Online-Werbeblocker haben über Jahre hinweg die deutschen Gerichte und die juristische Literatur beschäftigt. Die Diskussion erreichte ihren Höhepunkt durch das "Werbeblocker II"-Urteil des BGH im Jahr 2018. Während dieses Urteil einen Großteil der lauterkeitsrechtlichen Rechtsfragen klärte, bleiben vor allem die urheber- und kartellrechtlichen ungeklärt. Deren Bewertung bedarf eines umfassenden technischen und wirtschaftlichen Verständnisses, wofür dieses Werk grundlegende Erklärungen enthält. Es dient auf dieser Grundlage der Ordnung der Vielzahl der Einzelprobleme und Rechtsansichten in ein logisches System und deren Bewertung im größeren rechtlichen Kontext.
WOS: 000515091400074 ; The production yield of Z bosons is measured in the electron and muon decay channels in Pb+Pb collisions at /S-NN = 5.02 TeV with the ATLAS detector. Data from the 2015 LHC run corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.49 nb(-1) are used for the analysis. The Z boson yield, normalised by the total number of minimum-bias events and the mean nuclear thickness function, is measured as a function of dilepton rapidity and event centrality. The measurements in Pb+Pb collisions are compared with similar measurements made in proton-proton collisions at the same centre-of-mass energy. The nuclear modification factor is found to be consistent with unity for all centrality intervals. The results are compared with theoretical predictions obtained at next-to-leading order using nucleon and nuclear parton distribution functions. The normalised Z boson yields in Pb+Pb collisions lie 1-3a above the predictions. The nuclear modification factor measured as a function of rapidity agrees with unity and is consistent with a next-to-leading-order QCD calculation including the isospin effect. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANASAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPqNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERCNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CONICYTComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CRMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic; MPO CR; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; BMBFFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISFIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXTMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSWMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRSSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; MINECO, Spain; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SNSFSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOEUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSFNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF; CANARIE; COST, ERC; ERDFEuropean Union (EU); Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d' Avenir LabexFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFGGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Thales and Aristeia programmes co; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal SocietyRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden); KIT/GridKA (Germany); INFN-CNAF (Italy); NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain); ASGC (Taiwan); BNL (USA) ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in Ref. [65].
Автор выражает благодарность проф. И. И. Филатовой, главному редактору проф. Т. В. Кущ и анонимным рецензентам за ценные замечания при обсуждении статьи. ; Поступила в редакцию: 13.02.2020. Принята к печати: 25.03.2021. ; The author is grateful to prof. Irina I. Filatova, editor-in-chief prof. Tatiana V. Kushch, and anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. ; Submitted: 13.02.2020. Accepted: 25.03.2021. ; Статья посвящена изучению региональной специфики репрезентации советской власти в «письмах в газету», которые рассматриваются как способ коммуникации общества с властью и пример политической активности жителей Кировской области. В качестве источников привлечены неопубликованные письма читателей, поступившие в газету «Кировская правда» в 1964–1970 гг. Информационный потенциал писем населения дает возможность выделить и интерпретировать типичные и специфические формы репрезентации советской власти в трансформировавшихся социально-политических условиях в СССР во второй половине 1960-х гг. В историографии письма граждан рассматриваются исследователями как неотъемлемая часть советской политической культуры. Анализ писем населения в областную газету предлагает характеристику системы и структуры представлений жителей Кировской области о власти столичного, областного и местного уровней в широком социально-политическом контексте. Интерпретируя представленные в письмах оценки местных руководителей, автор обращает внимание на социально-политические условия в СССР во второй половине 1960-х гг. Особое внимание уделено откликам жителей Кировской области на отставку Н. С. Хрущева, определявшую, по мнению автора, оценки местной власти. На конкретных примерах показывается, что в письмах при характеристике власти население апеллировало к официальному дискурсу. Дается сравнительная характеристика форм репрезентации власти разных уровней — от воспроизводства ее символических («революционных», идейных) образов до определения ее утилитарных значений. Жители Кировской области, обращаясь к власти для решения личных бытовых вопросов и общих социальных проблем, определяли «полезность» ее действий. Автор делает вывод, что в письмах население воспроизводило патерналистскую модель взаимоотношений с советской властью, указывая на то, что характеристика власти определялась региональной социально-политической ситуацией. ; This article examines the regional peculiarities underlying the representation of Soviet power in letters to a newspaper which are viewed as a means of communication between the public and the authorities and as an example of the political activity of the population of Kirov Region. The author refers to previously unpublished letters sent to the Kirovskaya Pravda newspaper by its readers between 1964 and 1970. The information potential of the population's letters makes it possible to single out and interpret typical and specific forms of representation of Soviet power in the transforming socio-political conditions of the USSR in the second half of the 1960s. Historiographers consider citizens' letters an integral part of Soviet political culture. An analysis of the population's letters to a local newspaper suggests a characteristic of the system and structure of Kirov Region's inhabitants' idea of the capital, regional, and local authorities in a wide socio-political context. While interpreting the assessments of the local authorities present in the letters, the author pays attention to the socio-political conditions in the USSR in the second half of the 1960s. In the article, special attention is paid to the Kirov Region's population's response to Khrushchev's resignation, which, according to the author, determined the evaluation of the local authorities. Referring to particular examples, the author proves that when characterising the authorities in their letters, the population appealed to official discourse. The article provides a comparative characteristic of forms in which the authorities of different levels were represented — from their reproduction in symbolic images (revolutionary and ideological) to the definition of their utilitarian meanings. Turning to the authorities in order to resolve their personal everyday problems and common social problems, the inhabitants of Kirov Region determined the usefulness of the authorities. The author concludes that in their letters, the citizens reproduced the paternalistic model of relationships with the Soviet authorities pointing to the fact that the characteristic of the authorities depended on the regional socio-political situation. ; Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ. ; This article is an output of a research project implemented as part of the Basic Research Programme at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).
