Suchergebnisse

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is one of the most complex and also the most costly of all EU policies. It comprises over 40 financing streams, including Pillar I and Pillar II measures which are highly regulated. In the case of Poland, these are directed to all 16 NUTS2 regions. We are modelling here the regional and thus national consequences of the CAP's most costly Pillar II measure in Poland, so called Less Favoured Areas support (LFA). It is complex, when we recognise the multipurpose of this measure and significant amount of funds directed at a large number of regions. To handle the regional complexity of this problem, we require a multi-regional model. Such a model must be detailed in its disaggregation of industries, commodities and households if it is to be capable of reflecting the complexity of this measure. As such, we use a large-scale multi-regional CGE model. The model is tailored to reflect the complexity of the rural development policy (Pillar II), of which LFA is the largest part in Poland. Of the 82 region-specific sectors in the model, over 20 is related to agricultural production. The model distinguishes rural and urban households in each region and is based on the most recent IO tables of 2005. We propose a framework for mapping the individual financing stream of the LFA to the specific structural variables relating to specific type of land (LFA and nonLFA) in each region. As to our best knowledge such an approach was never conducted before with respect not only of LFA but also Pillar II measures in general.

En este artículo se analizan las características de la organización de la Administración turística y los rasgos básicos de la política turística desarrollada en España entre 1936 y 1951. Se detallan los fundamentos de la intervención pública en turismo, los objetivos, los programas, las realizaciones y, finalmente, se hace balance de los resultados. En este balance se verifican las dos hipótesis iniciales: por una parte que la evolución de la política turística nacional en aquellos años muestra una adaptación al cambio de escenario político nacional e internacional, y por otra parte, que el turismo fue utilizado como un arma de propaganda política. Para demostrar estas hipótesis se ha utilizado un recurso poco habitual en los estudios relacionados con el turismo: la información de archivo. ; This paper analyses the organization of tounst administration and de basic features of the tounst policy in Spain from 1938 to 1951. The paper describes the basics of the public intervention in tourism, the objectives, the programs, the realizations and, finally, the results are evaluated. In this balance the inicial two hipothesys are verified: On the one hand, the evolution of the tourist policy in these years shows an adaptation to the political scenery change, on the other hand, the balance of the govemamental realizations which are related with tourism describes how the régimen of General Franco regarding tourism not only as a valuable economic resource but also as a means of securing tacit acceptance of his dictatoral rule by other countries. In order to achieve this objective we have used an element hardly ever exploited in the studies related to tourism, archives. ; Ciencias de la Comunicación ; Turismo

Many democracies find it difficult to act swiftly on problems such as climate change and biodiversity loss. This is reflected in long-standing debates in research and policy about whether democratic practices are capable of fostering timely, large-scale transformations towards sustainability. Drawing on an integrative review of scholarly literature from 2011 to early 2021 on sustainability transformations and the democracy-environment nexus, this article synthesises existing research on prospects and pitfalls for democratising sustainability transformations. We advance a new typology for understanding various combinations of democratic/authoritarian practices and of transformations towards/away from sustainability. We then explore the role of democratic practices in accelerating or obstructing five key dimensions of sustainability transformations: institutional, social, economic, technological, and epistemic. Across all dimensions we find substantial evidence that democratic practices can foster transformations towards sustainability, and we conclude by outlining a set of associated policy recommendations.

This survey covers Chinese research on the strategic and security aspects of international affairs, as well as Chinese assessments of their own national defence policy and environment. Most of the data and analysis are based on the author's personal contact with several Chinese institutions, specializing in security research, their staffs, and reading their publications in China during 1983-85. (DÜI-Sen)

What is Islamic finance (IF)? To gain a better understanding of the phenomenal rise of IF in general, of Southeast Asia's particular role as an epicenter for IF innovation and development, and of the opportunities and challenges facing IF as an economically viable global financial industry, Asia Policy presents insights from a panel of senior finance officials, industry practitioners, and scholars.

