Suchergebnisse

Цели работы проследить, как изменялись подходы к гуманитарному знанию, и определить возможные пути его развития на современном этапе. Методология и методики. Методология, изложенного в статье исследования, основывается на контент-анализе вербальных и визуальных текстов, а также на индуктивных методиках, позволяющих обобщить гетерогенные подходы. Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрен концепт homo duplex начиная с периода проторенессанса, когда произошло вычленение гуманитаристики из общего знания о человеке и компонент значения «земной, небожественный» закрепился за науками, которые обозначались словом humanitatis. Эти науки были противопоставлены теологическим, трактующим божественное начало человека. С опорой на схематичную трактовку человека, представленную Леонардо да Винчи, сделан вывод: именно этот образ сформировал ядро антропоцентрической картины мира, а впоследствии ведущий исследовательский метод гуманитарных наук. Анализ развития концепта от homo duplex до homo triplex показывает, что динамика его переосмысления во многом зависела от возможности экстраполяции методов научно-естественного познания мира на гуманитарные знания. В качестве причины кризиса современного гуманитарного знания указывается «доктринальное» мышление, вызванное, с одной стороны, факторами политического характера, а с другой стороны, «высоким искусством» превращать постулаты гуманитаристики в догму. Для доказательства данного положения привлекаются художественные и визуальные тексты, а также исторические факты. Современная структура гуманитарного знания основана, по мнению автора, на интеграции гуманитаристики и нейронаук, где ядром исследования являются такие концепты, как сознание, подсознание и язык. Выстроена модель гетерогенных сфер, включающая биосферу, ноосферу, техносферу, семиосферу, социосферу, этносферу. Сформулирована новая парадигма научного знания, объединяющая в себе следующие черты антропоцентрического подхода: человек осознающий (обрабатывающий информацию); человек, творящий себя и мир; человек, взаимодействующий с природой и машиной. Практическая значимость. Предлагаемая модель гетерогенных сфер позволяет вычленить варианты взаимодействия естественных, точных и гуманитарных наук, что определяет новое концептуальное содержание понятия homo triplex. ; The aims of the article: to track the change of approaches to humanitarian knowledge; to define possible ways of its development at the present stage. Methods. The methodology of the research is based on the content analysis of verbal and visual texts, and inductive techniques allowing us to generalize heterogeneous approaches. Results and scientific novelty. The author, having postulated a double objective to trace, on the one hand, how the attitude to humanities changed during centuries, and, on the other, to draft possible routes of further development, scrutinizes the concept homo duplex starting from the early renaissance period, when humanities were singled out of the common knowledge about the human being, when the component of meaning «down to earth, not divine» shaped the kernel of the field of knowledge, later named as humanities. This type of knowledge was opposed to the theology with its concept of the divine origin of man. The author attracts Leonardo da Vinci drawing to define the major research methodology of humanities. Further tackling the evolution of the concept from the homo duplex to homo triplex, the author proves that the dynamics of reconceptualization owed to a great extend to the possibility to extrapolate methods of sciences onto humanities research. Touching upon the reason of vicissitudes and recent crisis in humanities the author points to the «doctrinal way of thinking» caused on the one hand by political situation and on the other hand by the «fine art» of turning humanities postulates into a dogma. To prove the point, the author attracts verbal and visual texts, as well as historical facts. Upon this basis the contemporary structure of the humanitarian knowledge is being scrutinized that rests upon the integration of humanities and neurosciences, the research kernel including brain, mind, language and subconsciousness. The author constructs the model of heterogeneous spheres, including biosphere, noosphere, technosphere, semiosphere, socisphere, and ethnosphere. Hence, a new paradigm of research approaches that rests upon «the anthropocentric trinity»: thinking (processing) individual+ self and world creating individual + an individual who communicates both with nature and computer. Practical significance. The proposed model of heterogeneous spheres enables to outline intersections variants of sciences and humanities thus defining new conceptual meaning of homo triplex.