The article regards the place of social support service, provided to a person (family) belonging to vulnerable groups and/or who are in difficult life circumstances, defined by the norms of different Laws of Ukraine, in the sphere of social security of Ukrainian citizens. Following on from applying the comparative method to find out the consistency of legal norms, the author stresses that there is no legally unified definition of social support. The author highlights legislative contraventions on the determination of the place of social support in the system of social security types of Ukrainian citizens as well as on the characteristics of social support as a type of social service. The researcher suggests the amendments to the legislation. The author emphasizes that the normative consolidation of the social support service as a service of social assistance does not determine its legal specificity with respect to other types of professional social protection activities.Legislative definitions of "social service" and "social work" are analyzed in this article. The author proves that these terms are identical in content, and the research proposes to harmonize their regulatory use.Specific attention is paid to the fact that the normative characteristics of the social support service as basic service does not characterize its specifics, does not distinguish it in the system of social services and is not applied in practice. The researcher also argues that the legislation on social security does not contain the list of other (not basic) types of social services, does not determine the specifics of providing the basic service in the system of others, does not affect the individual / family availability of payment of the social service. The author stresses that the characteristic of social support service as a basic service is a legislative declaration and has no application in practice.Social care, social assistance and social patronage are the elements that determine the legislative content of the social support service of vulnerable groups of kids and young people. At the same time, the current legislation does not establish the legal features that characterize these notions, does not define the legal conditions for the provision of each of the components of the social service.The researcher critically analyses legal norms that define the list of professional actions that shape the content of the social support service of a person (family) and the legal grounds for its provision. The author lists a number of examples of inconsistencies between by-laws and provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Social Services".The researcher emphasizes the necessity to streamline the rules of legislation governing the content and scope, rules and regulations, conditions and procedure of providing and indicators of quality of social support service in a sole by-law – The State Standard of Social Support. ; Статтю присвячено з'ясуванню законодавчої сутності соціальної послуги соціальний супровід, що надається особам (сім'ям), які належать до вразливих груп населення та/або перебувають у складних життєвих обставинах, і визначена нормами різних Законів України у сфері соціального захисту громадян в Україні. Застосувавши порівняльний метод для з'ясування узгодженості правових норм, зроблено висновок про відсутність законодавчо-уніфікованого визначення соціального супроводу. Запропоновано відповідні зміни до законодавства.Проаналізовано законодавчі дефініції поняття "соціальна послуга" та "соціальна робота". Доведено, що вони є тотожними за змістом та запропоновано узгодити їх нормативне використання.Відзначено, що нормативна характеристика послуги соціальний супровід як базової, основної, комплексної насправді не характеризує її специфіку, не вирізняє в системі соціальних послуг та не застосовується на практиці. Критично проаналізовано норми законодавства, які визначають зміст послуги соціального супроводу, наведено приклади невідповідності підзаконних нормативно-правових актів нормам Закону України "Про соціальні послуги" щодо дій, які формують зміст послуги соціальний супровід. Наголошено на необхідності нормативного визначення понять "соціальна опіка", "соціальна допомога", "соціальний патронаж" та уніфікованого їх упорядкування у соціальному законодавстві.
In this article is considering the problematic of such phenomenon as "crime provocation" through the prism of differentiation from the related concepts of criminal law. Author points up that Ukrainian legal system has legal deficiencies that deal with the issues of crime provocation which serves as complicity in a crime and which is needed to be additionally scientifically researched. There are two opposing one another scientific viewpoints on the crime provocation term. Traditional position says that crime provocation is an incitement, special kind of crime provocation. Alternative position says that crime provocation is grow out of incitement conception as form of the crime complicity. Due to this view crime provocation is kind of criminalization other person. And the aim of this action is negative consequences for such person. Author supports alternative position and prove that crime provocation and crime incitement as form of the crime complicity aren't the same notions. Legal nature of crime provocation isn't defined such kind of crime complicity as crime incitement, because it poses its own definitions. Therefore, author divides signs that help to separate the crime provocation from the crime incitement and at that time to separate the crime provocation from the legal behavior of special persons. Besides, the analy-sis of legal nature of the crime provocation was made in compliance with psychological signs of this phenomenon. Crime provocation – is latent activity for person who is being provoked, that's why provocative act is considered to be as stable activity of the person who provokes and it is not taken into account by person who is being provoked. Author says that legislation artificially narrowed the term of crime provocation, and legislator isn't take into consideration such fact as high public danger of this phe-nomenon. So, in this situation can be provoked not only providing with undue benefits which is a component elements of a crime that is mentioned in Criminal Code, but another amount of crimes. Therefore, the author has offered to increase the responsibility in our legislation for the crime provocation.In this article the author has given a criteria that should be followed, and then, the acts of provocation which have