Societies emerging from ethno-political and inter-communal conflict face a range of complex problems that stem directly from the recent lived experience of bloodshed and injury, militarisation, securitisation and segregation. As institutional agents in such an environment, public managers perform the dual role of both interpreting public policy and implementing it within a politically contested space and place. In this article, we address how managers cope with the outworking of ethno-nationalist conflict and peace building within government processes and policy implementation and contend this is a subject of emerging concern within the wider public administration, urban studies and conflict literature. Using data from a witness seminar initiative on the Northern Ireland conflict transformation experience, we explain how public sector managers make sense of their role in post-agreement public management and highlight the importance of three identified mechanisms; 'bricolage', 'diffusion' and 'translation' in the management of public sector organisations and urban spaces in a context of entrenched conflict and an uncertain path to peace.

The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781315474052, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license Today, Pride parades are staged in countries and localities across the globe, providing the most visible manifestations of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and intersex movements and politics. Pride Parades and LGBT Movements contributes to a better understanding of LGBT protest dynamics through a comparative study of eleven Pride parades in seven European countries – Czech Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK – and Mexico. Peterson, Wahlström and Wennerhag uncover the dynamics producing similarities and differences between Pride parades, using unique data from surveys of Pride participants and qualitative interviews with parade organizers and key LGBT activists. In addition to outlining the histories of Pride in the respective countries, the authors explore how the different political and cultural contexts influence: Who participates, in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and political orientations; what Pride parades mean for their participants; how participants were mobilized; how Pride organizers relate to allies and what strategies they employ for their performances of Pride. This book will be of interest to political scientists and sociologists with an interest in LGBT studies, social movements, comparative politics and political behavior and participation.

"Dieser Beitrag befasst sich ausführlich aus international vergleichender Perspektive mit dem Verhältnis von Elternschaft und Erwerbstätigkeit. Einführend wird ein Überblick über die ver-schiedenen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen der Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Erwerbs-tätigkeit in den Ländern Europas gegeben. Anschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, wie die Erwerbstätigkeitsmuster von Männern und Frauen in verschiedenen Ländern verlaufen und inwiefern sich abweichende Verlaufsmuster auf unterschiedliche arbeitsmarkt- und fami-lienpolitische Ansätze zurückführen lassen. Abschließend betrachtet der Beitrag anhand von aktuellen Umfragedaten die Konsequenzen der länderspezifisch unterschiedlichen Vereinbar-keitsarrangements für die Häufigkeit innerfamilialer Konflikte."[Autorenreferat]

'Die Bearbeitung gewaltsamer Konflikte ist heute eine Priorität internationaler Politik gegenüber Afrika. Dies gilt auch für die westafrikanische Subregion mit ihren zahlreichen latenten Konflikten. Die Studie geht der Frage nach, welche Rolle Nigeria als demographisch, militärisch und wirtschaftlich wichtigster Staat Westafrikas bei der Verhütung und Bearbeitung von Konflikten in der Region spielen kann. Denn wo, wie in Afrika, effektive regionale und globale Strukturpolitik noch als Fernziel gelten muss, scheint politischer Pragmatismus westlichen Akteuren die Notwendigkeit nahezulegen, mit Staaten von regional übergeordneter Bedeutung enger zu kooperieren. Die Studie untersucht, ob Nigeria überhaupt die politische Bereitschaft hat, als regionale Ordnungsmacht in Westafrika zu agieren. Zweitens wird analysiert, ob die innerstaatlichen Rahmenbedingungen es Nigeria erlauben, als Ordnungsmacht zu agieren. Drittens wird beleuchtet, wie sich die externen Rahmenbedingungen auf Nigerias ordnungspolitische Fähigkeiten in der Region auswirken. Die Studie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass Nigeria seit 1999 wichtige Beiträge zur Stabilisierung Westafrikas geleistet hat. Gerade vor dem Hintergrund der problematischen innenpolitischen Verhältnisse kann Nigerias Regionalpolitik als konstruktiv und teilweise auch erfolgreich bewertet werden. Dennoch klafft zwischen den Ansprüchen und den tatsächlichen Fähigkeiten von Nigerias regionaler Ordnungspolitik eine deutliche Lücke. Ansatzpunkt deutscher Außenpolitik muss daher die Unterstützung innerstaatlicher Reformbemühungen in Nigeria sein. Nur wenn die innenpolitische, strukturelle Stabilität Nigerias erhöht wird, können die außenpolitischen Handlungs- und Gestaltungsfähigkeiten des Landes und damit die regionale Ordnungspolitik gestärkt werden.' (Autorenreferat)

