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In 'Competitiveness and Development', the author explains the confusion surrounding the concept of competitiveness in the context of developing countries; proposes policies for achieving competitiveness at a high level of development; examines its possibilities and constraints; and suggests policy changes necessary at the national and international levels. Shafaeddin illustrates how developed countries impose restrictive policies on developing countries through international financial institutions and the WTO, as well as regional and bilateral agreements, which limit their policy space for promoting dynamic comparative advantage in order to achieve competitiveness at a high level of development. Ultimately, such policies lock developing countries that are at early stages of development in specialization based on static comparative advantage and competitiveness at a low level of development

Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Noam Chomsky: Thte Definition of Terrorism -- 3. Richard A. Falk: International Law and Human Rights -- 4. Marjorie Cohn: Torture as Terrorism -- 5. Ted Honderich: Morality, Justification, and Responsibility -- 6. Edward S. Herman: The Media Image of Terrorism -- 7. Judith Butler: The Discourse of Terror -- 8. Richard Jackson: Terrorism Studies and Academia -- 9. Patrick Bond: International Financial Institutions and the Economics of Terrorism -- 10. Ismael Hossein-zadeh: The Guiding Force of US Militarism -- 11. Gilbert Achcar: The United States in the Middle East -- 12. Norman G. Finklestein: US Support for Israeli State Terror -- 13. Greg Grandin: The United States in Latin America -- 14. Daniele Ganser: NATO's Secret Armies in Europe -- Notes on Contributors -- Index.

"This paper argues that if policymakers seek to enhance global liquidity, then the international community must provide a higher and better coordinated level of fiscal support than it has in the past. Loans to troubled sovereigns or financial institutions imply a credit risk that ultimately must be lodged somewhere. Expanded international lending facilities, including an expanded IMF, cannot remain unconditionally solvent absent an expanded level of fiscal backup. The same point obviously applies to the European framework for managing internal sovereign debt problems, including proposals for a jointly guaranteed eurozone sovereign bond. Even attainment of a significant role for the Special Drawing Right depends upon enhanced fiscal resources and burden sharing at the international level"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site

Intro -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I Allocation of International Aid -- 1 Modeling Intertemporal Aid Allocation to Papua New Guinea -- 2 Multilateral Aid Coordination by the International Financial Institutions -- 3 Aid Principles and Policy -- 4 Interventions, Accountability, and Aid -- 5 Foreign Aid and Donor Export Performance -- 6 Coordinated and Uncoordinated Foreign Aid -- Part II Impact of Aid on Development -- 7 Empirical Evidence of the Relationship between Foreign Aid and Economic Growth -- 8 Is Democracy aComponent of Donors' Foreign Aid Policies? -- 9 Policy Implications for Aid Allocations of Recent Research on Aid Effectiveness and Selectivity -- 10 Foreign Aid, Wage Inequality, and Skill Formation in a North- South Product- Cycle Model -- Index -- About the Contributors.

Abstract
There has been little historiographical attention to working-class banking in the Caribbean. This article adds to the scholarship by considering the founding and use of the Barbados Savings Bank by working-class Black Barbadians. Colonial administrators hoped the bank would teach formerly enslaved Barbadians how to properly transition into the free wage labor force and sought to encourage household arrangements dependent on a male breadwinner who would use the bank for long-term savings. Using the new depositor ledgers of the Barbados Savings Bank, I argue that everyday Barbadians instead used this financial institution as a family repository of targeted savings for the purpose of emigration, defying colonial desires of a dependent workforce organized in patriarchal single-income households.

Islamic insurance is a minor industry compared with other Islamic financial institutions in Indonesia. However, it has enormous potential to grow together with its challenges. This study aims to analyze the opportunities and challenges of the Islamic insurance industry in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative methodology and descriptive analysis. The result summarizes that the possibilities are: domino effect from Halal Value Chain and other development of government-owned enterprises; digitalization in Islamic Finance; and potential market of micro takaful. The challenges are needing a set regulatory framework as a catalyst to force supply and demand; market penetration is low, issues of Islamization insurance and the inadequate development of Islamic insurance products, limited retakaful company and qard hassan fund issue in retakaful.