Рассматриваются проблемы понимания правовой герменевтики и доктринального толкования. Автор делается вывод, что проблема толкования норм права уже переросла тематические рамки общей теории права и государства и является предметом отдельной науки прикладного характера правовой герменевтики, имеющей в своем арсенале целую палитру разнообразных методов толкования норм права. Особое внимание уделяется проблемам определения объекта доктринального толкования и его видов. На основе проведенного анализа автор статьи делает вывод, что объекты доктринального толкования весьма разнообразны и не ограничиваются интерпретацией только норм права. Практически все элементы правовой системы могут быть подвержены научному анализу и прогнозированию. В противовес утвердившемуся в литературе по теории права и государства мнению о том, что доктринальное толкование это вид неофициального толкования права, автор делает вывод, согласно которому доктринальное толкование может быть официальным, неофициальным и официозным, то есть иметь полуофициальный характер, как например, заключения на законопроекты. Автор статьи утверждает следующее: несмотря на то, что в современной России доктрина не признается в качестве официального источника права, она оказывает сильнейшее воздействие на законодателя, прежде всего, на его правовое сознание, на его психологию, устои. Лучшие образчики научных доктрин закреплены в первой главе Конституции Российской Федерации. Это и теория Ш. Монтескье о разделении властей, также идея федеративного устройства российского государства, идеи светского и демократического государства, которые прошли серьезную проверку временем. Это и идея Лоренца фон Штейн о социальном характере государства. Рассмотрев различные подходы к пониманию источников права, автор приходит к выводу, что если результат толкования подготовлен известным ученым юристом, изложен в лоне общепризнанной теории, определенного концепта, правовой парадигмы, то он должен быть признан источником (формой) права и на него необходимо ссылаться при разрешении правовых проблем в административных, а также в судебных инстанциях различного уровня. ; The article observes the problems of understanding of legal hermeneutics and doctrinal interpretation. The author concludes that the issue of interpretation of the law has already developed into the thematic framework of the general theory of law and state, and now is a subject of a specific applied science legal hermeneutics, which has different ways of interpreting the law. The author focuses of the definition of the object of doctrinal interpretation and its types. After carrying out the analysis the author concludes that the doctrinal interpretation of the objects is very diverse and does not mean only interpretation of the law. Almost all the elements of the legal system can be subjects to scientific analysis and forecasting. In contrary to the opinion affirmed in the literature on the theory of law and state that the doctrinal interpretation is a kind of informal interpretation of the law, the author makes a conclusion that the doctrinal interpretation can be official, unofficial and officious i.e. it can have the semi-official character, such as the conclusion to bills. The author considers that despite the fact that in modern Russia the doctrine is not recognized as an official source of law it has a tremendous impact on the legislator, in particular, his legal mind, his psychology foundations. The best samples of scientific doctrines presented in the first chapter of the Constitution. E.g. it is Montesquieu's theory on the separation of powers, idea of the federal structure of the Russian state, ideas of a secular and democratic state, which withstood a major test of time. This is idea of Lorenz von Stein of the social character of the state, too. After considering the various approaches to understanding the sources of law the author comes to the conclusion that if the interpretation of the results is prepared by a famous legal scholar, is set out in the field of a recognized theory, a certain concept, the legal paradigm, it must be recognized as the legal source and one needs to refer to it in resolution of legal problems in the administration and courts of various levels.

