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The article reflects upon the developmet of professional history of philosophy, philosophy of science and theoretical sociology in Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s. The decisive contribution to the formation of modern historical and philo­sophical problems, as well as to modern disputes about the nature of philoso­phy and science, belongs to Piama Gaidenko. The author focuses on the role of studies in existentialism and the way its problematic shaped human and sci­ence studies in soviet philosophy. A small review article published in Voprosy Filosofii in 1959, the very first scientific paper by Gaidenko despite its formal status, appears to be an extremely important scientific document, revealing not only the characteristic personal style of the author soon to become famous, but also the full thematic structure of Gaidenko's future works. Contrary to the com­mon in the 50-60-s classification of existentialism as "irrationalism" and hence as hostile to science, this movement was the first to be studied as a region of contemporary philosophy thus fostering soviet philosophy to move away from harsh criticism of bourgeois philosophy and develop the branch of history of phi­losophy as "normal science".

The article delivers a preface to and a commented publication of theses by the famous russian philosopher and classical philologist Alexey Losev (1893–1988) written as he was no more a prisoner of the White Sea – Baltic Canal concentra­tion camp but still lived and worked there. The author puts forward a hypothesis that the text was a preparation for a lecture delivered by Losev in the camp. He shows that Losev continues and elaborates in the manuscript the main ideas of his studies on the history of aesthetics from 1920s, first of all of his GAKHN lectures as well as his book "Dialectics of the artistic form" (1927). At the same time the author demonstrates that Losevs conclusions about the contemporary evolution of art in it's connection with production correspond to some key the­mes of his prosaic fiction from 1930s, particularly of his novels "Meteor" and "Encounter", both written about 1933. In the context of Losevs fiction his theses of 1933 can be read not only as an important source for reconstruction of his aes­thetic theory but also as a document humain that reveals an existential dimension of his philosophy.

The article analyzes the history of the 'eternal spring' formula before Yegor Letov, as well as the reception of the video for that song in Dmitry Danilov's poem "Eternal Spring in Solitary Confinement". The author for the first time in Russian literature analyzes the history and content of the 'eternal spring' image, dating back to Ovid, and clarifies the stable semantics of this formula as a designation of the topos of the earthly Paradise (or the time of the Golden Age). The author also considers the reception of Letov's song "Eternal Spring" in an intermedial aspect: based on a fan clip (2010), edited from Artur Aristakisyan's film Ladoni (Palms, 1994), and a poem by Dmitry Danilov (2014), in which the clip, and the song became starting points for thinking about the Russian people. The title of Danilov's text, "Eternal Spring in Solitary Confinement", emphasizes the semantics of imprisonment, which will be fully realized in the novel Sasha, privet! (Sasha, hello!, 2021). Thus, the history of the use and rethinking of the 'eternal spring' formula from Ovid (characteristic of the Golden Age) to Danilov (characteristic of the Russian people) is traced.

The article is devoted to the actualization and substantiation of the dual nature of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is a pluralistic approach to law and dualistic dialectics. In the aspect of the conflict nature of social development as one of the determinants of the social nature of law, the author states the methodological significance of conflictological legal understanding for the actualization of the dualistic nature of legal regulation in the unity of its regulatory and protective principles. The author proceeds from the hypothesis that legal regulation has as its subject the ordering and protection of social relations in the order of establishing regulatory and protective norms, which corresponds to the essence of law. The indicated dualism of the subject of legal regulation is used for its dual characterization at the level of positive and negative aspects, expressing the correlation of the dichotomy of the regulatory and protective functions of law with the dichotomy of positive and negative types of social relations. The argumentation of the positive and negative principles of legal regulation is based on institutional and legal means.

