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After pointing out some "basic considerations" according to "the scopes of multiculturalism" in Germany the author analyzes "multiethnicity as a topical issue" which in his eyes consists of four major relationships in Germany: 1) Indigenous minorities, 2) The Ethnic German "Resettlers" (having resettled from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe), 3) people seeking asylum, and 4) migrants. Whereas in contrast to the other mentioned minority groups he mainly focuses on migrants which form part of the "foreign population" he firstly investigates the socioeconomic and political background conditions of migrant workers from an historical point of view. Then he describes the "specific problem areas" according to the education of migrant children and youngsters. Before concluding he also makes some remarks on teachers of migrant workers' children and their training. (DIPF/ ssch)

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Filipino Transnational Families and New Caring Strategies -- 1 Multidirectional Care in Transnational Families -- 2 Skype Mothers and Facebook Children -- 3 Communities of Care -- 4 Caring Even if It Hurts -- Conclusion: Producing Transnational Families and Possibilities Embedded -- Methodological Appendix -- Appendix A: NYC Interview Guide -- Appendix B: Manila Interview Guide -- Appendix C: Flyer for Diwang Pinay -- Appendix D: Research Questions and Methods Grid -- Appendix E: Research Methods Triangulation Cycle -- Notes -- References -- Index

Childhood is a critical period of the life of human beings, and experiencing poverty at this stage can seriously hinder children's development. A reliable measure of child poverty is the essential prerequisite for monitoring children's living situations and for providing government with sound evidence for policy making. Despite the importance of the issue of child poverty, to date there has been no effective measure of child poverty in urban China. This study is an effort to fill this gap. In contrast to the conventional income-based approach to poverty, the deprivation approach initiated by Peter Townsend in the 1970s is able to offer a direct, non-monetary, and multidimensional lens through which to examine child poverty. On the basis of international definition of child poverty and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, in this current study the author constructed a child poverty measure — Child Deprivation Indicators (CDIs) — in China's urban context. A quantitative approach was used and a survey called Child Poverty in Urban China was carried out in Beijing from October 2011 to March 2012. Employing a multistage sampling method, 1,000 households with children were selected to participate in the survey, and the response rate was 91%. After a process of indicator selection, survey, and threshold setting, 34 indicators covering six dimensions of children's basic needs were chosen to constitute the CDIs. The six dimensions are diet, clothing, housing conditions, household facilities, education, and social interaction. Children lacking five or more indicators because of economic constraint would be identified as being deprived. According to the study findings, 12.7% of children were living in deprivation at the time of survey. The 34 items showed differing degrees of deprivation, ranging from 0.4% to 14.0%. Education and social interaction were the two dimensions demonstrating the widest deprivation. Significant and considerable differences were found between local and migrant children both in terms of deprivation rate and severity. Migrant children are seriously disadvantaged compared with their urban peers but they are not entitled to social assistance in cities. To further examine the newly constructed child poverty measure, the author compared the CDIs with two conventional poverty measures which are based on social assistance recipient status and on family income. Findings showed that they identified different groups of poor children with moderate degrees of overlap. In spite of this, the deprivation severities of children receiving social assistance or living in low-income families were significantly higher than those of non-recipient children and children from normal-income families, implying that these three different child poverty measures are closely related to each other. Several suggestions were generated to inform policy making and practice. First, government should raise the standards of social assistance and introduce child-specific assistance programmes. Second, migrant children should be treated equally to urban children and be entitled to social assistance. Third, in practice different child poverty measures should be utilized in conjunction with each other. Finally, with minor adjustments the CDIs can be utilized in other cities. ; published_or_final_version ; Social Work and Social Administration ; Doctoral ; Doctor of Philosophy

The recent wave of the emigration of well-to-do Chinese from the People's Republic of China (PRC) has been attracting attention. Like earlier migrants, these individuals go abroad to seek a better life—but they no longer define that as higher income, better welfare, or even better education. Rather, these migrants pursue better environmental quality, safer food, and a more relaxed environment in which to raise children. Although the wealthiest of these lifestyle migrants, who move to North America, Australia, or New Zealand, have attracted the most attention, middle-class migrants have been taking advantage of lower-cost residence-for-investment schemes. This article explores the motivations of some of the twenty thousand Chinese who moved to Hungary between 2013 and 2017 and argues that the country's official xenophobia and law-and-order policies make it a more, rather than less, desirable destination for those Chinese pursuing a "European lifestyle." This migration wave represents a turn in the long history of how Chinese migrants interact with the world and relate to China, a turn that requires more attention in the studies of Chinese overseas. Simultaneously, it sheds light on how cosmopolitanism and global mobility can coexist with support for the new global populism.

