Suchergebnisse

В статье утверждается, что основная причина сопротивления персонала изменениям кроется в трудовых отношениях. При этом сопротивление не всегда является явным и открытым. Довольно часто оно проявляется в форме трудового оппортунизма. Его преодоление, как доказывается в статье, возможно только на основе инсти-туционализации трудовых отношений на предприятиях. ; The paper deals with a very topical subject, namely overcoming employee resistance to the implementation of innovative organizational and technical changes. One of the points made by the author captures the essence of personnel resistance labor opportunism, which consists of employees using coworkers or the organization in general for their own personal benefit. In this paper the author introduces the definition of labor opportunism. Previously, labor opportunism was only considered in the context of politics and institutional economics. The paper presents evidence-based arguments for using the phenomenon of labor opportunism to explain the causes of personnel resistance during the implementation of changes. As long as institutional economics offers an extensive body of research related to overcoming opportunism in transaction procedures, the author proposes to use institutional approaches to resolve problems caused by labor opportunism. Labor relations are determined as the object, to which the institutional approaches should be applied. The author outlines the methodological foundations for the institutionalization of labor relationships in an organization. The first stage is meant for identifying the established institutions of labor relations. The second stage should be aimed at determining the current labor relations structure in order to clarify which constituents of the institutions are procedural rules (norms) and which are implicit rules. At the third stage, it is recommended to develop a system of measures and provisions for further development as well as designing the standards that can streamline the organization''s labor relations towards creating conditions, favorable for the cooperation of employees with change implementation agents that is to say, standards that would minimize labor opportunism. Obviously, each of the three stages outlined in the proposed method for institutionalizing labor relations should have specific content determined by the structure of the existing institutions and the content of the introduced changes. Thus, it is proposed to institutionalize labor relations in enterprises in order to eradicate labor opportunism during the implementation of innovative changes. During the transition of Russian economy to the principles of an innovation-based economy, addressing such problems is definitely extremely important and relevant.

Актуальность и цели. Анализируется состояние судебной системы Российской империи к концу 1850-х гг. Ее несовершенство к середине ХIХ в. выражалось в таких масштабах, что уже было невозможно использование паллиативных мер, а требовалась кардинальная перестройка всех институтов. Материалы и методы. Исследование проблемы проведено на базе архивных источников, материалов периодической печати, опубликованных делопроизводственных и статистических материалов. Опираясь на мнение видных русских правоведов ХIХ в., автор доказывает необходимость принятия новых судебных уставов, полностью изменивших судебную систему Российской империи. Результаты. В центре внимания исследование структуры судебных инстанций предреформенной России. На примере Пензенской губернии доказывается неэффективность дореформенного суда в силу большого количества незавершенных дел, судебной волокиты; проводится исследование особенностей гражданского и уголовного процесса. Выводы. На основе проведенного анализа уровня образования судейских чиновников, их материального положения автор приходит к выводу о том, что наличие разноплановых судебных органов, бессистемность законодательства о суде, переплетение судебных и административных функций, медлительность досудебного и судебного следствия, дополненные недостатками самого судейского корпуса, привели к кризису дореформенного суда. Для разрешения сложившейся ситуации необходимо было проведение системных преобразований. ; Background. The article analyzes the state of the judicial system of the Russian Empire at the end of 1850s. Imperfection of the judicial system in the middle of XIX century was so obvious that it was impossible to use considerable measures; cardinal reconstruction of all institutions should have been made. Materials and methods. The research of the problem was carried out on the basis archival sources, publications, published statistical and court proceedings. Relying on the opinion of lead Russian lawyers of XIX century the author proves the necessity of new juridicial statutes that absolutely changed the court system of the Russian Empire. Results. In the centre of attention of the author is investigation of the structure of Russia's reformation. The author proved uneffectiveness of the court before reforms due to a large number of incompleted cases and judicial red tape. The investigation of the features of civil and criminal processes was carried out. Conclusions. After the analysis of the level of education of judicial officials, their financial position the author made a conclusion that the presence of different judicial bodies, the absence of the system of judicial legislation, the connection between judicial and administrative functions, slow judicial investigation which were added by shortages of judicial corps led to the crisis of the court before the reforms. There was a necessity to make several system reforms.