legal goal and which are made by a special subjects during there law enforcement tactical intelligence operations, wouldn't be qualified as form of crime complicity. ; У статті розглянуто явище провокація злочину крізь призму відмежування від суміжних понять кри-мінального права. Автором звертається увага на те, що в українському законодавстві існують прогалини, які стосуються питань провокації злочину як форми співучасті, що потребує додаткових наукових досліджень. Наведено два діаметрально протилежних наукових погляди на поняття провокації злочину. Традиційний підхід передбачає, що провокація злочину є підбурюванням до нього, тобто його спеціальним різновидом. Альтернативний підхід передбачає, що провокація злочину за своїм змістом виходить за рамки інституту підбурювання як форми співучасті та являє собою залучення іншої особи у вчинення злочину, що здійснюється з метою настання негативних для цієї особи наслідків. Автор підтримує альтернативний підхід і доводить, що провокація і підбурювання як форма співучасті не є тотожними поняттями, а юридична природа провокації злочину не детермінується таким різновидом співучасті, як підбурювання, адже володіє власними характеристиками. З огляду на це автор виокремлює ознаки, які дозволяють відмежувати поняття провокації зло-чину від підбурювання, а також поняття провокації від допустимої поведінки спеціальних суб'єктів. Крім того, аналіз правової сутності провокації зроблено з огляду на психологічні ознаки цього явища. Вважається, що провокація – це прихована діяльність для особи, яку провокують, тому з боку останньої особи діяння провокації як цілеспрямована діяльність провокатора для створення чогось конкретного не сприймається. Автор стверджує, що в законодавстві було штучно звужене поняття провокації злочину і не враховано, що провокація злочину має високу суспільну небезпечність, а спровокувати можна не лише надання неправомірної вигоди, яке є складом злочину, передбаченого статтею 370 КК України, а й низку інших злочинів. З огляду на це запропоновано розширити відповідальність за провокацію злочину. У статті наведено критерії, за умов дотримання яких провокативні дії, які мають законну мету та здійснюються спеціальним суб'єктом під час здійснення оперативно-розшукових заходів, не підлягатимуть кваліфікації за ознакою «провокація злочину» як форми співучасті.
Janiec Jerzy, Transferring differentiation and integration through picking up students' speech by hip-hop and its appreciation. Culture – Society – Education no 2(16) 2019, Poznań 2019, pp. 23–44, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2019.16.2. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the Hip-hop based Education (HHBE) and Hip-hop Pedagogy (HHPED) as two accommodating strategies that may be utilized fourishingly to differentiate a teaching-learning process further to integrate learners in any education-like environment, as the example the IB World School No. 006654 International School of Bydgoszcz (ISOB) has been chosen. This is the first study presenting international community in a truly homogeneous society (ca. 98% of Polish inhabitants in their country). The author enlists affirmative methodologies beginning with a hypothesis that the Hip-hop cultureis gaining popularity among adolescents in greater numbers. As a result of observations, interviews and survey he is acquainted with students' wants and needs. There is a necessity to put them in a bigger picture by analyzing the phenomenon from a historical, sociological, political, economical and intercultural viewpoint on a local (Bydgoszcz's) and global scale. And finally, the author is describing a use of the aforesaid strategies through transfer skills that are taught in the IB History and Social Studies classes. ; Janiec Jerzy, Transferring differentiation and integration through picking up students' speech by hip-hop and its appreciation. Culture – Society – Education no 2(16) 2019, Poznań 2019, pp. 23–44, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2019.16.2. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the Hip-hop based Education (HHBE) and Hip-hop Pedagogy (HHPED) as two accommodating strategies that may be utilized fourishingly to differentiate a teaching-learning process further to integrate learners in any education-like environment, as the example the IB World School No. 006654 International School of Bydgoszcz (ISOB) has been chosen. This is the first study presenting international community in a truly homogeneous society (ca. 98% of Polish inhabitants in their country). The author enlists affirmative methodologies beginning with a hypothesis that the Hip-hop cultureis gaining popularity among adolescents in greater numbers. As a result of observations, interviews and survey he is acquainted with students' wants and needs. There is a necessity to put them in a bigger picture by analyzing the phenomenon from a historical, sociological, political, economical and intercultural viewpoint on a local (Bydgoszcz's) and global scale. And finally, the author is describing a use of the aforesaid strategies through transfer skills that are taught in the IB History and Social Studies classes. ; Janiec Jerzy, Transferring differentiation and integration through picking up students' speech by hip-hop and its appreciation. Culture – Society – Education no 2(16) 2019, Poznań 2019, pp. 23–44, Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2019.16.2. The main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the Hip-hop based Education (HHBE) and Hip-hop Pedagogy (HHPED) as two accommodating strategies that may be utilized fourishingly to differentiate a teaching-learning process further to integrate learners in any education-like environment, as the example the IB World School No. 006654 International School of Bydgoszcz (ISOB) has been chosen. This is the first study presenting international community in a truly homogeneous society (ca. 98% of Polish inhabitants in their country). The author enlists affirmative methodologies beginning with a hypothesis that the Hip-hop cultureis gaining popularity among adolescents in greater numbers. As a result of observations, interviews and survey he is acquainted with students' wants and needs. There is a necessity to put them in a bigger picture by analyzing the phenomenon from a historical, sociological, political, economical and intercultural viewpoint on a local (Bydgoszcz's) and global scale. And finally, the author is describing a use of the aforesaid strategies through transfer skills that are taught in the IB History and Social Studies classes.
