IN ORDER TO INDICATE NEW LINES OF INQUIRY INTO THE PROBLEMS OF ORGANIZATIO

ELITES AND CENTRAL DECISION-MAKING IN THE USSR THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO PRESENT SOME PRELIMINARY AND NECESSARILY TENTATIVE RESULTS OF A LARGER, ONGOING AND INCOMPLETE QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ETHNIC RECRUITMENT TO AND PARTICIPATION IN CENTRAL DECISION-MAKING INSTITUTIONS IN COMMUNIST SOCIETIES. THE TIME FRAME OF THE STUDY IS THE POST-STALIN PERIOD, MORE PRECISELY, THE 20TH THROUGH THE 25TH CPSU CONGRESSES, 1956-76. THE CONCERN OF THE LARGER STUDY IS TO DEVELOP A MODEL OF CONSOCIATIONALISM VERSUS IMPERIUM AS ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO THE GOVERNANCE OF MULTI-ETHNIC COMMUNIST SOCIETIES. CLEARLY, A COUNTRY SUCH AS YUGOSLAVIA MORE CLOSELY APPROXIMATES THE FORMER MODEL, AND THE USSR THE LATTER. THE PRIMARY FOCUS OF THIS RESEARCH IS ON ETHNIC PARTICIPATION IN THE USSR CENTRAL DECISION-MAKING BODIES, (TO THE EXTENT THAT IT WILL PROVE FEASIBLE IN TERMS OF COMPARABILITY) ON THE WORK OF OTHER SCHOLARS FOR COMPARISON WITH OTHER COMMUNIST SOCIETIES. ULTIMATELY, THE AUTHOR HOPES TO INCLUDE MIDDLE-TO UPPER-LEVEL GOVERNMENT POSTS, AS WELL AS THE MORE USUAL PARTY POSTS, ALTHOUGH CAREER DATA BECOMES INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO OBTAIN THE FURTHER AWAY FROM TOP CPSU FUNCTIONARIES WE GET.