In the article the author analyzes the new chronopoliticalapproach of contemporary theoretical politology in relation tothe processes of political modernization. The importance of theapplication in national political science is highlighted in thisarticle. For the first time author attempts to view the politicalreality of Azerbaijan through the prism of a new scientificdirection.Genesis and extensive development of a new method in thepast decade is also discussed. The importance of the investigationof the political system from chronopolitical perspective isexplained, where the main printsiple is the time factor. Thegeneralized understanding of the essence of chronopoliticalknowledge, as well as methodological and strategic principles ofnew method are offered by the author in this article .In this paper, a new scientific approach applies not onlyin theoretical but also practical aspect to the processes inAzerbaijan via the factor of political time.Investigates the differences and benefits of the new approachas a scientific concept of integrative research method withrespect to the dynamics of political modernization.In the final section of the article, the author summarizes theresults of applying the new chronopolitical approach to modernnational political history and leads recommendations. ; Анализируется новый хронополитический подход современной теоретической политологии, применительный к процессам политической модернизации. Автор подчеркивает важность применения этого подхода в национальной политологической науке. Впервые делается попытка просмотреть политическую реальность Азербайджана сквозь призму нового научного направления.Также анализируется генезис и причины широкого применения нового метода в последнее десятилетие.Разъясняется важность исследования политической системы с хронополитической точки зрения, где основным принципом является фактор времени. Предлагается обобщенное понимание сущности хронополитического знания, атакже методологических и стратегических принципов хронополитики.В данной работе новый научный подход применяется не только в теоретическом, но и в практическом аспектах к процессам, происходящим в Азербайджане с учетом фактора политического времени.Выясняются различия и преимущества нового подхода к интегративной научной концепции исследований, применительного к динамике политической модернизации. В заключении обобщаются результаты применения новогохронополитического подхода к современной национальной политической истории и приводятся рекомендации. ; Аналізується новий хронополітичний підхід сучасноїтеоретичної політології, стосовно до процесів політичноїмодернізації. Автор підкреслює важливість застосуванняцього підходу в національній політологічній науці. Впершеробиться спроба переглянути політичну реальністьАзербайджану крізь призму нового наукового напрямку.Також аналізується генезис і причини широкогозастосування нового методу в останньому десятилітті.Роз'яснюється важливість дослідження політичної системиз хронополітичної точки зору, де основним принципом єфактор часу. Пропонується узагальнене розуміння сутностіхронополітичного знання, а також методологічних істратегічних принципів хронополітики.У даній роботі новий науковий підхід застосовується нетільки в теоретичному, але і в практичному аспектах допроцесів, що відбуваються в Азербайджані з урахуваннямфактора політичного часу.З'ясовуються відмінності та переваги нового підходудо інтегративної наукової концепції досліджень, стосовнодо динаміки політичної модернізації. У висновкуузагальнюються результати застосування новогохронополітіческого підходу до сучасної національноїполітичної історії та наводяться рекомендації.

В статье изучается влияние различных философских теорий на определение наказания и его целей, пенологическую практику в России и за рубежом. Анализируется понятие наказания и его цели с позиций теорий возмездия и утилитарных теорий, делается вывод о том, что в основу формирования современного института уголовного наказания в России положена комбинация теорий наказания, что расценивается положительно и может способствовать построению эффективной системы наказаний. ; The paper examines the influence of various philosophical theories on the definition of punishment and its purposes, penological practice in Russia and abroad. The author notes foreign penological practice in the years 1950-1960 relied on consequentialists theory justifying the phenomenon of punishment. Later, however, these theories were declared insolvent, and therefore there was a transition to the postulates retributivists theories that the justification of punishment put the thesis of "deserved punishment". Taking into account postulates theories of retribution the law and practice of sentencing have been altered. The author further notes that the criminal law and penological practice of Russia in the XX century was largely based on the basic principle of retributivism, according to which, the punishment should fit the nature and degree of public danger of the crime. The widespread use of the death penalty, imprisonment and exhausting work satisfy the public and political revenge. However, the postulates of utilitarian theories have been used in formulating the objectives of punishment, because from the very first years of Soviet power punishment had a purpose of prevention of new crimes, and later such goals as correction and rehabilitation of the offender appeared. Analyzing criminal legislation of Russia, the author notes that the refusal of the Russian state from use in determining the penalty, the term "Kara" may prompt the idea that today's lawmakers have abandoned the idea of retribution when determining punishment. However, this conclusion is contradicted in the analysis of h 2 tbsp. 43 of the criminal code. Thus, in accordance with h 2 tbsp. 43 of the criminal code, the penalty is applied in order to restore social justice, and in order to remedy and prevent conviction of new crimes. The author comes to the conclusion that the basis for the formation of the modern institution of criminal punishment in Russia is based on a combination of theories of punishment such as theories of retribution and utilitarian theories. In his opinion, this is beneficial, because the use of the most progressive provisions of each of them can provide an efficient system of punishment, and, accordingly, build the practice of punishment.