The article examines the current features of trust management in the implementation of state property rights. The author points out that the legislation of Ukraine provides for the features and procedure for temporary transfer of state property for being used through trust management, lease, leasing, etc. Under such conditions, a significant number of legal constructions have recently appeared in science, including the institution of trust management, which require proper legal regulation in accordance with the requirements of the time. The major peculiarity of the institution of trust management is that it eliminates shortcomings in the legal regulation of state property management, allows legal entities to determine their behavior for effective management of trusted property, and facilitates rapid response to changes in market conditions or contract terms. Having explored the ideas of many scholars, the author compares the concepts of trust management and trust ownership; analyzes the content of the construction of the property management agreement; characterizes the criteria to be met by the property transferred to the trust management. The author pays special attention to the issue of comparing such legal constructions as "trust management" and "operational management", which is characteristic of the implementation of state property rights. Exploring alternatives to trust management, the author compares it with fiduciary property management. The concept of trust property, which was introduced in the legislation of Ukraine in 2019 as a type of security for the fulfillment of obligations under the loan agreement, was also the subject to analysis. Regarding the introduction of the legal institution of trust property as a way of securing obligations, the author believes that it largely duplicates the functions of the mortgage. Given the obvious problems in the legal definition of this legal structure, there is a risk that this type of security in practice will not be widely used. As a conclusion, the author points out that in our time the general rules of trust management in Ukraine are not defined by law. Not only the norms of separate laws and the Civil code of Ukraine, but also the regulations need the proper coordination. Only after the elimination of the revealed discrepancies and ambiguous interpretations it will be possible to speak about effective trust management. ; У статті досліджуються актуальні особливості довірчого управління в реалізації права державної власності. Автор вказує, що законодавство України передбачає особливості та порядок тимчасової передачі об'єктів державної власності в користування шляхом довірчого управління, оренди, лізингу тощо. За таких умов у науці з'являється значна кількість правових конструкцій, у тому числі інститут довірчого управління, що потребують належного правового регулювання відповідно до вимог часу. Особливість інституту довірчого управління полягає в тому, що він дозволяє усунути недоліки у правовому регулюванні управління державною власністю, надає можливості суб'єктам правовідносин визначати свою поведінку щодо ефективного управління довіреним майном, сприяє швидкій реакції на зміни кон'юнктури ринку чи умов договору. Досліджуючи думки багатьох вчених, автор порівнює поняття довірчого управління та довірчої власності; аналізує зміст конструкції договору управління майном; характеризує критерії, яким має відповідати майно, що передається в довірче управління. Особливу увагу автор приділяє питанню порівняння таких правових конструкцій, як «довірче управління» та «оперативне управління», що характерне для реалізації прав державної власності. Вивчаючи альтернативи довірчому управлінню автор порівнює його із фідуціароним управлінням майном. Також аналізу підлягало поняття довірчої власності, що було введено у 2019 році в законодавств України як вид забезпечення виконання зобов'язань за кредитним договором. Щодо запровадження правового інституту довірчої власності як способу забезпечення зобов'язань, то автор вважає, що вона багато в чому дублює функції іпотеки. Якщо зважати на очевидні проблеми у правовому визначенні даної правової конструкції, присутній ризик того, що даний вид забезпечення на практиці широкого застосування не знайде. Як висновок автор вказує, що в наш час законодавчо загальні правила про довірче управління в Україні не визначені. Узгодження потребують не лише норми окремих законів і Цивільного кодексу України, а навіть нормиокремих книг кодексу. Лише після усунення виявлених розбіжностей і неоднозначних трактувань можна буде говорити про ефективне довірче управління.
The author of the article has analyzed the history of legal regulation of individual labor disputes. It has been noted that historically disputes about the working conditions began to appear in the world together with the emergence of hired labor relations in the era of the formation of the capitalist mode of production. States began to take care of the regulation of working conditions and resolving disputes between employees and employers at the end of the 19th and early 20th century, when the collective struggle of employees for the improvement of working conditions and rest already acquired force, which threatened the stability and even the existence of states.The author has provided a definition of the category of "an individual labor dispute", which refers to unregulated differences between an employer and an employee (the applicant for a position, dismissed employee) on the application of labor legislation, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract or the establishment or modification of individual working conditions reported to the agency (an official), endowed with appropriate powers to resolve them.The author has offered the classification of individual labor disputes for the following reasons: 1) according to the subjects of application: labor disputes where the applicant is an employee; labor disputes where the applicant is an employer; labor disputes where the applicant is an applicant for a position; labor disputes where the applicant is a dismissed employee; 2) according to the subject matter: labor disputes on the recognition of the refusal to conclude an employment contract as unlawful; labor disputes on wage payment; labor disputes regarding the recognition of dismissal as illegitimate and reinstatement in a job; labor disputes on the recognition of the imposition of disciplinary sanction as illegal; labor disputes about compensation for pecuniary damage, etc.; 3) according to the nature: labor disputes on the application of labor laws, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract; labor disputes about the establishment or modification of individual working conditions not regulated by labor legislation, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract; 4) according to the procedure of consideration: labor disputes which are considered in the general procedure; labor disputes which are considered exclusively in the court; labor disputes that are considered in the special procedure; 5) according to the types of legal relations which are the basis for a labor dispute: labor disputes arising from labor legal relations; labor disputes arising out of legal relations that are related to labor (except for collective legal relations in the field of hired labor).The author has provided propositions on the improvement of the procedure for solving individual labor disputes. The author has offered to ensure the functioning of commissions on labor disputes at all enterprises, institutions, organizations with a number of employees of not less than 15 people and to increase the efficiency of their activities. To accomplish this, within the legislative procedure the author has offered the following: first, to