Abstract: This research offers a solution that can help the government realize the 4th pillar of the Sustainable Development Goals, namely strengthening character education through novels as supporting material for literacy activities for children of Indonesian migrant workers in Sabah Malaysia. The method used in this research is the literature study method. Researchers used a systematic literature study method from references in the form of trusted newspaper web pages, journals, previous research, and relevant books. Based on the results of problem analysis, the novel was developed in 16 chapters which are divided into 3 main parts. The first part is the orientation or character introduction, the second part is the conflict which describes the conflicts that occur in the novel, the final part is the completion of the story. Based on the 16 chapters that have been developed, the values of character education that are most highlighted are the values of curiosity, national spirit, and love for the country. The three values of character education are based on the social situation of the children of Indonesian migrant workers who are in Malaysia. It can be concluded that the design of this character education-based novel has been adapted to the conditions of the children of Indonesian migrant workers and can be used in supporting literacy activities for children of Indonesian migrant workers who are in Sabah Malaysia.

In this article I examined the strategies developed by Bulgarian immigrants living in Spain in order to promote the learning of Bulgarian language and culture among their children. Starting from the incorporated cultural capital brought by immigrants in the form of habitus (Bulgarian language and culture), I analyse how this devaluated cultural capital in the migratory context is effectively reconverted in other forms of cultural capital (objectified and institutionalized) through the development of non-formal and formal courses on Bulgarian language and culture. In this analysis I show the articulation between, on the one hand, the contexts where these informal, non-formal and formal courses take place and, on the other hand, the reconversion of different forms of social and cultural capital: the initial bonding social capital between family members and close group of compatriots is effectively reconverted into bridging and linking social capital as the organization of these courses requires and contributes to the diversification of social networks. The analysis has also a gender dimension given that in most cases, and certainly in the case of Burgos, women are the main social actors and makers of these strategies. The main objective of the article is to show the relevance of social interaction and social networks in the development of reconversion strategies of different forms of social and cultural capital. In addition, the article also expects to raise more awareness towards the relevance of mother-tongue learning in the migratory context.

Unaccompanied migrant youth enter the United States daily to escape violence, political oppression, extreme poverty, and chronic instability in their native countries, or as victims of human trafficking. While some research has investigated why they leave their home countries, very little is known about what happens to them after they begin the process of community integration. The research reported in this article sought to understand how sponsors of children with no postrelease services access and use community services during their first year of integration into a new U.S. community. Findings highlight the need for a nuanced understanding of family reunification and community integration as dynamic, ongoing processes rather than onetime events, and for services to support such integration.

Thousands of minors are migrating unaccompanied to high-income countries. This special issue focuses on unaccompanied migrant minors from the Global South to Europe and the United States. In this introduction we seek to complement the contributions to this special issue by shedding light on what resources and experiences unaccompanied migrants arrive with, stressing these young migrants' challenges at each stage prior to arrival and the challenges they face navigating the receiving context. We first clarify how the international community defines "unaccompanied minors" or "unaccompanied children." We then provide brief histories of unaccompanied minors in immigration flows to the U.S. and the EU. Next, we review the literature on the experiences of unaccompanied minors before, during, and after migration. Finally, we discuss key themes and insights from the articles provided in this special issue.