The purpose of the article is to regard the essence and phenomenon of spirituality in connection with ontological foundation of human being existence. The author suggests the concept of new cosmo-theocentric paradigm of human world outlook, as a ground of perspective transformation of social life activity on the contrary to anthropocentric view, which dominates in present society consciousness. The author gives the characteristics of the ideal sage and underlines the importance of spiritual teachers in cultural development of society. Methodology. The method of philosophizing is connected with the unity of mind, sensuality, belief, will in integral body and mental organization of a man. Such point of view takes into consideration not only aspects of objective determination, but includes senses of existence and world outlook ideas in culture on particular and universal levels of social experience. The author considers a special ontological disposition of the human being in the world as a "transcendent project" with "metaphysic responsibility". Scientific novelty. In the history of social culture the problem of its spiritual attitude towards reality is a basic problem, but now it becomes especially up-to-date and important. Now the survival of the civilization depends on the development of spirituality. From metaphysical point of view it means how spiritual the human being may be. The author connects the consideration of spirituality with particular human being ontological status in the world and provides his reflection with speculative character. Conclusions. The transition of modern civilized society to the cosmo-theocentric paradigm is prepared by contradictions of its technological and cultural development. In historical circumstances when the conscious influence of society on itself is growing, the realization of this process depends on spiritual trend of human beings cultural activity and mental quality of social leaders. Anthropocentrism as a world view principle is a main obstacle on the way to spiritual transformation of consumer society. This principle made the human being the cult for itself and weakened its ability for will and belief. Democratic pluralism and diversity of cultural forms, reinforcement of analytic tendency in cognition are turned into the aspects of confusion in selection the trends of social development. Many philosophers of "postmodern situation" connect democracy and pluralism with fighting against totalitarian ideologies. However, we have no person without any ideology and undoubtedly it is possible to attain consonance in the sphere of main morality values.

Исследуются модернизационные процессы в России второй четверти XVIII в., связанные с деятельностью Петербургской Академии наук. Автор показывает, что западные учёные, из которых главным образом состояла тогда русская академия, явились зачинателями демократических традиций в России. В частности, они впервые поставили перед русским обществом вопросы о самоуправлении Академии, ликвидации бюрократических институтов, социальных гарантий для служащих, приведении академических подразделений в соответствие с требованиями прогресса. ; The article is about the contribution of Petersburg scientists to the historical process of the Russian society modernization. The Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which in the first decades of its existence mainly had West European, predominantly German, scientists, in post-Peter's time was the engine of public processes in Russia. The western scientists brought not only knowledge, but also samples of the western public life organization. Formed in other social environment, brought up in other public relations, they did not want to accept the rules imposed on them. The claims they put to the Russian government concerned self-government of the Academy and the rights of scientists as foreigners. For twenty years scientists did not give up the attempts to win. The government did not pay attention to the demarches until 1745 when the accumulated discontent led to defiance. The scientists demanded to reform the Academy give self-government, liquidate bureaucratic institutes, provide employees with social protection, bring academic facilities in accordance with the progress requirements. The program document of the movement, December "Report" of 1745, contained the ideas far advancing that time. Despite the defeat, the Petersburg scientists' movement was, according to the author, a dramatic event in the history of the Russian and European science. It showed to the world an impressive example of fight for civil rights. The ideological banner of fight against the Russian bureaucracy was Peter I's reformatory ideas. In the article features of the historical phenomenon the author named corporate movement of scientists are investigated. Going to Russia, West European scientists did not intend, according to the author, to take part in politics. However, the circumstances they faced, forced them to change life plans and to fight for the social rights. They were not radicals in the modern meaning of this word. Their fight was not consecutive and free from mistakes. However, it is these scientists, the author claims, that should be recognized as the pioneers in democratic traditions of Russia. The fight, started by the Petersburg scientists, covered a wide social field. The Court, the Senate, the capital nobility, Petersburg commoners and foreign scientists were involved in it.

