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The EU is facing a key challenge in climate and energy governance. It has agreed to address climate change under the Paris Agreement, and put forward increasingly ambitious policy targets for 2020, 2030 and 2050. However, it is increasingly struggling to fulfil them. The European Green Deal and the proposed European Climate Law reinforce the […]
The post The EU's challenge with renewable energy expansion: What is the way forward? appeared first on Environmental Europe?.

What is needed to make the Paris Agreement a success? This blog post focuses on one of the most central but underappreciated elements – the periodic reviews of progress. States must of course make ambitious and credible contributions in the first place. But if there is no system to ensure that they are monitored and […]
The post Is The Paris Agreement on Shaky Legs? How to Ensure Successful Implementation appeared first on Environmental Europe?.

As one previous post on this blog detailed, the current political turmoil in Northern Ireland was sparked by a subsidy for renewable energy production. Though it is tempting to blame political carelessness, the ongoing RHI scandal prompts a broader reflection about renewable energy policy instruments. Incentives akin to the RHI are relatively common in renewable […]
The post The politics of (bad) policy design: French solar panels and Northern Irish boilers appeared first on Environmental Europe?.

The 28 EU Commissioners met today to decide the fate of the EU's Nature Directives (the 1979 Birds Directive and 1992 Habitats Directive). Would these two directives, the cornerstone of EU biodiversity legislation, be deemed 'fit for purpose' or would they be revised and potentially weakened? After years of internal debates within the European Commission, […]
The post Nature Directives 'Fit for Purpose': a turning point for EU policy dismantling? appeared first on Environmental Europe?.

A week after the Paris Agreement entered into force, the United States have elected Donald J. Trump as their 45th President – a man who famously described climate change as "created by and for the Chinese in order to make U.S. manufacturing non-competitive." His stance on climate change, his strong support for coal and pledge […]
The post Donald Trump v. The Environment: learning from past attempts to dismantle environmental policy appeared first on Environmental Europe?.

"June 1982." ; At head of title: 97th Congress, 2d Session. Committee print. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

'Einige europäische Länder haben den islamischen Religionsunterricht in ihr Schulsystem eingeführt, nicht nur um für eine fachliche Vermittlung religiöser Inhalte zu sorgen, sondern vor allem um den Religionsunterricht überschaubar zu machen und ihn vor Instrumentalisierung zu schützen. Erfahrungen mit dem islamischen Religionsunterricht in Österreich und Deutschland zeigen, dass die Anforderungen an diesen Unterricht durch eine gezielte Kooperation des Staates mit den islamischen Religionsgemeinschaften erfüllt werden können. In diesem Zusammenhang stellt sich aber die Frage: Wie viel Autonomie und wie viel Staat braucht der islamische Religionsunterricht, damit durch ihn ein Beitrag zur Integration gerade der jungen MuslimInnen in die säkularen europäischen Gesellschaften gewährleistet werden kann? Widerspricht eine staatliche Mitbestimmung beim Religionsunterricht dem Neutralitätsgebot des modernen Staates? In diesem Beitrag wird versucht, anhand eines Vergleichs der Situation des Religionsunterrichts in Österreich und in Deutschland auf diese Fragen Antwort zu geben, um daraus Schlüsse für andere europäische Staaten ziehen zu können.' (Autorenreferat)

Australia es uno de los países de destino de inmigrantes y solicitantes de asilo. Teniendo en cuenta el aumento en el número de inmigrantes, el gobierno australiano implementa la política «Operación Fronteras Soberanas». El gobierno australiano afirma que la política es exitosa y sugiere a Europa que ha estado enfrentando la crisis de refugiados desde 2015 implementar una política similar. Mirando hacia atrás a la implementación de esta política por parte del gobierno australiano, que también se conoce como política de «vuelta a los barcos», hay muchas violaciones de los derechos de los solicitantes de asilo. Esta situación no es diferente de Europa cuando intenta implementar la misma política. De hecho, la cooperación y el compromiso de todas las partes relacionadas son necesarios en el manejo de los inmigrantes. ; Australia is one of the destination countries of immigrants and asylum seekers. Taking into account the increasing number of immigrants, the Australian government implements «Operation Sovereign Borders» policy. The Australian government claims that the policy is successful and suggests to Europe that has been facing the refugee crisis since 2015 to apply similar policy. Looking back to the implementation of this policy by the Australian government, which is also known as «turn back boats» policy, there are many violations of the rights of asylum seekers. This situation is not different from Europe when it tries to implement the same policy. In fact, the cooperation and commitment of all related parties are necessary for the handling of immigrants.