The article evaluates the legislative effectiveness of parliamentarians in Russia. The author seeks to find answers to the question: what factors determine the legislative effectiveness of deputies? The article presents the results of assessing the impact of membership in the parliamentary majority party, formal status in the internal parliamentary hierarchy, work experience in legislatures, as well as legal education on legislative success. The study is grounded on the data on the "effectiveness" of deputies of two regional parliaments – St. Petersburg and the Kirov region. The work is based on regression analysis. The results of the study show that membership in the majority party, a position of a chairman of the committee or a leader of the majority party, as well as the previous experience in the legislative sphere are factors influencing the legislative success of a parliamentarian. Also, legislative efficiency rises with an increase of a deputy's term in office. The author concludes that the institutional characteristics that make some deputies more effective legislators than others are crucial for the development of a more profound understanding of political representation and public policy-making.

The article deals with the problems of analyzing political communications in social media carried out in conditions of global instability and a sharp increase in international and interregional confrontation caused, in addition to political reasons, by competition for dwindling resources. In such conditions, manipulative technologies are spreading extremely dynamically and the value foundations of politics are being lost. The key characteristics of network communication are: anonymity, non-normativity and non-linearity, which greatly complicates the conduct of such an analysis. An even more difficult research task is to evaluate the effectiveness of this kind of communication. Analyzing the complexity of conceptualization and operationalization of the effectiveness of political communication, the author suggests using the term «communicative effectiveness», the methodological prerequisites of which are the theory of agreements presented in the works of modern French neo-institutionalists: L. Boltyansky, L. Theveno, O. Favoro, etc. Having illustrated his analysis with several cases of network political communication in recent years, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to assign the category of «trust» to the central criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of political communication.

The article addresses a set of problems pertaining to nuclear deterrence, strategic stability, and missile defense. The author states that as a derivative of nuclear deterrence strategic stability can only be applied to military-strategic relations between Russia and the United States. This concept "does not work" in all other cases, including the multilateral format of relations. Nuclear deterrence is more universal and impacts, among other things, the decision-making process in relatively strong and weak nuclear states that oppose each other. The effectiveness of nuclear deterrence is not determined solely by the balance of opposing forces. No less important is the assessment by a potential aggressor of all the negative consequences of its decision to strike first, which creates the "self-deterrence" effect that outweighs even the aggressor's absolute confidence in the complete military success of its nuclear attack. The author also insists that missile defense is undeservedly considered a "destabilizing" weapons system, because the baseline scenario involving a massive exchange of nuclear strikes, which is used for estimating the effectiveness of nuclear deterrence and the level of strategic stability, is completely far-fetched.

The modern social practice of confessional organizations in Russia is characterized by multifunctionality, here you can get various types of services: spiritual help, material, psychological, socio-pedagogical, labor, etc. The following processes are intensively taking place: 1) the formation of the activities of certain religious groups and organizations specializing in the performance of confessional social work; 2) legitimation of the system of norms and rules on which the territorial social practice of various confessions is based. In this article, the author analyzes the social teachings of traditional religions in Russia. The author examines the social program documents prepared by the traditional religions of Russia (Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism) over the past few decades. This comparative analysis allows us to identify not only the specifics of the social doctrine of a particular confession, but also the general / special in the goal-setting and direction of social practice. The goals and motives of social service in confessions differ, and the main directions of social practice of helping the population also differ. However, there are no differences in understanding the role and place of a religious organization in contemporary Russian social service.

Analyzing the question of Pakistan belonging to the South Asian region in the past and present, the author touches upon the problem of relations between states and regions. According to the author's conclusion, Pakistan fits into the framework of South Asia, which in colonial times was most often called the Indian subcontinent. At the same time, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan occupies a marginal, limitrophe position in relation to the core of South Asia, the Republic of India. Pakistan stands in a similar position as a border state in relation to the larger and heterogeneous region of the Near and Middle East. The author also notes the growing role of the country as a transit zone connecting China with the states of Arabia and the Persian Gulf and opening ways to the World Ocean for the Republics of Central Asia and Afghanistan, and through them for Russia. The historical trend revealed in the article is the evolution of Pakistan from a purely South Asian country to a limitary country, located on the frontier of a number of key geopolitical areas.