Аргументируется важность обращения российской уголовно-процессуальной науки и законодателя к проблемам обеспечения беспристрастности суда. Автор обосновывает необходимость определения содержания и места этого начала в системе уголовного процесса, формирования системы гарантий, необходимых для обеспечения его реализации при осуществлении уголовного правосудия, с опорой на правовые позиции Европейского суда по правам человека и достижения российского арбитражного процессуального законодательства. ; This paper argues the importance of the address of the Russian criminal procedure science and lawmakers to the problems of ensuring impartiality of the court. The causes of difficulties in the implementation of this principle in the criminal justice of Russia are analyzed. Among them is underestimation of impartiality of the court by legislators and practitioners, as well as the lack of attention to it by experts in Russian criminal procedure. The author analyzes the gaps of the Russian legislation, the lack of sufficient information about the need to ensure the impartiality of the court in it; gives data on the history of references to it in the Russian legislation, and the traditional interpretation of the content of impartiality in the Russian legal doctrine. Next, the paper demonstrates the need for a clear definition of the content and the starting point of the impartiality of judges in the Russian criminal procedure, the importance of establishing a system of guarantees of its implementation in criminal justice, which, as the author shows, should be done with the support of the legal philosophy of the European Court of Human Rights. By analyzing the legal position of the ECHR on issues of impartiality, the author argues the independent nature of impartiality of the court, its "irreduceability" to the independence of the court or the adversariality of the criminal trial, and shows the differences in the legal positions of the ECHR on impartiality as compared to the Russian legal doctrine, including provisions, reflected in the acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The paper also shows the drawbacks of the modern Russian criminal procedure law that does not create sufficient guarantees to implement impartiality of the court, in comparison with the achievements of the arbitration procedure law of Russia that adopted legal positions of the ECHR and on its basis created a promising system of guarantees of impartiality of the arbitration court. The author recommends an analogue of such a system to be used in the criminal procedure legislation of Russia.

One of the fields of interest of modern political science involves the process of transformation of political systems, understood as the transition from nondemocratic to democratic systems. One of the countries undergoing such a political transformation is the Russian Federation, which in the nineteen-nineties faced the need to reject the model of the socio-political system of the Soviet Union, and to adjust to the emerging global civilization dominated by the models originating in West European countries. The paper emphasizes that, on account of the difficulties related to the process of political transformation, at the beginning of the new millennium West European models began to be supplanted by the models of Asian countries enjoying impressive economic growth while maintaining paternalist and authoritarian mechanisms of power. The author of the paper stresses that the political system of the modern Russian Federation is a particular mix of European and Asian models. Its functioning does not resemble the political regimes of polyarchy as much as those described as 'Asian democracies'. The author indicates that given the present developmental stage of the Russian Federation, this models appears to be more practical and adequate in the political and cultural reality of modern Russia. ; One of the fields of interest of modern political science involves the process of transformation of political systems, understood as the transition from nondemocratic to democratic systems. One of the countries undergoing such a political transformation is the Russian Federation, which in the nineteen-nineties faced the need to reject the model of the socio-political system of the Soviet Union, and to adjust to the emerging global civilization dominated by the models originating in West European countries. The paper emphasizes that, on account of the difficulties related to the process of political transformation, at the beginning of the new millennium West European models began to be supplanted by the models of Asian countries enjoying impressive economic growth while maintaining paternalist and authoritarian mechanisms of power. The author of the paper stresses that the political system of the modern Russian Federation is a particular mix of European and Asian models. Its functioning does not resemble the political regimes of polyarchy as much as those described as 'Asian democracies'. The author indicates that given the present developmental stage of the Russian Federation, this models appears to be more practical and adequate in the political and cultural reality of modern Russia.