AbstractThe purpose of KUR is to increase access to finance for Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) to financial institutions with a guarantee scheme through the People's Business Credit (KUR). The KUR guarantee is provided in order to increase UMKM access to sources of financing in order to encourage national economic growth. Bank Mandiri is one of the State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) that was established to assist UMKM players in realizing their business and maintaining business continuity. The results showed that with the existence of a program from the government through the distribution of People's Business Credit which was channeled through PT. Bank Mandiri KCP MMU Wamena Pasar Sinakma for the welfare of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (UMKM Keywords: People's Business Credit, UMKM

UMKM greatly contributes to detract from a considerably high unemployment rate in Indonesia. The government, in its attempt to empower UMKM, makes policies which create a climate conducive for business and runs several financial institutions to optimize UMKM empowerment. This research was conducted in Dinas Tenaga Kerja, Koperasi, dan UMKM in Gorontalo. The data were collected using observation, interview, literature study, and documentation techniques. The data were then qualitatively analyzed. The implementation of Gorontalo Regulation Number 4/2018 on Micro-sized Enterprise Management was studied from the enterprise criteria and development, planning, financing and guarantee, partnership, licensing, coordination and monitoring, and funding. It was found that the implementation of the regulation on micro-sized enterprise management with did not go as it should.

AbstractThe AIIB's non‐resident Board of Directors has drawn a lot of attention among experts and in the literature, although it is not an unprecedented feature among the existing international financial institutions. A non‐resident Board setting has implications for how the respective Board undertakes its role and responsibilities. This essay analyses the characteristics of the AIIB's non‐resident board in regard to four roles or functions as defined in the literature on Board evaluation (Martinez‐Diaz 2008), that is, the roles of strategic thinker, political counterweight, performance police, and democratic forum. AIIB's Board of Directors is particularly apt to perform the role of a strategic thinker, while taking on the other roles to different degrees of effectiveness.

Abstract. Since independence, Ghana has implemented many development paradigms, from big-push state-led industrialization to neoliberal market-oriented policies. However, the goal of industrialization has eluded the country. In recent years, new home-grown policy initiatives are beginning to replace neoliberal prescribed policies of Western donors and financial institutions. This study explores these new innovations focusing on the One District One factory initiative. We make the case that the policy is an innovative thinking on industrialisation and may reflect a realignment of Ghana's development paradigm with the Beijing Consensus after many years of being taunted as a success story of IMF-World Bank neoliberal reform programmes.Keywords. Neoliberalism, Development, Beijing consensus, Washington Consensus, industrialisation.JEL. O29, O25, O10, F59.

This paper contributes to the debate on the corporate governance of financial institutions, by studying the effect of different board characteristics on the level of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures of banks. For that, we use a sample composed by 159 banks over the period 2004–2010. We found that independent directors and gender diversity favor the disclosure CSR information in baking sector. But, these results are moderated by the national cultural system; concretely, previous positive effects of independence and diversity of banks' boards on CSR reporting are reduced in countries with a weaker cultural system, that is, individualist, masculine and vertically stratified societies, that are little indulgent and short-term oriented and show high levels of uncertainty avoidance.

Abstract
The law & finance literature often assumes that financial institutions in Germany, especially in the stock market, were less workable than for example in the U.S. or Great Britain due to extensive state regulation. This article analyses the regulation and admission to listing practices for (initial) public offerings in Germany from 1870 to 1932. It argues, by contrast, that state regulation in the German stock market largely enabled self-regulation and that a closer look at market practices indicates that the written law only offered a framework and left the stock exchanges great scope for manoeuvre. In the end, the German regulatory system came close to what law & finance literature describes as a most efficient market order.

In 2013 state officials operating through the three federal government branches of Mexico mutilated the country's constitution, privatizing upwards of seventy-five percent of the country's hydrocarbon reserves. This article suggests that this neoliberal strategy, carried out by transnationally oriented elites operating through state apparatuses in Mexico (and promoted by officials in Washington and within the International Financial Institutions), is meant to benefit transnational capital. Such drastic change to Mexico's legal order, we argue, in fact violated the country's constitution and symbolized a break with the country's earlier model of development. The federal government's anti-constitutional behavior, specifically its violation of Article 136 of the constitution, provides a legal basis for dismissing top officials from their posts and moving toward a constitutional assembly.

Sukuk is an element of Islamic Finance Instrument which increased rapidly by over the years. Nowadays, in another country is doing something to made inovation with sukuk instrument by get benefit of capital or fundraising for development fund of non-financial institutions such as waqf asset.Hence, this paper attempts to Introduce,Understand, and Purpose the Contract, Scheme and Underlying Asset Sukuk-Awqaf Based in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia.The results of this research showed that schemes and contracts in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesiais varied according to the governance system in each different country.Underlying Asset on tosukuk-waqf based in each country is a waqf asset with different type of waqf and management according to government authority in developing waqf asset.