This study deals with communications between the town of Bardejov and bishops in the Middle Ages. The author examines how the ecclesiastical power and authority of the bishops was demonstrated in their communications with the royal city of Bardejov. The bishops' power toward medieval towns in the Kingdom of Hungary was primarily manifested in the tithes and exemptions granted in the rights of archdeacons. In the case of Bardejov, there can be found some areas where the power of bishops of Eger (frequently represented by episcopal vicars) was demonstrated. First of all, the episcopal tithe collection caused permanent disputes between the parish priest, town representatives and the bishop. The author describes how the problems were solved and the machinery of episcopal powers in these cases. Another area of communication and the manifestation of episcopal authority was that of judicial cases between burghers, which were occasionally brought before ecclesiastical court contrary to town law. A further, greatly signifi cant manifestation of episcopal power in the area of the city was that of ecclesiastical rituals and symbolic communication. The study mentions various examples of episcopal presence in the consecration of churches, chapels, altars and liturgical dress.

The article is devoted to the analysis of current relations between the European Union and the United Kingdom, as well as the possibilities for creating a closer partnership. The article considers three areas of mutual interest for the parties – the preservation of the EU regulatory framework in British law, cooperation in Northern Ireland and the development of trade relations. The author comes to the conclusion that the presence of objective prerequisites for the creation of a new integration format does not automatically lead to its implementation. On the contrary, the ruling elite of Britain is aimed at maximum distance from the EU rules, which is expressed, in particular, in the consistent change of the Union legislation preserved in national law and the desire to abolish specific regulation in Northern Ireland. Special attention is paid to the situation around the implementation of the Northern Ireland Protocol and the British bill, which cancels its effect unilaterally. The author concludes that instead of a unique integration format and the prosperity of the region, the parties may, in extreme cases, come to a state of trade war and exacerbate contradictions within Northern Ireland.

The purpose of this work is to explain the emergence and development of such phenomena as New Text and New Literacies in the context of discourse and text transformation in today's media space, as well as their role for linguistics. The authors define and describe the main conditions resulting in media discourse transformation: media convergence, expansion of electronic media functions, expansion of mass media into social media, and integration of various institutional discourses into media discourse.
The key features of new media texts (as opposed to traditional ones) are the dissemination channel, the author-addressee relationship, the text structure, language specifics, and the main code.
This work defines new literacy as a synthesis of competences required of all media discourse participants (author, addressee, researcher) based on their roles.
The analyzed materials included new texts of educational media discourse from various media platforms, such as television, radio, social media pages, hypertext electronic resources, medical blogs, and science news. The study focuses primarily on audio and video mass media as rapidly advancing media resources.

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. This paper studies the implications of foreign currency deposits (FCDs) for international liquidity shortages in Pakistan. The analysis focuses on how the large volume of FCDs and the specific institutional characteristics of those deposits have made the Pakistan economy highly vulnerable to exogenous shocks. The analysis shows that FCDs created another channel for government borrowing, and fiscal sustainability in a "closed" system may be very different from sustainability in a more "open" system. There is a need to think of these issues in terms of total balance sheet vulnerability, and we recommend measures that would make domestic-currency-denominated assets attractive to investors. JEL Classification Numbers: E52; F41 Keywords: Capital Account Liberalization, Financial Development, Dollarization

Based on archival materials, the author of the article analyzes the activities of the Union of Militant Atheists in the Saratov Volga region and the role of the leader of this organization in the 1930s. Examples of the activities of the organization are given, both within the framework of anti-religious agitation and propaganda of the communist ideology, and as an initiator of the closure of churches and prayer houses of all faiths. Emelyan Yaroslavsky is characterized as the main ideologist of state atheism. The practice of closing churches and prayer houses in violation of Soviet legislation, as well as the actions of party and Soviet structures that were contrary to the declared directives, are analyzed. Based on archival materials, the author of the article concludes that the authorities, having suspended the legal activities of all confessions in the Saratov Volga region by the beginning of the 1940s, could not suppress religious life, which took on new forms, and agitation and propaganda, including organizations of the Union of Militant Atheists, made a significant contribution to the formation of an atheistic worldview of the population.