This Articles is about the problem of bringing to responsibility state principles and military commanders for commission of war crimes. The brief historical excursus of international norms and laws concerning principle of individual responsibilities and the process of bringing to responsibility for commission of war crimes. The Author has given consideration to provisions of Charter and Decision of Nuremberg criminal tribunal, International criminal tribunal for Ruanda and International criminal tribunal for the territory of the Former Yugoslavia. The provisions of Articles 27, 28 of the Rome Statute provided that "Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction" over the person suspected in commission of war crimes. The Author concentrates on and analyses the definition "military commander" and "aperson effectively acting as a military commander", "effective command and control". In the article shortly it is characterized the doctrine of command responsibility, as well as law enforcement practice of such doctrine in the judicial process sued against military commanders in national courts in Belgium, Japan, the USA, etc., as well as law enforcement practice of the ICTR and ICTY. ; This Articles is about the problem of bringing to responsibility state principles and military commanders for commission of war crimes. The brief historical excursus of international norms and laws concerning principle of individual responsibilities and the process of bringing to responsibility for commission of war crimes. The Author has given consideration to provisions of Charter and Decision of Nuremberg criminal tribunal, International criminal tribunal for Ruanda and International criminal tribunal for the territory of the Former Yugoslavia. The provisions of Articles 27, 28 of the Rome Statute provided that "Immunities or special procedural rules which may attach to the official capacity of a person, whether under national or international law, shall not bar the Court from exercising its jurisdiction" over the person suspected in commission of war crimes. The Author concentrates on and analyses the definition "military commander" and "aperson effectively acting as a military commander", "effective command and control". In the article shortly it is characterized the doctrine of command responsibility, as well as law enforcement practice of such doctrine in the judicial process sued against military commanders in national courts in Belgium, Japan, the USA, etc., as well as law enforcement practice of the ICTR and ICTY.

В статье представлена гипотеза о растущем влиянии системы третичного образования на стабильность политического режима в ряде современных стран. Для раскрытия механизма этого влияния автором предложено понятие «естественный уровень образования», отражающее оптимальный с точки зрения избегания социальных потрясений баланс отношений между рынком труда и системой образования. Автор полагает, что стабилизирующая функция системы третичного образования обусловлена ее ролью специфического регулятора рынка труда и способностью включать в себя миллионы молодых мужчин, предоставляя им занятие на длительный срок. Под воздействием политики государства эта стабилизирующая функция может быть гипертрофирована и даже достигать экстремума т.е. становиться контрпродуктивной. Статья имеет междисциплинарный характер, находясь на стыке политологии и экономики. Автор использует ряд методологических положений теории человеческого капитала и вводит понятия «образовательная пирамида», «образовательные пузыри», «образовательные ножницы» и др. Вторая часть статьи содержит в себе case study, где в качестве примеров рассматриваются события в США 1940-х 1960-х гг., а также ситуация в Тунисе и Египте до «жасминовой» и «твиттерной» революций 2011 г. Основное внимание автор уделяет во многом уникальному положению системы третичного образования России с начала 1990-х гг. до настоящего времени. ; The given article contains hypothesis about the increasing level of influence of the system of tertiary education on stability of political regimes in many modern countries. In order to reveal the mechanism of such influence the author proposes the concept the natural rate of education which reflects optimal balance between labor market and educational system from the perspective of avoidance and tackling of social protests and instability. The author supposes that the stabilizing function of the system of tertiary education is caused by its role of the specific regulator of labor market and its capability to involve millions of young males, providing them long-term occupation. Under the state policy this stabilizing function may be enormously exaggerated and even reach the point of extremum and become counterproductive. The article contains interdisciplinary approach, being on junction of political science and economics. The author uses selected methodological foundations of the theory of human capital and introduces the following notions: educational pyramid, educational bubble, educational scissors and others. The second part of the article contains a case study. The cases included are the postWW2 United States, Egypt and Tunisia before the Arab spring and modern Russia. The author stresses that Russian tertiary education system plays a unique and significant political role.