oblige employers to set up commissions on labor disputes at enterprises, institutions, organizations with at least 15 employees and to establish liability for non-compliance; and secondly, to extend the guarantees for employees who are part of these commissions stipulated by the law for the members of the conciliation commissions created in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the Procedure for the Resolution of Collective Labor Disputes (Conflicts)" and for the employees elected for trade unions.Article received 06.02.2019 ; У статті здійснено аналіз історії правового регулювання індивідуальних трудових спорів. Вивчено законодавчі та наукові підходи до визначення категорії «індивідуальний трудовий спір». Наведено авторське визначення категорії «індивідуальний трудовий спір» як неврегульованих розбіжностей між роботодавцем і працівником (претендентом на посаду, звільненим працівником) з питань застосування трудового законодавства, колективних угод, локальних нормативно-правових актів, трудового договору або встановлення чи зміни індивідуальних умов праці, про які заявлено в орган (посадовій особі), наділений відповідними повноваженнями з їх вирішення.Запропоновано класифікацію індивідуальних трудових спорів. Окреслено причини їх виникнення. Визначено особливості порядку вирішення індивідуальних трудових спорів та надано пропозиції з його удосконалення, зокрема щодо підвищення ефективності діяльності комісій по трудових спорах.Матеріал надійшов 06.02.2019
The author of the article has analyzed the history of legal regulation of individual labor disputes. It has been noted that historically disputes about the working conditions began to appear in the world together with the emergence of hired labor relations in the era of the formation of the capitalist mode of production. States began to take care of the regulation of working conditions and resolving disputes between employees and employers at the end of the 19th and early 20th century, when the collective struggle of employees for the improvement of working conditions and rest already acquired force, which threatened the stability and even the existence of states.The author has provided a definition of the category of "an individual labor dispute", which refers to unregulated differences between an employer and an employee (the applicant for a position, dismissed employee) on the application of labor legislation, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract or the establishment or modification of individual working conditions reported to the agency (an official), endowed with appropriate powers to resolve them.The author has offered the classification of individual labor disputes for the following reasons: 1) according to the subjects of application: labor disputes where the applicant is an employee; labor disputes where the applicant is an employer; labor disputes where the applicant is an applicant for a position; labor disputes where the applicant is a dismissed employee; 2) according to the subject matter: labor disputes on the recognition of the refusal to conclude an employment contract as unlawful; labor disputes on wage payment; labor disputes regarding the recognition of dismissal as illegitimate and reinstatement in a job; labor disputes on the recognition of the imposition of disciplinary sanction as illegal; labor disputes about compensation for pecuniary damage, etc.; 3) according to the nature: labor disputes on the application of labor laws, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract; labor disputes about the establishment or modification of individual working conditions not regulated by labor legislation, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract; 4) according to the procedure of consideration: labor disputes which are considered in the general procedure; labor disputes which are considered exclusively in the court; labor disputes that are considered in the special procedure; 5) according to the types of legal relations which are the basis for a labor dispute: labor disputes arising from labor legal relations; labor disputes arising out of legal relations that are related to labor (except for collective legal relations in the field of hired labor).The author has provided propositions on the improvement of the procedure for solving individual labor disputes. The author has offered to ensure the functioning of commissions on labor disputes at all enterprises, institutions, organizations with a number of employees of not less than 15 people and to increase the efficiency of their activities. To accomplish this, within the legislative procedure the author has offered the following: first, to oblige employers to set up commissions on labor disputes at enterprises, institutions, organizations with at least 15 employees and to establish liability for non-compliance; and secondly, to extend the guarantees for employees who are part of these commissions stipulated by the law for the members of the conciliation commissions created in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the Procedure for the Resolution of Collective Labor Disputes (Conflicts)" and for the employees elected for trade unions.Article received 06.02.2019 ; У статті здійснено аналіз історії правового регулювання індивідуальних трудових спорів. Вивчено законодавчі та наукові підходи до визначення категорії «індивідуальний трудовий спір». Наведено авторське визначення категорії «індивідуальний трудовий спір» як неврегульованих розбіжностей між роботодавцем і працівником (претендентом на посаду, звільненим працівником) з питань застосування трудового законодавства, колективних угод, локальних нормативно-правових актів, трудового договору або встановлення чи зміни індивідуальних умов праці, про які заявлено в орган (посадовій особі), наділений відповідними повноваженнями з їх вирішення.Запропоновано класифікацію індивідуальних трудових спорів. Окреслено причини їх виникнення. Визначено особливості порядку вирішення індивідуальних трудових спорів та надано пропозиції з його удосконалення, зокрема щодо підвищення ефективності діяльності комісій по трудових спорах.Матеріал надійшов 06.02.2019
The author of the article has analyzed the history of legal regulation of individual labor disputes. It has been noted that historically disputes about the working conditions began to appear in the world together with the emergence of hired labor relations in the era of the formation of the capitalist mode of production. States began to take care of the regulation of working conditions and resolving disputes between employees and employers at the end of the 19th and early 20th century, when the collective struggle of employees for the improvement of working conditions and rest already acquired force, which threatened the stability and even the existence of states.The author has provided a definition of the category of "an individual labor dispute", which refers to unregulated differences between an employer and an employee (the applicant for a position, dismissed employee) on the application of labor legislation, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract or the establishment or modification of individual working conditions reported to the agency (an official), endowed with appropriate powers to resolve them.The author has offered the classification of individual labor disputes for the following reasons: 1) according to the subjects of application: labor disputes where the applicant is an employee; labor disputes where the applicant is an employer; labor disputes where the applicant is an applicant for a position; labor disputes where the applicant is a dismissed employee; 2) according to the subject matter: labor disputes on the recognition of the refusal to conclude an employment contract as