The aims of the article: – to track the change of approaches to humanitarian knowledge; – to define possible ways of its development at the present stage.Methods. The methodology of the research is based on the content analysis of verbal and visual texts, and inductive techniques allowing us to generalize heterogeneousapproaches.Results and scientific novelty. The author, having postulated a double objective to trace, on the one hand, how the attitude to humanities changed during centuries, and, on the other, to draft possible routes of further development, scrutinizes the concept homo duplex starting from the early renaissance period, when humanities were singled out of the common knowledge about the human being, when the component of meaning «down to earth, not divine» shaped the kernel of the field of knowledge, later named as humanities. This type of knowledge was opposed to the theology with its concept of the divine origin of man. The author attracts Leonardo da Vinci drawing to define the major research methodology of humanities. Further tackling the evolution of the concept from the homo duplex to homo triplex, the author proves that the dynamics of econceptualization owed to a great extend to the possibility to extrapolate methods of sciences onto humanities research. Touching upon the reason of vicissitudes and recent crisis in humanities the author points to the «doctrinal way of thinking» caused on the one hand by political situation and on the other hand by the «fine art» of turning humanities postulates into a dogma. To prove the point, the author attracts verbal and visual texts, as well as historical facts. Upon this basis the contemporary structure ofthe humanitarian knowledge is being scrutinized that rests upon the integrationof humanities and neurosciences, the research kernel including brain, mind, languageand subconsciousness. The author constructs the model of heterogeneous spheres, including biosphere, noosphere, technosphere, semiosphere, socisphere, and ethnosphere. Hence, a new paradigm of research approaches that rests upon «the anthropocentric trinity»: thinking (processing) individual+ self and world creating individual + an individual who communicates both with nature and computer. Practical significance. The proposed model of heterogeneous spheres enables to outline intersections variants of sciences and humanities thus defining new conceptual meaning of homo triplex. ; Цели работы – проследить, как изменялись подходы к гуманитарному знанию, и определить возможные пути его развития на современном этапе.Методология и методики. Методология, изложенного в статье исследования, основывается на контент-анализе вербальных и визуальных текстов, а также на индуктивных методиках, позволяющих обобщить гетерогенные подходы.Результаты и научная новизна. Рассмотрен концепт homo duplex начиная с периода проторенессанса, когда произошло вычленение гуманитаристики из общего знания о человеке и компонент значения «земной, небожественный» закрепился за науками, которые обозначались словом humanitatis. Эти науки были противопоставлены теологическим, трактующим божественное начало человека. С опорой на схематичную трактовку человека, представленную Леонардо да Винчи, сделан вывод: именно этот образ сформировал ядро антропоцентрической картины мира, а впоследствии – ведущий исследовательский метод гуманитарных наук. Анализ развития концепта от homo duplex до homo triplex показывает, что динамика его переосмысления во многом зависела от возможности экстраполяции методов научно-естественного познания мира на гуманитарные знания. В качестве причины кризиса современного гуманитарного знания указывается «доктринальное» мышление, вызванное, с одной стороны, факторами политического характера, а с другой стороны, «высоким искусством» превращать постулаты гуманитаристики в догму. Для доказательства данного положения привлекаются художественные и визуальные тексты, а также исторические факты. Современная структура гуманитарного знания основана, по мнению автора, на интеграции гуманитаристики и нейронаук, где ядром исследования являются такие концепты, как сознание, подсознание и язык. Выстроена модель гетерогенных сфер, включающая биосферу, ноосферу, техносферу, семиосферу, социосферу, этносферу. Сформулирована новая парадигма научного знания, объединяющая в себе следующие черты антропоцентрического подхода: человек осознающий (обрабатывающий информацию); человек, творящий себя и мир; человек, взаимодействующий с природой и машиной.Практическая значимость. Предлагаемая модель гетерогенных сфер позволяет вычленить варианты взаимодействия естественных, точных и гуманитарных наук, что определяет новое концептуальное содержание понятия homo triplex.

The author of the article continues analyses heritage of Jonathan Swift with the philosophical point of view. It is the third article of series what is presented for reader. Two previous articles were sanctified to the analysis of suchknowns works as "A Tale of a Tub" and, certainly, "Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships, commonly known as Gulliver's Travels". In this work the author examines philosophical and publicism property sanctified to the study of labours of the great Irish and English thinker. The special attention is spared to some pamphlets and essay that are relatively not popular to wide mass of readers. For example, there are analysed such works: - The Battle of the Books; -A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Publick; - A Journal to Stella; - A Proposal for Correcting, Improving and Ascertaining the English Tongue; - Drapier's Letters; - A short view of the state of Ireland. These publicistic works of Jonathan Swift is analysed with the purpose of selection and demonstration to the reader of bright socially-philosophical theses that can be actual and today. Different literary styles of thinker are also watched in the article – both ironical and delivered to emotional expression. The author makes conclusion that estimation of the English philosopher only as an author of entertaining books for children and teenagers, master of satire is too narrow and incomplete. Some of pamphlets, essay, verses are not contained satire, irony and cynicism. However they are also sanctified the traditional themes that interested Swift. There are three thematic aspects of literature work of philosopher in this article: - theme of necessity of moral and intellectual progress of society; - theme of constructive and effective state administration, management and politics; - romantic theme. The author of the article makes conclusion also, that socio-political conditions modern to Swift (XVIII century), when Ireland was led to by Great Britain to the economic decline and full political submission, quite enslavements of Ukraine, that were actual in the nearest past. That why conclusions of the Irish philosopher about reasons aggressive wars, bribery the aggressive country of provocative politicians, journalists, writers for suppression of nearby country it is been absolutely actual -especially in the context of modern mutual relations between the free countries of Europe and post-soviet imperial Russia. Also important are Swift's opinions about of necessity of a arranging in any country of the system of state pedagogics what is reviving the moral and intellectual level of nation. It is absolute reason of this thesis is explained by it is difficult to deceive patriotic, moral and intellectual peoples, it is difficult to manipulate and subordinate to the external management. At the end of the article the author makes conclusion also, that a person and labours of Jonathan Swift must be include into teaching course of Philosophy and History of philosophy in institutions of higher learning of Ukraine, because he is the bright and original representative of ideas of Renaissance and Enlightenment age. ; В статье автор продолжает исследовать философское и публицистическое достояние великого англо-ирландского мыслителя. При этом внимание уделяется памфлетам, которые относительно малоизвестны широкой массе читателей. Эти произведения Дж.Свифта анализируются с целью выделения, а также иллюстрации ярких социально-философских тезисов, которые являются актуальными и сегодня. В статье также отслеживаются различные литературные стили мыслителя. ; У статті автор продовжує досліджувати філософське і публіцистичне надбання великого англо-ірландського мислителя. При цьому приділяється увага відносно маловідомим широкому загалові памфлетам. Ці твори Дж.Свіфта аналізуються з метою виокремлення та ілюстрації яскравих і актуальних для сьогодення соціально-філософських тез, а також відстеження різних літературних стилів мислителя.