The migration is widely discussed phenomena, with multiple approaches and problematic areas. The author of this research will address the problems that migrating women and girls face. There are gaps in the political perspective, as well as legislative gaps, affecting the situation of migrant women and their children, especially girls, who find it difficult to migrate. Gender-sensitive measures to address violence and other violations of migrating women and girls, including gender-sensitive law enforcement measures, shelters, counselling services and prevention programmes are absent. Migrant girls also face gender-specific challenges, risks and vulnerabilities. Migrant girls due to their migration status, age and gender, are even more at risk and more vulnerable during the migration process, thus putting them at greater risk of violating their rights. Gender discrimination is present in countries of origin and destination, as well as during migratory journey. Gender inequalities, including violence against women and girls, can be both a root cause for migration and a violation of their rights during the migratory process. Therefore, the purpose of the research is to detect the legal gaps in international legal regulation, causing the inadequate protection of the rights of migrant women and girls, focusing more specific attention on the rights of the migrant girls and indicating the fundamental rights that due to lack of political will are kept outside the scope of protected areas.

Policy-making in the European Community in the area of education for migrants is driven by two conflicting pressures. On one side, the principle of effectiveness requires that the rights of free movement within the Community be supported by the best possible education for the children of migrants. However, on the other side is the importance of primary education to the member States as a political and cultural matter. This pressure is reinforced by the principle of subsidiarity. Member States have been relatively willing to support co-operative action by the Community in the area of higher education, such as in the ERASMUS exchange programmes. However, member States have been active in protecting their jurisdiction over education policy, particularly at the primary and secondary levels. As result, Community laws protecting the education rights of migrants have been most effective where two factors are present: first, that the rules are closely attached to the rights of free movement within the single market; and second, that the rules interfere as little as possible with substantive education policy. The first factor constitutes a significant weakness in Community education rights because it has created a distinction between Community migrants and those from third countries. The second factor has meant that the only Community policy on the education of migrants which could be described as an education right is the guarantee of equality of access to education within a member State.

This article examines the parent-child relations within rural-to-urban migrant households to explore the continuations and changes in the patrilineal family system under the forces of migration and urbanization in late-socialist China. Based on ethnographic data collected between 2008 and 2015 in Shanghai, it takes a processual approach to understand son preference as a contextualized family practice and examines four aspects of parent-child relations in migrant households: reproductive strategy, childrearing practices, educational investment, and parental expectation of adult children. Through exploring intimate negotiations between migrant parents and their children over material and emotional resources at different life stages, this article demonstrates how the gendered parent-child relations in migrant households in Shanghai have been shifting away from the traditional focus on sons and gradually giving way to pragmatic adjustments and emotional redefinition under the forces of socialist institutions and capitalist markets. (China Q/GIGA)

Die Autorin untersucht die Bildungsbeteiligung von Migrantennachkommen in Frankreich und Deutschland, insbesondere junger Menschen mit einem türkischen Hintergrund in Deutschland und einem nordafrikanischen Hintergrund in Frankreich. Die Auswertung repräsentativer Daten für Frankreich und Deutschland zeigt, dass die Migrantenkinder in Frankreich deutlich höhere Bildungsabschlüsse erreichen als in Deutschland, obwohl die Situation hier polarisierter ist. Diese Bildungsungleichheiten wirken sich auch auf die Partizipationsstrukturen am Arbeitsmarkt aus. Trotz der Defizite der Migrantennachkommen in Deutschland im Hinblick auf das erreichte Bildungsniveau, haben diese eine relativ bessere Situation im Hinblick auf ihre Beschäftigung. Die Nachkommen maghrebinischer Migranten in Frankreich erfahren hingegen Arbeitslosigkeit und berufliche Disqualifizierung trotz relativ hoher Bildungsabschlüsse. Die Partizipationsstrukturen verweisen der Autorin zufolge auf zwei unterschiedliche soziale Logiken: eine soziale Distanzierung durch Relegation in Deutschland und eine soziale Distanzierung durch Diskriminierung in Frankreich. So tendieren Jugendliche mit maghrebinischem Hintergrund, die Diskriminierung erfahren, eher dazu, ihre Zugehörigkeit zur französischen Nation aufzukündigen. Dagegen hat die Diskriminierungserfahrung keinen Effekt auf das Zugehörigkeitsgefühl türkischer Migrantennachkommen in Deutschland. (ICI2).