unlawful; labor disputes on wage payment; labor disputes regarding the recognition of dismissal as illegitimate and reinstatement in a job; labor disputes on the recognition of the imposition of disciplinary sanction as illegal; labor disputes about compensation for pecuniary damage, etc.; 3) according to the nature: labor disputes on the application of labor laws, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract; labor disputes about the establishment or modification of individual working conditions not regulated by labor legislation, collective agreements, local regulatory acts, an employment contract; 4) according to the procedure of consideration: labor disputes which are considered in the general procedure; labor disputes which are considered exclusively in the court; labor disputes that are considered in the special procedure; 5) according to the types of legal relations which are the basis for a labor dispute: labor disputes arising from labor legal relations; labor disputes arising out of legal relations that are related to labor (except for collective legal relations in the field of hired labor).The author has provided propositions on the improvement of the procedure for solving individual labor disputes. The author has offered to ensure the functioning of commissions on labor disputes at all enterprises, institutions, organizations with a number of employees of not less than 15 people and to increase the efficiency of their activities. To accomplish this, within the legislative procedure the author has offered the following: first, to oblige employers to set up commissions on labor disputes at enterprises, institutions, organizations with at least 15 employees and to establish liability for non-compliance; and secondly, to extend the guarantees for employees who are part of these commissions stipulated by the law for the members of the conciliation commissions created in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the Procedure for the Resolution of Collective Labor Disputes (Conflicts)" and for the employees elected for trade unions.Article received 06.02.2019 ; У статті здійснено аналіз історії правового регулювання індивідуальних трудових спорів. Вивчено законодавчі та наукові підходи до визначення категорії «індивідуальний трудовий спір». Наведено авторське визначення категорії «індивідуальний трудовий спір» як неврегульованих розбіжностей між роботодавцем і працівником (претендентом на посаду, звільненим працівником) з питань застосування трудового законодавства, колективних угод, локальних нормативно-правових актів, трудового договору або встановлення чи зміни індивідуальних умов праці, про які заявлено в орган (посадовій особі), наділений відповідними повноваженнями з їх вирішення.Запропоновано класифікацію індивідуальних трудових спорів. Окреслено причини їх виникнення. Визначено особливості порядку вирішення індивідуальних трудових спорів та надано пропозиції з його удосконалення, зокрема щодо підвищення ефективності діяльності комісій по трудових спорах.Матеріал надійшов 06.02.2019
The aims of the article: – to track the change of approaches to humanitarian knowledge; – to define possible ways of its development at the present stage. Methods. The methodology of the research is based on the content analysis of verbal and visual texts, and inductive techniques allowing us to generalize heterogeneousapproaches. Results and scientific novelty. The author, having postulated a double objective to trace, on the one hand, how the attitude to humanities changed during centuries, and, on the other, to draft possible routes of further development, scrutinizes the concept homo duplex starting from the early renaissance period, when humanities were singled out of the common knowledge about the human being, when the component of meaning «down to earth, not divine» shaped the kernel of the field of knowledge, later named as humanities. This type of knowledge was opposed to the theology with its concept of the divine origin of man. The author attracts Leonardo da Vinci drawing to define the major research methodology of humanities. Further tackling the evolution of the concept from the homo duplex to homo triplex, the author proves that the dynamics of econceptualization owed to a great extend to the possibility to extrapolate methods of sciences onto humanities research. Touching upon the reason of vicissitudes and recent crisis in humanities the author points to the «doctrinal way of thinking» caused on the one hand by political situation and on the other hand by the «fine art» of turning humanities postulates into a dogma. To prove the point, the author attracts verbal and visual texts, as well as historical facts. Upon this basis the contemporary structure ofthe humanitarian knowledge is being scrutinized that rests upon the integrationof humanities and neurosciences, the research kernel including brain, mind, languageand subconsciousness. The author constructs the model of heterogeneous spheres, including biosphere, noosphere, technosphere, semiosphere, socisphere, and ethnosphere. Hence, a new paradigm of research approaches that rests upon «the anthropocentric trinity»: thinking (processing) individual+ self and world creating individual + an individual who communicates both with nature and computer. Practical significance. The proposed model of heterogeneous spheres enables to outline intersections variants of sciences and humanities thus defining new conceptual meaning of homo triplex. ; Цели работы – проследить, как изменялись подходы к гуманитарному знанию, и определить возможные пути его развития на современном этапе. Методология и методики. Методология, изложенного в статье исследования, основывается на контент-анализе вербальных и визуальных текстов, а также на индуктивных методиках, позволяющих обобщить гетерогенные подходы. Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрен концепт homo duplex начиная с периода проторенессанса, когда произошло вычленение гуманитаристики из общего знания о человеке и компонент значения «земной, небожественный» закрепился за науками, которые обозначались словом humanitatis. Эти науки были противопоставлены теологическим, трактующим божественное начало человека. С опорой на схематичную трактовку человека, представленную Леонардо да Винчи, сделан вывод: именно этот образ сформировал ядро антропоцентрической картины мира, а впоследствии – ведущий исследовательский метод гуманитарных наук. Анализ развития концепта от homo duplex до homo triplex показывает, что динамика его переосмысления во многом зависела от возможности экстраполяции методов научно-естественного познания мира на гуманитарные знания. В качестве причины кризиса современного гуманитарного знания указывается «доктринальное» мышление, вызванное, с одной стороны, факторами политического характера, а с другой стороны, «высоким искусством» превращать постулаты гуманитаристики в догму. Для доказательства данного положения привлекаются художественные и визуальные тексты, а также исторические факты. Современная структура гуманитарного знания основана, по мнению автора, на интеграции гуманитаристики и нейронаук, где ядром исследования являются такие концепты, как сознание, подсознание и язык. Выстроена модель гетерогенных сфер, включающая биосферу, ноосферу, техносферу, семиосферу, социосферу, этносферу. Сформулирована новая парадигма научного знания, объединяющая в себе следующие черты антропоцентрического подхода: человек осознающий (обрабатывающий информацию); человек, творящий себя и мир; человек, взаимодействующий с природой и машиной. Практическая значимость. Предлагаемая модель гетерогенных сфер позволяет вычленить варианты взаимодействия естественных, точных и гуманитарных наук, что определяет новое концептуальное содержание понятия homo triplex.