The Member States of the European Union are currently facing one of the major challenges or our time. The influx of immigrants towards Europe in a moment of generalised crisis (economical, political an social) gives rise to new problems an questions that need to be solved with a long-term approach that will respect democratic values and human rights. Within this framework, the process of European integration requires that cooperation on immigration issues shall become an urgent matter, dealt with by Member States of the European Union at the international level. This moment of restrictive transformations in the European International context on immigration and asylum urges reflection on the status of the right of asylum in International Law. Such status is not only defined by the specific instruments relating to the protection of refugees, but also by other Isnternational instruments for the protection of human rigths,and by International Customary law itself. This is an approach ofen forgottes, whose relevance increases before the always stronger restrictions imposed on the specific asylum regime by European States. Therefore, this article aims at analysing International Refugee Law and the way in which it may be enhanced by International Human Rights Law in order to provide amswers to the modifications introduced in the European legislations. ; Los países de la Unión Europea se enfrentan a uno de los mayores retos de nuestro tiempo. El flujo cada vez mayor de inmigrantes hacia Europa en un momento de crisis en todos los órdenes (económico, político, y social) comporta nuevos problemas e interrogantes que deben ser solucionados desde una perspectiva a largo plazo y de respeto a los valores democráticos y los derechos humanos. En este contexto, el proceso de integración europea supone que la cooperación en temas de inmigración adquiera carácter prioritario, y deba ser tratada a nivel internacional entre los Estados que forman la Unión Europea. El momento de transformaciones restrictivas en el contexto internacional europeo de extranjería y asilo obliga a la reflexión sobre el estatus en Derecho internacional del derecho de asilo, que viene dado no sólo por los instrumentos específicos relativos a la protección de refugiados, sino también por otros instrumentos internacionales de protección de derechos humanos, y por el propio Derecho internacional consuetudinario. Es esta una vertiente con frecuencia soslayada cuya importancia se acrecienta ante las restricciones cada vez mayores impuestas por los países de la Unión Europea al régimen específico del asilo. Así, el presente artículo tiene por objeto el análisis del derecho internacional de asilo y el modo en que éste puede hoy ser complementado por el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos para dar respuesta a las modificaciones introducidas en las legislaciones europeas.

Günümüz toplumlarının karşı karşıya kaldığı en önemli krizlerden birini oluşturan çevre sorunları, insanlığın önünde aşılması gereken önemli bir meseledir. Çevre sorunlarının hava kirliliği, küresel ısınma, iklim değişikliği, su sıkıntısı, türlerin yok oluşu gibi farklı şekillerde gündeme gelmesi 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına rastlamış olmakla birlikte çevre sorunlarının bu yıllarda birdenbire ortaya çıktığını söylemek yanlıştır. Ekolojik tahribatın boyutları, sanayileşme ile birlikte yükselişe geçen tüketim toplumunda ciddi düzeye ulaşmakla birlikte, insanın doğaya müdahalesinin kökenleri daha da geridedir. Çevre sorunlarının geçmişi insanlık tarihi kadar eskidir. İnsanın doğaya müdahalede bulunması, sanayileşmenin ve makineleşmenin yaygınlaşmasıyla doğayı kendi dengesini sürdüremeyecek ölçüde yıpratmaya başlamıştır. Bu durum koruma amaçlı birçok örgütün kurulmasına ve hükümetleri çevre sorunlarına karşı önlemler almaya zorlamıştır. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde çevre sorunlarının düşünsel arka planı ve tarihsel gelişim süreci ele alınmaktadır. Bu bağlamda insan doğa ilişkisi ve ekolojik düşüncenin ortaya çıkışından bahsedilmektedir. İkinci bölümde Avrupa'da çevreci hareketin oluşumu ve siyasallaşma süreci ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır. Bu gelişim ve siyasallaşma süreci örneklem olarak seçilen; Almanya, İngiltere ve Amerika üzerinden incelenmektedir. İkinci bölümde Yeşil Partilere ayrıntılı olarak değinilmektedir. Çevre hareketinin toplumsal hareketten siyasal partilere dönüşmesi Yeşil Partiler aracılığı ile gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde ise Türkiye'de çevre hareketinin gelişim süreci incelenmektedir. Özellikle Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından Yeşiller Partisi'nin kurulmasına kadar uzanan süreçte ortaya çıkan çevresel eylemlerin üzerinde durulmaktadır. Ayrıca çevreci hareketin siyasallaşmasını sağlayan Yeşiller Partisi de bu bölümde ele alınmaktadır. ; The environmental problems that constitute one of the most important crises facing today's society are an important issue that must be overcome for humanity. It is wrong to say that environmental problems such as air pollution, global warming, climate change, water stress, species disappearance are suddenly emerging in these years with environmental problems coming to light in the second half of the 20th century. The extent of ecological destruction, with industrialization, has reached a serious level in the consumer society that has risen, and the origins of man's intervention in nature are further back. The history of environmental problems is as old as the history of mankind. The discovery of human intervention in nature has begun to worsen nature with the widespread use of industrialization and mechanization, which can not sustain its own balance. This has forced many organizations to establish conservation-oriented organizations and to take measures against environmental problems. The study consists of three parts. In the first part, the intellectual background of environmental problems and the historical development process are discussed. In this context, human natüre relation and the emergence of ecological thought are mentioned. In the second part, the formation of the environmentalist movement and the process of politicization in Europe are discussed in detail. This development and politicization process was analyzed on a chosen sample; as Germany, England and America. In the second part, the Green Parties are mentioned in detail. The transformation of the environmental movement from the social movement into political parties has been realized through the Green Parties. In the third part of the study is examining the development of the environmental movement in Turkey. It focuses on the environmental actions that took place in the process, from the first years of the Republic to the establishment of the Green Party. In addition, the Green Party, which enables the politicization of the environmentalist movement, is also dealt with in this section.