Статья передает содержание доклада, прочитанного на XXXVI научно-практической конференции профессорско-преподавательского состава Челябинской государственной академии культуры и искусств «Культура - искусство - образование: научные и прикладные аспекты». С культурологических позиций детально анализируется современная литературная ситуация. Прослеживается ряд противоречий внешнего характера - в осмыслении роли литературы в обществе и её современных социокультурных задач. Рассматриваются и внутренние противоречия - между активизацией литературного процесса и размыванием литературных критериев, отнесением к литературе как широкого самодеятельного творчества, так и произведений прямой антикультурной направленности. Акцентируется внимание на фрагментарности современных литературных коммуникаций, затрудняющей проведение литературоведческого и культурологического анализа. Освещается спектр мнений относительно литературоцентричности современной российской культуры. Автор формулирует базовое противоречие, заключающееся в том, что, с одной стороны, общество испытывает потребность в литературе как в регулятивно-проективном инструменте, действенность которого подкреплена исторически, а с другой - как в общественном понимании, так и в рамках самого литературного процесса размыты основополагающие понятия, главная социокультурная задача литературы сместилась из области общественного служения в область самовыражения. Стерты сущностные признаки литературы, критерии оценки и разграничение собственно художественной литературы и самодеятельного литературного творчества. Автор отмечает, что анализ и разрешение противоречия существенно затруднены неполнотой картины, политизированной субъективностью критики и объективно слабым знанием о реальном соcтоянии литературного процесса в стране в целом по причине разрушения системы литературных коммуникаций. Решая противоречие с позиций культурологии, мы предлагаем выделить из многообразия функций, выполняемых литературой в обществе, главную - целостное, образное, т. е. наиболее полное и емкое решение нравственных задач и вопросов бытия современного человека. Делается вывод о вторичности и соподчиненности остальных функций литературы главной функции самопознания человека - только при таком иерархическом подходе литература может выполнять задачи социокультурного проектирования. С этих позиций автор предлагает решение ряда как внутренних, так и внешних противоречий современного литературного процесса. В статье использованы документы, определяющие современную культурную политику и политику в области литературы. ; The article contains detailed analysis of modern literature situation from culturology positions. A number of external contradictions in interpretation of literature role in a society and its modern social-cultural tasks are quite obvious. The author also considers internal contradictions between literature process stirring up and literature criteria washing out and treating literature both as a kind of wide amateur creative activity and as well as works of immediate anti-literature direction. The author attracts the readers' attention on fragment character of modern literature communications thus hampering philological and cultorogical analysis. The article also studies different opinions regarding literature centrism of modern Russian culture. The author formulates on the one hand basic contradiction consisting in the literature demand of the society as a regulative-projective tool that has been proved historically, and on the other hand both in public understanding and within literature process itself, fundamental notions of literature have been washed out, main social-cultural task of literature has been shifted from the field of public narrowing to the field of self-expression. The article abolishes essential signs of literature, evaluation criteria and differentiation of fiction in the true sense and amateur literary activities. The author points out that the analysis and disambiguation are very difficult to determine because of incomplete picture, politically loaded by criticism subjectivity and objectively weak knowledge of real state of literary process in the country on the whole by reason of literary communications system destruction. Trying to resolve contraindications from the viewpoint of culturology the author proposes to point out of many functions of literature in the society the main one consisting in integral and picturesque, i. e. mostly full and capacious solution of moral problems and questions of objective reality of modern man. The article draws a conclusion about unoriginality and adherence to other functions of literature,to its main function of self-knowledge of man. Only such hierarchical approach allows literature fulfill the tasks of social-cultural designing. From this point of view the author gives his own way of saluting a number of both internal and external contradictions of modern literary process. The article uses documents determining modern cultural and literature policy.