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье затрагиваются проблемы глобальной и региональной безопасности в контексте особенностей построения современного мира, вызовов и угроз XXI в. Особый акцент делается на трактовке самого понятия «актуальность проблем безопасности» применительно к его восприятию со стороны различных государств. Одновременно подчеркивается масштабность и опасность современных угроз по сравнению с предшествовавшими историческими периодами, когда военный компонент в понятии «безопасность» являлся абсолютно приоритетным и определяющим всю внешнюю политику государств. Обосновывается тезис о том, что военная опасность с течением времени не теряет свою актуальность. Взяв за точку отсчета середину XX в., автор раскрывает проблему актуальности биполярного и многополярного мира. Подчеркивается амплитудность вырастания и спада военной угрозы в послевоенный период и в этой связи рост или сни-жение ее актуальности для политики государства. Отмечаются факторы, способствующие усилению ядерной угрозы и вероятности глобальной войны. Выделяются несколько таких периодов и приводятся примеры шагов мирового сообщества по сдерживанию гонки вооружений и ядерному разоружению. Необходимость такой деятельности и актуальность таких мер он аргументирует показателями в области торговли оружием в мире, подчеркивая ее масштабность и возможность использования современных видов вооружений террористическими организациями. = The article addresses the problems of global and regional security in the context of the specific features of the modern world formation, the challenges and threats of the 21st century. Particular emphasis is placed on the interpretation of the concept of «relevant security issues» related to its perception by various countries. At the same time the scale and danger of modern threats is compared to the previous historical periods, when the military component of the concept of "security" was the absolute priority and determined the whole foreign policy of countries. The author proves that military danger does not lose its relevance with time. Taking the middle of the 20th century as a starting point, the author reveals the relevance of bipolar and multipolar world. He emphasizes the amplitude of growth and recession of military threat in the post-war period and therefore the increase and decrease of its relevance for the country's policy. The author also pays attention to the factors that increase nuclear danger and a possibility of a global war. He outlines several such periods and gives examples of the international community's steps towards arms race deterrence and nuclear disarmament. The author proves the necessity of this activity and the relevance of these measures by the figures in the field of arms trade underlining its scale and the possibility of using modern weapons by terrorist organizations.

Раскрывается понятие Особенной части российского уголовного права, анализируется генезис ее становления, показана взаимосвязь Общей и Особенной частей УК РФ, а также взаимосвязь норм Особенной части уголовного права с нормами других отраслей права. Обоснован вывод, что статьи, главы, разделы УК не являются элементами системы уголовного права, а представляют собой технико-юридические фрагменты законодательного текста. ; In the article the concept of the Special Part of the Russian criminal law is discussed. The author considers the definitions of the Special Part existing in criminal law, assesses them. The conclusion that the Special Part of criminal law is a system formation is proved; its criminal norms secure most significant public relations. The author states that rules of law (norms-proscriptions, norms-instructions) and institutes groups of rules of law providing responsibility for committing certain crimes are elements of the system of the Special Part. The genesis of formation of the Special Part of the Russian criminal law is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that the Special Part as a structural element of the text of the statutory act was first allocated in Book I "On crimes and Punishment in General" of Vol. 15 of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832 (This volume was called "The Code of Criminal Laws"). The criteria of grouping the criminal proscriptions forming the Special Part of the Russian criminal laws in the 19th-20th centuries are given. The interrelation of the General and Special Parts of the criminal code of Russian Federation is shown, affirming that in the system of the Special Part of criminal law the following connections operate: 1) between norms of criminal law and institutes of the Special Part of criminal law; 2) between the institutes of the Special Part of criminal law; 3) between institutes of Special and General Parts of criminal law. The author shows interrelation of norms of the Special Part of criminal law with the norms of other branches of law (constitutional, civil, administrative, etc.) defining the objective and subjective signs of different crimes. The author considers technical and legal tools of wording the criminal proscriptions in the articles of the Special Part. He asserts that the articles, chapters and sections of the Criminal Code are not the elements of the system of criminal law, but represent technical and legal fragments of a legislative text, allocation of these parts provides logically coordinated, rational, uniform statement of the content of norms of criminal law in the Criminal Code of Russian Federation.