A paper entitled Cooperation between Moskow and Minsk in the energy sector describes the most important problems of gas and petrol market at the European part of former USSR. It is an attempt to answer questions aroused by the situation at the post-soviet petrol market. Its analytical part is based on statistical data, analytical papers of the most important think-tanks in that matter, books and papers together with internet resources. All above mentioned contribute to an author`s proper arguments which are focused on abilities and limitations of petrol and gas sector of Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus. The paper provides an information about bilateral relations of these countries, describes Russian energy strategy towards pos-soviet area, especially towards the Belarus` role. It also describes Russian-Belarusian relations in broad international context and also Belarusian dilemmas while Minsk does refuse Russians to obtain strategic importance in the country`s energy sector on the one hand, but also must strictly cooperate with Moscow while Belarusian economy is unable to function without cheap petrol and gas supplies from Russia. An author focuses also on Yamal pipeline and the eventual threat from the Nord-Stream project and also describes the meaning of BTS1 and BTS2 installations which virtually are the pressure tools on Belarus. He characterizes the background of past and current energy conflicts in bilateral relations and indicates the role of petrol and gas as political tools at Russian disposal, towards Belarus. He also formulate prognosis, based on his past analyzes. According to an author Belarus must solve the problem of its own dependency on Moscow in the energy area. Without it she won`t be a clearly independent state. In the same time Russia is using all possible tools and strengths it monopoly on the Belarusian petrol market. This kind of policy is a step in Russian Federation`s policies aimed at regaining imperial role again in the post-soviet area. ; A paper entitled Cooperation between Moskow and Minsk in the energy sector describes the most important problems of gas and petrol market at the European part of former USSR. It is an attempt to answer questions aroused by the situation at the post-soviet petrol market. Its analytical part is based on statistical data, analytical papers of the most important think-tanks in that matter, books and papers together with internet resources. All above mentioned contribute to an author`s proper arguments which are focused on abilities and limitations of petrol and gas sector of Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus. The paper provides an information about bilateral relations of these countries, describes Russian energy strategy towards pos-soviet area, especially towards the Belarus` role. It also describes Russian-Belarusian relations in broad international context and also Belarusian dilemmas while Minsk does refuse Russians to obtain strategic importance in the country`s energy sector on the one hand, but also must strictly cooperate with Moscow while Belarusian economy is unable to function without cheap petrol and gas supplies from Russia. An author focuses also on Yamal pipeline and the eventual threat from the Nord-Stream project and also describes the meaning of BTS1 and BTS2 installations which virtually are the pressure tools on Belarus. He characterizes the background of past and current energy conflicts in bilateral relations and indicates the role of petrol and gas as political tools at Russian disposal, towards Belarus. He also formulate prognosis, based on his past analyzes. According to an author Belarus must solve the problem of its own dependency on Moscow in the energy area. Without it she won`t be a clearly independent state. In the same time Russia is using all possible tools and strengths it monopoly on the Belarusian petrol market. This kind of policy is a step in Russian Federation`s policies aimed at regaining imperial role again in the post-soviet area.