My motivation to study Dany Laferrière's novels is inspired by the fact that the majority of studies or analyses made on works from francophone former colonies, are focused on cultural aspects and deal with questions of nationality or social problems. Furthermore, these works, favouring a thematic approach, are considered as testimonial works and are relegated to a lower level than works from the metropole. Formal and stylistic understanding of this literature needs further research. From this viewpoint, Haitian francophone literature still has areas that require deeper investigation. This provides justification for the present research, focused on works by Dany Laferrière, the Haitian francophone author. Two of his works: le goût des jeunes filles (Young girls' cravings), and le cri des oiseaux fous (The screech of crazy birds) are analysed. A big part of these novels is autobiographical. This raises the following questions which we will try to elucidate. Is the author the narrator in those novels? Also, is he the main character, Vieux Os? In le goût des jeunes filles, the narrator is now in his new homeland, in Miami. Through is aunt's character, he drew the picture or the reality of the country of exile. He is also presenting three days he passed with a group of young girls, when he was in Haiti. He remembers how he was initiated to make love for the first time in his life. From there, he depicts the revolt of a young girl, against the oppressing middle class into which she is born. She leaves the perverted circle of her class and joins a group of young liberated girls. Dany Laferrière presents a novel of social observation, which castigates chaotic times created by a sordid dictatorship that results in teenagers' immorality and debauchery. The second novel, le cri des oiseaux fous, set in the time of Bébé Doc Duvalier and the militia, the tontons macoutes, deals with the anguish of the Haitian people, who are afflicted, impoverished and tortured by the dictators. Dany Laferrière depicts violence and abuse of power. The torture inflicted on opponents to the regime deprives mothers of their sons and their husbands, who, in order to protect their lives, are obliged to go into exile. Dany Laferrière stirred my interest because he presents a work of the moment. His novels portray adolescence, dictatorial tyranny and the integration of the exile into a new homeland. Laferrière brings up a worthwhile debate: how to become western when one comes from Haiti (Africa, Asia)? In his quest for identity, the author raises the issues of the contemporary struggle of hybrid identity. The two novels relate the personal trajectory of the author, to illustrate what he has become: a writer. My concern was, firstly, to understand, and to explain through the narrator's socio-historical trajectory, his interest to become a writer. I show that in these works the author projected himself as the narrator. For this phase, I relied on Bourdieu's method "la sociocritique" which allowed me to discover the origin of the author's obsession with the question of identity. He refused to be dictated by politics and wanted to work in the field he chose: literature. This refusal to be constrained is a sign of the search for identity. Secondly, my study has investigated the narrative techniques used by Laferrière, through the analysis of narration. Using one of Philippe Lejeune's works, I examined the relationship between the narrator, the author and the hero. Genette's narratology approach led my way in this study. It is impossible to deal with Laferrière's works as simple examples of francophone literature. At the end of my analyses, I found important literary merit in the organisation of related events. I have shown that Dany Laferrière is a talented writer and his works are an inexhaustible source from which one can draw.

Придерживаясь либеральной трактовки верховенства права, автор конструирует возможные модели политических режимов в ситуациях совместимости и несовместимости верховенства права и демократии. Для характеристики возможных моделей политических режимов он использует методику, предложенную Чарльзом Тилли, но применяет не два основных индикатора (потенциал государства и потенциал демократии), а три потенциал верховенства права, потенциал государства, потенциал демократии. На основе предложенного подхода им анализируются два типа демократического режима и четыре типа недемократического режима. Как показано в работе, введение дополнительного индикатора позволяет по-иному (по сравнению с методиками Freedom House и др.) оценить динамику изменения политических режимов в разных странах мира. Автор обращается к проблеме верховенства права и демократии применительно к России и независимым государствам, образовавшимся после распада СССР. Применив три указанных индикатора, он аргументирует тезис о необоснованности высказываемых в современной политологической литературе выводов о происходящем процессе дедемократизации политического режима в России в период после 1995 г. Им доказывается, что политический режим в стране как до 1995 г., так и до настоящего времени не был демократически ориентированным, оставался и остается режимом с низким потенциалом верховенства права. В период после распада СССР сменился лишь тип недемократического политического режима. Автор отмечает, что главным вектором развития для России и постсоветских государств должен стать демократический политический режим, фундированный на идее демократического верховенства права. Однако движение в этом направлении в России и ряде других стран (Азербайджан, Беларусь, государства Центральной Азии) сопряжено с издержками трактовки демократического верховенства права. К таким издержкам автор относит антизападничество и релятивистский подход к ценностям верховенства права и демократии; отождествление верховенства права (Rule of Law) с правлением на основе права (Rule by Law); инструменталистский подход к праву; параконституционные практики. Продвижение по пути к демократическим режимам он связывает с преодолением этих издержек и достижением состояния совместимости высоких потенциалов верховенства права, государства и демократии. ; The author develops possible models of political regimes in situations of compatibility/ incompatibility of rule of law and democracy, while maintaining liberal approach to the rule of law. Не applies the methodology proposed by Tilly Charles, however, he takes into account three indicators for description of possible models of political types (potential of rule of law, potential of state, and potential of democracy), instead of two indicators (potential of state and potential of democracy). Based on the proposed approach the author analyses two types of democratic and four types of undemocratic regimes. As shown in this paper, introduction of an additional indicator allows proper evaluation of the dynamic of political regimes' change in various countries (compared with Freedom House, etc., methods). The author turns to problems of the rule of law and democracy in Russia and in the independent states that emerged after the disintegration of the USSR. The author, using these three above-mentioned indicators, argues that the conclusions made by today's political science about the current process of de-democratization of political regime in Russia after 1995 are not compelling. He also argues that the political regime in Russia was not democratically oriented before, as well as after 1995. It remains the regime with inadequate potential of the rule of law. The only thing that changed after the disintegration of the Soviet Union is the type of non-democratic political regime. The author underlines that the main course for development of Russia and post-Soviet countries should be democratic political regimes based on the idea of democratic rule of law. However, the development of Russia and some other countries (Azerbaijan, Belarus and the countries of Central Asia) in this direction has faced with challenges in proper interpretation of democratic rule of law. Among these challenges the author mentions anti-Western sentiment and relativistic approach to human rights and democracy; identification of rule of law with rule by law; instrumentalist approach to law; para-constitutional practices. He ties the progress toward democratic regimes with overcoming these challenges and achieving the situation of compatibility of high potentials of rule of law, state, and democracy.