A special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line is discussed in the article. The agreement is a contract used in loan services. This legal structure is widely used in legal practice. There is a number of legal problems concerning the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line, including the determination of its legal nature and its essence, the problem of correlation between the terms of a special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and the terms of a separate credit agreement, which is concluded on the base of that special agreement. Legal literature and judicial practice have formed different approaches to those problems. The article deals with the outlined legal problems analyzing current legislation, the opinions of researchers and judicial practice. The author also studies the examples of business practice focusing on disputable issues. Based on the research conducted, the author gives the definition of the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and suggests her opinion concerning its legal nature, essence and correlation between the terms of this special agreement and those of the separate credit agreement. ; A special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line is discussed in the article. The agreement is a contract used in loan services. This legal structure is widely used in legal practice. There is a number of legal problems concerning the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line, including the determination of its legal nature and its essence, the problem of correlation between the terms of a special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and the terms of a separate credit agreement, which is concluded on the base of that special agreement. Legal literature and judicial practice have formed different approaches to those problems. The article deals with the outlined legal problems analyzing current legislation, the opinions of researchers and judicial practice. The author also studies the examples of business practice focusing on disputable issues. Based on the research conducted, the author gives the definition of the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and suggests her opinion concerning its legal nature, essence and correlation between the terms of this special agreement and those of the separate credit agreement.

Zusammenfassung der Diplomarbeit mit dem Titel"Der Illustrator, Kupferstecher und Radierer William Unger (1837-1932)" vorgelegt von Dr.phil. Mag.Dipl.Ing.August Ernst KirkovitsAbsicht des Verfassers ist es, die Bedeutung des Werkes William Ungers im historischen Kontext darzustellen. Einleitend wird auf die Wertschätzung eingegangen, die man in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts der reproduzierenden Radierung trotz der vermehrt aufkommenden mechanischen Vervielfältigungsverfahren entgegenbrachte. Zunächst geht der Verfasser auf die grundlegenden technischen Entwicklungen der Radierkunst ein, bevor er die Geschichte der Radierung seit dem 15. Jahrhundert darstellt. Es folgt ein Rückblick auf die Tradition der Reproduktionsgrafik mit ihren herausragenden Vertretern. Ein Anliegen des Verfassers ist es, die gesellschaftspolitischen Auswirkungen der auf Basis von Reproduktionsradierungen entstandenen ersten Galeriewerke herauszuarbeiten, insbesondere den dadurch ermöglichten Zugang zu bis dahin verborgenen Kunstwerken und die damit einhergehende Demokratisierung der Kunst. Anschließend wird das Leben des Künstlers umfassend beschrieben. Darüberhinaus wird auch Ungers umfangreiches Radierwerk im Kontext der künstlerischen Entwicklung der Druckgrafik im 19. Jahrhundert beleuchtet. Die in diesem Jahrhundert aufkommende Kritik am künstlerischen Charakter der Reproduktionsgrafik infolge der neu entwickelten Vervielfältigungsverfahren stellt der Verfasser durch die Hervorhebung des künstlerischen Wertes einiger Radierungen Ungers beispielhaft in Frage. Dem Wirken Ungers als Originalradierer von Land- und Stadtmotiven wird ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet. Der Verfasser hat sich bemüht, ein möglichst vollständiges Werkverzeichnis der Reproduktions- und Originalradierungen des Künstlers William Unger zu erarbeiten. Ein umfassendes Literatur- und Bilderverzeichnis vervollständigen die Diplomarbeit. ; Abstract of the diploma thesis with the title"The illustrater, engraver and etcher William Unger (1837-1932)" presentedby Dr.phil.Mag. Dipl.Ing. August Ernst KirkovitsThe intention of the writer is to show the meaning of the works of William Unger in the course of history. The introduction enters the appreciation, that reproduction etching had got in the second half of the nineteenth century despite the new mechanical duplicating processes, which slowly had come into fashion. First