Cross-national research on cultural differences across space and time intersects multiple disciplines but the prominence of concepts varies by academic fields. Hofstede's dimensional concept of culture, to begin with, dominates in cross-cultural psychology and international management. Inglehart's dynamic concept of culture, by contrast, prevails in sociology and political science. We argue that this disciplinary division is unfortunate because the two concepts are complementary, for which reason a synthesis rectifies their mutual weaknesses. Indeed, while Hofstede's dimensional concept neglects cultural dynamics, Inglehart's dynamic concept is dimensionally reductionist. We demonstrate empirically that combining these two concepts leads to an improved understanding of cultural differences. Inspired by Hofstede's cultural dimensions, we use data from the European Value Studies and World Values Surveys for 495,011 individuals born between 1900 and 1999 in 110 countries and then show that change on these dimensions proceeds as Inglehart and his collaborators suggest. Most notably, younger generations have become more individualistic and more joyous. But even though economic development and generational replacement drive this cultural change, roughly half of the variation in national cultural orientations is unique to each country, due to lasting intercept differences in developmental trajectories that trace back to remote historic drivers. We discuss the implications for cross-national cultural research.

A diferencia de otras redes de comunicaciones, la liberalización de las telecomunicaciones no se extendió a la red radioeléctrica que conservó sus características principales de control público en su regulación. Las nuevas posibilidades tecnológicas aumentan la demanda de este recurso y lo sitúan en el centro de desarrollo de nuevas formas de comunicación inalámbrica provocando la introducción de importantes reformas sobre los modelos de gestión del espectro, orientadas a una regulación más flexible y descentralizada que facilite la entrada de nuevos operadores y servicios. La Unión Europea, junto a los Estados miembros, está avanzando en la introducción de regímenes de comercialización y liberalización del espectro. Estos nuevos modelos de regulación también se extenderán al dividendo digital un espacio que será objeto de armonización europea. ; Unlike other communication networks, the liberalization of telecommunications did not reach radio spectrum network which remained in public control. In recent years, the technological developments have made an enormous impact on the use of the spectrum, giving rise to an increase in demand, requiring greater flexibility of services and operators. The European Union together with Member States starts to introduce new regulatory models which tend towards a certain harmony with the changing technological environment, reducing regulatory intervention and increasing competition. These changes will also extend to the digital dividend that will be technically and regulatory harmonised through the EU.

The paper refers to analysis of the main features of the precedent case initiated before the European Court of Human Rights - Sejdić and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina and indicates correlation between the case and the general prohibition of discrimination in international law. The legal framework for elaboration of the respective case includes Article 14 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and corresponding Article 1 of Protocol No. 12 as well as a speculative comparison with other documents of international law in the domain of the prohibition of discrimination. Since the applicants' discrimination resulted from legitimate provisions of the national legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is based on affiliation to an ethnic group, the author gives a critical review of the analysis of the socio-political circumstances at the time of drafting the disputable constitutional and other legal solutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the one side, and relevant international standards on the rights of national minorities, on the other side. The case implies the practice of international law to sanction cases of discrimination of people based on ethnicity, the goal of which is the improvement of the status of national minorities reflected in full affirmation of minority rights and freedoms proclaimed in international documents. ; Peer reviewed