The process of intensive deruralization or decline in total rural population
of the FR of Yugoslavia in the second half of the 20th century ??m?
exclusively as ? result of migration from rural to urban areas. Though
constantly positive at the level of the country as ? whole, the downward
tendency in rural population growth was observed throughout the period. The
author analyzes components and dynamics of natural change in rural
population with emphasis on the period from 1981 to 1997, regional specifics
up to the republican and provincial levels, and the main differences from
the specifics of natural change in urban population. The author highlights
that in analyzing natural change b? type of settlement, particular attention
should b? paid to the very pronounced interdependency between the components
of population dynamics and the age-sex structure, the more so as the latter
is becoming the most significant direct determinant of the natural
population growth. Namely, crude birth rate of rural population in
Yugoslavia has tor several decades now been lower th?n the corresponding
measure for urban population, while the crude death rate has, however, been
higher. At the same time, in age-specific terms, fertility was higher and
mortality lower in rural relative to urban populations. Such discrepancy
evolved primarily from the unfavorable age-specific structure of rural
population and its notably disturbed sex-specific structure (pronounced
surplus in male, particularly younger middle-aged population). The author
goes on to analyze the main features of fertility and reproduction in rural
population based on demographic statistics. ?? argues that the general and
total fertility rates represent more adequate indicators of fertility in
rural population, as the impact of age structure has been partially or even
fully eliminated. Thus, in 1990-1992, both indicators are higher for rural
relative to urban population, and sufficiently high relative to the
mortality level to assure integral replacement (net reproduction was 1.0 in
rural relative to 0.9 in urban population). In all m???r regions of the
country, fertility was higher in rural relative to urb?n population. Such
differences were minimal in low fertility regions, while remaining
significant in Kosovo and Metohia. The analysis of fertility was
supplemented b? the 1991 census data, which, for the first time, included
the number of live born children b? age of mother and type of settlement.
Despite the fact that such data on female population illustrate the
situation at the moment of census taking only, and not at the moment of
birth, the author thinks that the cohort analysis based on the census data
provide ? much more realistic account of fertility in rural population than
the period analysis based on vital statistics, primarily as it resolves the
problem of ???ur?t? registration 0f vital events b? type of settlement.
Thus, cohort fertility rates show that fertility of rural female population
is notably higher than the effective fertility in urban areas. This is true
for all five-year age groups without exception, and equally true for all
major regions Finally, the author analyzes cohort fertility of the
autochthon versus migrant populations, as well as fertility b? ethnic
origin. ?? draws ? general conclusion that fertility is higher in migrant
relative to autochthon female population, and that th? differences are much
more pronounced in rural relative to urban populations. This phenomenon is
explained b? the so-called marriage-motivated migration, which the author
assumes to b? dominant in migrant female population. As for fertility rates
b? ethnic origin, the well-known differences are also evident in rural
population. Namely, all ethnic groups can b? classified b? level fertility
into three categories. The highest rate is recorded for ethnic Albanian,
Roma and Muslim women. Montenegrin women record moderately high fertility
rates, while the rate recorded for women of Croatian descent is generally
sufficient for generation replacement. The third category is made u? of
Serb, Yugoslav, and ethnic Hungarian women as well as the great majority of
women of other ethnic origin (?unj?va?, Romanian and Slovak). ?ll these
nationalities record very low fertility levels, which have for years been
insufficient to enable generation replacement.