the author deals with basical technical developments in the art of etching, before he points out the history of etching since the fifteenth century. Passing the tradition of reproduction graphic arts and their prominent exponents in review he emphasizes the importance of propagation of pictorial arts between the sixteenth and the nineteenth century. The author is also trying to show the social influences of the initial "Galeriewerke" based on reproduction etchings, in particular the possibility to appriciate "hidden" pictorial arts and the following democratizing of arts. In the following chapter the writer describes the biography of William Unger. Moreover Ungers etching works are presented in context with the developing graphic arts during the nineteenth century. The author doubts the criticism of the artificial character of reproduction graphics in comparison with the new developing duplicating processes by showing selected reproduction graphics etched by William Unger. The following chapter is devoted on Ungers original graphics showing landscape and townmotifs. The author finally draws up an inventory of the complete works of William Unger. An extensive bibliography complets the diploma thesis. ; vorgelegt von August Ernst Kirkovits ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)217393

Dieses Forschungspapier fasst die zentralen Ergebnisse entsprechenden Diplomarbeit zur Steuerverwaltung in Polen zusammen. Die zentrale Fragestellung lautet, wie sich diese spezifische öffentliche Verwaltungsstruktur im Zuge der Transformation und des Beitritts zur Europäischen Union entwickelt hat und inwiefern sie heute europäischen Standards entspricht. Da es der EU in dem Bereich an Kompetenzen mangelt, besteht kein einheitliches europäisches Modell der Steuerverwaltung, an dem die polnische zu messen wäre. Die Autorin nutzt das im Rahmen der Europäisierungsforschung entwickelte Konzept des Europäischen Verwaltungsraums, um die aktuelle Gestalt der polnischen Steuerverwaltung unter Berücksichtigung verbindlicher Vorgaben der EU und deren Aktivitäten im Beitrittsprozess analysieren zu können. Ob es eine spezifisch europäische Steuerverwaltung gibt, wird anhand von Daten der OECD mit einer Clusteranalyse ausgelotet werden. Schließlich wird Polens Verortung in den differenzierten Steuerverwaltungswelten ermittelt. Desweiteren analysiert die Autorin die Verbreitung des Common Assessment Frameworks in den Steuerverwaltungen in den Staaten Mittelosteuropas thematisiert. Eine eigene Umfrage bei den polnischen Finanzämtern bringt mehr Klarheit über die Nutzung des CAF in der polnischen Steuerverwaltung. Schließlich ermittelt die Autorin mittels eines semantischen Differentials das Image der polnischen Steuerverwaltung in Deutschland und vergleicht dieses mit dem Selbstbild der deutschen Steuerverwaltung. In einer Schlussbetrachtung werden die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Untersuchungen zusammengeführt. Die Antwort der Autorin auf die aufgeworfene Frage nach dem europäischen Charakter der polnischen Steuerverwaltung ist verhalten optimistisch. ; This research paper is including the central findings of the diploma thesis diploma about the fiscal administration in Poland. The central question is, how this specific public administrative structure developed in the course of the transformation process and the entry to the European Union and to what extent it corresponds today to European standards. Since the European Union has only few competencies in this field, no uniform European model of the fiscal administration exist, at which the Polish fiscal administration would be measured. The author uses the concept of the European administrative space, in order to be able to analyze the current shape of the Polish fiscal administration with special consideration of obligatory defaults of the European Union and their activities during the entry process. Whether there is a specifically European fiscal administration will be find out, on the basis of data of the OECD with a cluster analysis. Finally, Poland's place in the different fiscal administration worlds is determined. Further the author analyzes the spreading of the Common Assessment Frameworks in the fiscal administrations in Central Eastern European Countries. Its own inquiry with the Polish tax offices brings more clarity over the use of the CAF in the Polish fiscal administration. Finally the author determines the image of the Polish fiscal administration in Germany by means of a semantic differential and compares this with the self-image of the German fiscal administration. In a final consideration the results of the different findings are connected. The answer of the author to the raised question about the European character of the Polish fiscal administration is with restraint optimistic.