A paper entitled Cooperation between Moskow and Minsk in the energy sector describes the most important problems of gas and petrol market at the European part of former USSR. It is an attempt to answer questions aroused by the situation at the post-soviet petrol market. Its analytical part is based on statistical data, analytical papers of the most important think-tanks in that matter, books and papers together with internet resources. All above mentioned contribute to an author`s proper arguments which are focused on abilities and limitations of petrol and gas sector of Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus. The paper provides an information about bilateral relations of these countries, describes Russian energy strategy towards pos-soviet area, especially towards the Belarus` role. It also describes Russian-Belarusian relations in broad international context and also Belarusian dilemmas while Minsk does refuse Russians to obtain strategic importance in the country`s energy sector on the one hand, but also must strictly cooperate with Moscow while Belarusian economy is unable to function without cheap petrol and gas supplies from Russia. An author focuses also on Yamal pipeline and the eventual threat from the Nord-Stream project and also describes the meaning of BTS1 and BTS2 installations which virtually are the pressure tools on Belarus. He characterizes the background of past and current energy conflicts in bilateral relations and indicates the role of petrol and gas as political tools at Russian disposal, towards Belarus. He also formulate prognosis, based on his past analyzes. According to an author Belarus must solve the problem of its own dependency on Moscow in the energy area. Without it she won`t be a clearly independent state. In the same time Russia is using all possible tools and strengths it monopoly on the Belarusian petrol market. This kind of policy is a step in Russian Federation`s policies aimed at regaining imperial role again in the post-soviet area. ; A paper entitled Cooperation between Moskow and Minsk in the energy sector describes the most important problems of gas and petrol market at the European part of former USSR. It is an attempt to answer questions aroused by the situation at the post-soviet petrol market. Its analytical part is based on statistical data, analytical papers of the most important think-tanks in that matter, books and papers together with internet resources. All above mentioned contribute to an author`s proper arguments which are focused on abilities and limitations of petrol and gas sector of Russian Federation and Republic of Belarus. The paper provides an information about bilateral relations of these countries, describes Russian energy strategy towards pos-soviet area, especially towards the Belarus` role. It also describes Russian-Belarusian relations in broad international context and also Belarusian dilemmas while Minsk does refuse Russians to obtain strategic importance in the country`s energy sector on the one hand, but also must strictly cooperate with Moscow while Belarusian economy is unable to function without cheap petrol and gas supplies from Russia. An author focuses also on Yamal pipeline and the eventual threat from the Nord-Stream project and also describes the meaning of BTS1 and BTS2 installations which virtually are the pressure tools on Belarus. He characterizes the background of past and current energy conflicts in bilateral relations and indicates the role of petrol and gas as political tools at Russian disposal, towards Belarus. He also formulate prognosis, based on his past analyzes. According to an author Belarus must solve the problem of its own dependency on Moscow in the energy area. Without it she won`t be a clearly independent state. In the same time Russia is using all possible tools and strengths it monopoly on the Belarusian petrol market. This kind of policy is a step in Russian Federation`s policies aimed at regaining imperial role again in the post-soviet area.
Цели работы проследить, как изменялись подходы к гуманитарному знанию, и определить возможные пути его развития на современном этапе. Методология и методики. Методология, изложенного в статье исследования, основывается на контент-анализе вербальных и визуальных текстов, а также на индуктивных методиках, позволяющих обобщить гетерогенные подходы. Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрен концепт homo duplex начиная с периода проторенессанса, когда произошло вычленение гуманитаристики из общего знания о человеке и компонент значения «земной, небожественный» закрепился за науками, которые обозначались словом humanitatis. Эти науки были противопоставлены теологическим, трактующим божественное начало человека. С опорой на схематичную трактовку человека, представленную Леонардо да Винчи, сделан вывод: именно этот образ сформировал ядро антропоцентрической картины мира, а впоследствии ведущий исследовательский метод гуманитарных наук. Анализ развития концепта от homo duplex до homo triplex показывает, что динамика его переосмысления во многом зависела от возможности экстраполяции методов научно-естественного познания мира на гуманитарные знания. В качестве причины кризиса современного гуманитарного знания указывается «доктринальное» мышление, вызванное, с одной стороны, факторами политического характера, а с другой стороны, «высоким искусством» превращать постулаты гуманитаристики в догму. Для доказательства данного положения привлекаются художественные и визуальные тексты, а также исторические факты. Современная структура гуманитарного знания основана, по мнению автора, на интеграции гуманитаристики и нейронаук, где ядром исследования являются такие концепты, как сознание, подсознание и язык. Выстроена модель гетерогенных сфер, включающая биосферу, ноосферу, техносферу, семиосферу, социосферу, этносферу. Сформулирована новая парадигма научного знания, объединяющая в себе следующие черты антропоцентрического подхода: человек осознающий (обрабатывающий информацию); человек, творящий себя и мир; человек, взаимодействующий с природой и машиной. Практическая значимость. Предлагаемая модель гетерогенных сфер позволяет вычленить варианты взаимодействия естественных, точных и гуманитарных наук, что определяет новое концептуальное содержание понятия homo triplex. ; The aims of the article: to track the change of approaches to humanitarian knowledge; to define possible ways of its development at the present stage. Methods. The methodology of the research is based on the content analysis of verbal and visual texts, and inductive techniques allowing us to generalize heterogeneous approaches. Results and scientific novelty. The author, having postulated a double objective to trace, on the one hand, how the attitude to humanities changed during centuries, and, on the other, to draft possible routes of further development, scrutinizes the concept homo duplex starting from the early renaissance period, when humanities were singled out of the common knowledge about the human being, when the component of meaning «down to earth, not divine» shaped the kernel of the field of knowledge, later named as humanities. This type of knowledge was opposed to the theology with its concept of the divine origin of man. The author attracts Leonardo da Vinci drawing to define the major research methodology of humanities. Further tackling the evolution of the concept from the homo duplex to homo triplex, the author proves that the dynamics of reconceptualization owed to a great extend to the possibility to extrapolate methods of sciences onto humanities research. Touching upon the reason of vicissitudes and recent crisis in humanities the author points to the «doctrinal way of thinking» caused on the one hand by political situation and on the other hand by the «fine art» of turning humanities postulates into a dogma. To prove the point, the author attracts verbal and visual texts, as well as historical facts. Upon this basis the contemporary structure of the humanitarian knowledge is being scrutinized that rests upon the integration of humanities and neurosciences, the research kernel including brain, mind, language and subconsciousness. The author constructs the model of heterogeneous spheres, including biosphere, noosphere, technosphere, semiosphere, socisphere, and ethnosphere. Hence, a new paradigm of research approaches that rests upon «the anthropocentric trinity»: thinking (processing) individual+ self and world creating individual + an individual who communicates both with nature and computer. Practical significance. The proposed model of heterogeneous spheres enables to outline intersections variants of sciences and humanities thus defining new conceptual meaning of homo triplex.