Накал национальных страстей в России пока меньше, чем в других республиках бывшего СССР, но тревожные симптомы уже проявились в Татарии и на Северном Кавказе. Татария возглавила сепаратизм бывших российских автономий. Каковы истоки татарского сепаратизма, можно ли рассчитывать на существование этой республики в составе России? Эти вопросы анализируются в статье. ; The author of the article presents statistical data and empirical evidences for the analysis of the origins of ethnic conflict in Tataria.Thcre used original methodology for composing an integral index of socio-cconomical development. The author pays attention to the character and to the extent of influence of most powerful political forces due to the producing change in Tataria in particular and in Russia in general.He underlines that the Government of Tataria maintains a strong orientation towards separation under the pressure of talarian nationalist mowements — TOZ, ITT, Islamic Democratic Party of Tatarstan, Congress of Citizenship of Independent Tatarstan with their separatism and religious orientation mobilizing people by means of nationalist slogans. The author refers to analysis of the character of political and social activity of most mighty political institutions (like President, Supreme Council of Tataria, national parties and movements, Millie Medglis, and Russian democratic movements. Really for some of the republics notably the three Baltian states and the Ukraine seized on the crisis to press their demands for total independence and it seems inevitable that they spitted off much quicker than it was recently supposed, and just now they started to develop their own sense of independence. There is the different sort of situation in Tataria. The author is principally certain in impossibility for Tataria to split off from Russia for following reasons: geopolitical location of the republic inside Russia; lack of external boundaries, ethnic scope of the population with prevailing of non-Tatars; strong diasporization of Tatars among the population of other nations. But the feeling of permanent danger and encirclement appeared among Tatars. Nationalist consolidation and facts of hysteria were only a step away. Conflict can erupt and there arc inner and external casualitics. The author of the article suggests criteria for estimation of the socio-economical development level of Tatarstan and the criteria for studying of rising national self-consciousness. There also suggested a typology of cultural integration of nations into Russian society and examined a problem of economical status of Tatars on the labour market. As a rule the scales have been constructed on the basis of a definition 'socio-cconomical status' — a concept which itself lacks of clarity and direct empirical reference. Recent analysis of data has shown according the criteria chosen by the author very high level of socio-cconomical development for the republic,which naturally tends to separatist national-economical orientation. Very often ethnic differences tend to be reflected in occupational stratification.Abovc all 'Basque' type of cultural integration consolidates and strengthens autonomist and separatist intentions, stimulates vertical social mobility relevant to the 'cultural distribution of labour' maintaining clear cultural-religious distance between the republic's and Russian population. There in the article has been considered a conflict in Tataria as a ' conflict of rising points' without pathological tendency when the establishing of consensus is possible. The point of great importance is to prevent an influence of Tatar nationalist movements upon the Government,Supreme Council and President of Tataria and to construct a new body of nation-state Russian structure based on hew Constitution legalizing the organization and rights of the autonomies. Beyond all the problems there lie 3 fundamental issues concerning future shape of Tataria: 1. Who will be a real national leader? It must be a liquidation of double-powers in the republic. 2. What kind of central government will continue to exist after the republics gain new amount of power and some of them break away? 3. How to open up the economy to market forces?

The state type, which appeared in postsoviet area, are analyzed in the article. The genesis and establishment of phenomenon, its specificity, features of the functioning and prospects are studied. The article focuses on the political elite of postsoviet area, their impact on the public and political life and the development of society, the nature of the privatization of perestroika and its long term effects. ; Анализируется новый тип государства, который возник на постсоветском пространстве. Исследуется генезис и становление этого феномена, изучается его специфика, особенности функционирования и перспективы. Рассматриваются политические элиты постсоветского пространства, их влияние на государственно-политическое развитие и жизнь общества, а также сущность приватизации времен перестройки и ее долгосрочные последствия. ; Аналізується новий тип держави, що виник на пострадянському просторі. Досліджується генеза та становлення цього феномена, вивчається його специфіка, особливості функціонування та перспективи. Розглядаються політичні еліти пострадянського простору, їх вплив на державно-політичній розвиток та жіття суспільства, а також сутність приватизації часів перебудови та її довгострокові наслідки.