The objective of this article is to challenge the widespread interpretation of interwar East Central Europe as a hotbed of excessive nationalism, by establishing a longue durée of federalist thinking in Estonia in the first half of the twentieth century. By focusing on personal continuities from the founding years of the Estonian Republic into the 1940s, it is possible to detect a remarkable persistence of 'idealist' visions about intra and interstate federalism that had been internalized by Estonian statesmen before and during the First World War and earlier. Apart from establishing the continuity of federalist thought the article analyzes the political discourse in which the concept of national self-determination was picked up. The primary framework for Estonian thinkers on nationality was the debate that developed within the all-Russian socialist movement in the context of the nationality problems of the multinational Western provinces and Congress Poland. The discourse on territorial and cultural autonomy within a federative Russia, demands that came to the fore in 1905, developed only after the idea of self-determination entered the thinking of Estonian radicals. Until late 1917, asserting the right to self-determination by no means meant separation from Russia. Even after 1917 Estonian politicians imagined the future republic as part of a regional league or union relinquishing part of its sovereignty to a supranational authority, plans that foundered on the incompatibility of national interests by 1920. Although the experience had not been encouraging, Baltic politicians resuscitated federalist concepts in the early period of the Second World War, as they tried to envisage a new structure for a cooperative and autonomous East Central Europe, within a restored Europe.

RésuméAlors que les dépenses publiques consacrées aux soins de santé et aux soins de longue durée sont contrôlées depuis de nombreuses années dans les pays européens, l'on s'intéresse beaucoup moins aux conséquences financières que subissent les personnes âgées qui doivent engager des dépenses privées pour accéder à ces soins. En nous appuyant sur des données transversales représentatives de la population âgée de 11 pays européens collectées en 2004 dans le cadre de l'enquête sur la santé, le vieillissement et la retraite en Europe (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, SHARE), nous avons constaté que les dépenses privées pour des soins de santé et des soins de longue durée sont très fréquentes parmi les personnes âgées des pays européens et qu'elles ont une incidence marquée sur le revenu disponible. Près de 95 pour cent des personnes âgées paient leurs soins de santé et 5 pour cent leurs soins de longue durée, ce qui entraîne une réduction de leur revenu comprise respectivement entre 5 et 10 pour cent. La faillite, suite à des dépenses privées trop élevées, touche 0,7 pour cent des foyers âgés utilisant les soins de santé et 0,5 pour cent de ceux recourant aux soins de longue durée. Les plus durement frappés sont les plus pauvres, les femmes et les plus âgés.