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Copenhagen Declaration on Social Development -- Programme of action of the World Summit for Social Development

The history of our people demonstrates the greatness and while the mistakes typical of human nature. The present research literature review events of the eighteenth and nineteenth in the experience of travel undertaken by Alexander Van Humboldt, in the days of Spanish rule over part of the Latin American geography, points out realities that over time could be considered superseded by society and the increasingly «evolved» conception of the State, subject assumed the difficult task of organizing the social cluster and define him far government institutions. However, as a kind of paralysis sorne of these difficulties «once» are portrayed in our present and in that time, no trivial matter if part of the state constant struggles far legitimacy and recognition of those who submit to his empire and warranty. ; La historia de nuestros pueblos evidencia la grandeza y al tiempo los desaciertos propios de la naturaleza humana. La presente investigación en revisión bibliográfica sobre sucesos del siglo XVIII y XIX en la experiencia de los viajes emprendidos por Alexander Van Humboldt, en los tiempos de dominio español sobre parte de la geografía latinoamericana, señala realidades que por el transcurso del tiempo podrían considerarse superadas por la sociedad y por la cada vez más «evolucionada» concepción del Estado, sujeto que asumió la difícil tarea de organizar al conglomerado social y definirle instituciones para su gobierno. Sin embargo, como una especie de parálisis algunas de esas dificultades «de otrora» se retratan en nuestra actualidad como en aquella época, cuestión no baladí si se parte de las luchas constantes del Estado por legitimarse y del reconocimiento de quienes se someten a su imperio y garantía.

This work presents a comparative analysis of two Latin American social movements. The first case is the movement of opposition against the privatisation of water and sanitation services (ESS) in Cochabamba, Bolivia in 2000 and the second case is the movement of opposition against the project for a new international airport in Mexico City between 2001 and 2002. Both case studies illustrate how the study of collective discourses or collective action frames (CAFs) can be used to improve our understanding of social movements that emerge in the context of large infrastructure projects. The work argues that an important determinant in the development and life-span of a social movement is the extent to which the dialogical relation between collective discourses and processes of identity formation at the micro sociological level is allowed or hampered by other contextual and organisational variables.

Address before the Am. academy of political and social science, Philadelphia, Apr. 18-19, 1952.

Militarisation in Costa Rica continues to be controversial. One side claims that external forces have created the recent period of social and economic instability to militarise Costa Rica and extend military influence in Central America. The other argues that some of these external agents are simply offering aid during a period of social and economic instability, and similarly that Costa Rica is only protecting itself from its neighbour Nicaragua, or that the present militarisation is only the professionalisation of the police force. Examines the conditions that promote militarisation in Costa Rica and explores moral, economic and political issues related to the militarisation of a country that has pursued a 'no army' policy for almost 40 years. (Abstract amended)

Cover -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- I. Social Media in an Indigenous World -- II. The Front Room -- #virtualenvironmentalism: Taking Refuge -- #virtualprotest: Separate but Equalish -- #virtualsovereignty: A Tiger's Tale -- III. The Back Room -- #virtualcampsite: All My Relations -- #virtualshiq: Peace be Upon You -- #virtualkingdom: In the Lap of the Hills -- Conclusion -- Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Index