"This book aims to provide theoretical and empirical interpretations of certain phenomena in the development of China's cultural industry. Using the film and television industries as the major cases, the author proposes suggestions on China's ongoing development of foreign cultural trade. The author argues that China is well positioned to take full advantage of the opportunities of globalization, to develop its cultural industry in a leapfrog manner. China's rapid economic growth drives the country's development from a small cultural market to a large one. Even though it is a middle-income country, its cultural industry still has a relatively large potential to grow. The study on China's foreign cultural trade strategy can contribute to the growing needs of people for a better life and enhance China's "cultural confidence". With an explanation of existing practices, this book also aims to make recommendations on China's strategy for developing foreign cultural trade in the era of globalization. This book will be a good read for students, researchers and scholars of Chinese studies, East Asian studies, culture economics, and those interested in China's film and television industries"--

This book offers a comprehensive exploration of the widespread issue of fake news and misinformation. Using real-life examples and semiotic theory, the author demonstrates how language, images, and symbols are being utilized in media production and distribution with the intention of altering the perception of individuals and shaping their beliefs. The book also addresses how social and cultural factors influence the spread of information and emphasizes the importance of understanding the context in which information is being received and shared. This book is a must-read for anyone seeking to understand the impact of fake news and misinformation on society, especially academics, researchers, journalists, policymakers, and media professionals at all levels. The author provides contemporary theories and practical strategies to navigate the complex and ever-changing media landscape. Tatiana Iskanderova is a media analyst, researcher and sociologist. Working in collaboration with such educational, research and official institutions as Charles University in Prague, Jan Amos Komensky University and the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic, she has 10 years' experience as senior lecturer at the Department of Social and Media studies

"This book presents the findings of a ten-year longitudinal study on the experience of Chinese immigrants from Wenzhou in Paris. The author examines the impact of the evolving spaces people from Wenzhou have built for themselves in the French capital, both within immigrant communities and French society at large. The study discovers that over the course of a decade, immigrants from Wenzhou in Paris have experienced notable changes in the industries they work in, where they live, their organizational structure, how they interact with one another and their inter-generational dynamics. This book investigates four specific spaces: economic, social, cultural, and policy-related, all of which emerge from immigrants' integration into local society and in turn impact their own integration. The author aims to reveal the paths and mechanisms of the community and how their social spaces have been constructed while the production mechanism of society from the theoretical point of view is also explored. The book will be of interest to scholars and students of Sociology, Immigration Studies and East Asian Studies. It will also be an essential reading for those who are interested in Chinese immigration in general"--

This book investigates the relationship between information communication and community development in China in the new media age, drawing on theoretical resources from journalism, communication, urban sociology, community management, and the activities of social movements.Contrasting existing scholarship that centers on new technologies and virtual aspects of today's communication, the study highlights community residents' daily praxis in real social spaces and the interaction between online and offline communications. Through content analysis, case studies, questionnaire surveys, and in-depth interviews, the author explores the social engagement of communication in public expressions and negotiations among Chinese urban communities. From micro, meso, and macro levels respectively, three interactive mechanisms are discussed: (1) media use and social consciousness and mobilization; (2) new media and changes in community governance; and (3) state-community interplay. Based on these mechanisms, the author proposes the idea of "the construction of grassroots social communication", exploring approaches to the modernization of social governance and attainment of social interests by optimizing information communication.Communication and Community in the New Media Age will appeal to academics and students studying communication and social transition in China, new media and society, urban sociology, and public governance

"With a triadic perspective, this autoethnographic narrative explores the temporal, situated nature of interactions between the author as an adoptee with her adult adopted children as well as those between herself and her birth father and mother. The epiphanic adoptive family narratives that are foregrounded seek to deepen and challenge understanding of how kinship affinities are experienced. The autoethnographic narratives are written in a critical, evocative style which is valuable for two reasons. Firstly, the processes of reflexive self-introspection, self-observation and dialogue with relational others has established a critical connection, between recognising and responding to kinship affinities and personal growth. Secondly, lying at the intersection of the self and other this narrative contributes to deepening insights around epistemic in/justice in adoptive kinship. This book will be of interest to educators and scholars of adoption in offering an insider perspective on unique family relationships as well as how the author undertakes critical evocative autoethnography. Adoptees, adoptive parents, and birth parents will also find the narratives in Part II of this book of particular interest in informing an understanding of kin relationships and how these may be subject to change over time"--