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Two social movements in the last fifty years have had a profound impact on our understanding of law and the role of the courts in our system of government. One is the civil rights movement. The demand for greater racial and gender equality and other civil rights has changed the face of the law in countless ways. For example, it has called into question – or at least required a fundamental revision in – the traditional understanding that the courts should interpret the Constitution and laws in accordance with their original meaning. Decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education and the voting rights cases appear to presuppose that the meaning of the law can change over time as courts' perceptions of social exigencies change. The civil rights revolution has also thrust courts deeply into the governance of traditionally autonomous institutions such as local schools, election boards, prisons, and mental hospitals. There is a second social movement, however, that can also lay claim to have transformed our conception of law and the role of courts – the environmental movement. Environmentalism burst onto the scene on Earth Day in 1970 and, despite some challenges to its position, has not departed since. Although the influence of environmentalism on the legal system has not been as pervasive as that of the civil rights movement, it too has left its mark in many ways. For example, environmentalism can take credit for the vast expansion in the law of standing that took place in the early 1970's. Similarly, environmental groups pioneered the use of "public interest law firms" as private enforcers of public laws. As a consequence of these and related developments, the environmental movement gave rise to a new and much more aggressive style of judicial review of agency action, known as the "hard look" doctrine. Environmentalism has also had an impact on substantive legal norms, most prominently perhaps with respect to causation, where courts have gone so far as to hold that liability may be imposed under the "Superfund" statute without regard to any showing of causation of injury at all. Each of these innovations has spilled over from environmental controversies to other areas of the law.

Arbitration — Arbitrators — Disqualification — Arbitrator appointed by party to arbitration — Previous connection with party — Whether grounds for disqualification — Duties of party-appointed arbitratorArbitration — Award — Annulment — Grounds for annulment — Failure to decide all the questions referred to the Tribunal — Failure to state reasons on which award based — Consequences of partial annulment — Resubmission of case to new arbitration Tribunal — Whether those parts of first award which were not annulled constitute res judicata — Jurisdiction of Tribunal on resubmission of caseArbitration — Law governing arbitration — ICSID Arbitration — Proceedings for annulment of award — Law governing annulment proceedings — Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, 1965 — Principles and rules of treaty interpretation generally recognized in international law367Arbitration — Jurisdiction of arbitration Tribunal — Arbitration clause in contract between government and company — Whether clause to be restrictively construed — Standing of claimant company — Corporate group — Which company within group entitled to initiate arbitration proceedingsExpropriation — Taking of property — Contractual rights — Company entitled to share in profits from hotel — Whether takeover of hotel a taking of rights under the contract — Whether causing loss — Principles of international law regarding expropriation — Concept of acquired rights — Due process — Measure of compensation — ICSID Convention, Article 42(1)Damages — For expropriation — Measure of damages — Contractual rights — Damnum emergens — Lucrum cessans — Methods of valuation — Discounted cash flow method — Access of company to daily cash flow generated by business subject to fiduciary duties — Effect on compensationInternational tribunals — ICSID system — Arbitration — Challenge to award of arbitration tribunal — Reference to ad hoc Committee under ICSID Convention, Article 52(3) — Effect of partial annulment — Resubmission of case to new arbitration tribunalNationality — Companies — Corporate group — Company investing in foreign State — Wholly-owned subsidiary incorporated in State of investment — Whether treated as foreign business for purpose of international law — Parent company's existence determined by law of State of incorporationState responsibility — For injury to aliens — Duty to protect aliens — Duty to protect from arbitrary action by officials — State responsibility for judicial acts — Whether limited to cases of denial of justiceSources of international law — Equity — Whether part of international law — Distinction between equity and power of Tribunal to decide ex aequo et bonoTreaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Good faith — ICSID Convention — Whether principle that arbitration provisions should be restrictively interpreted

The purpose of this study has been to examine and analyze the salient medical and legal aspects related to the educational placement of children in public schools with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The study attempts to provide information that will serve as a resource to public school personnel who are among the professionals that must make informed decisions on public school attendance policies for children with a lethal, complex, and controversial disease. New developments in medicine and in the courts have crucial implications for existing policies and for the development of new policies related to the issue. By examining precedents and patterns in the emerging area of AIDS litigation and legislation, the study serves as a resource for school officials enabling them to make informed proactive decisions. The methodology used in the study was legal research. Primary and secondary sources of law were utilized. Nonlegal research materials included medical research and data that might serve as evidence in legal disputes concerning the educational placement of children with the HIV infection. In addition to medical evidence related to educational placement issues, the information gathered for the study included an examination of the state antidiscrimination disease laws, state special education laws, state communicable disease laws, and state and selected local policy statements for sixteen states; an analysis of the relevant legal issues of the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973; and an examination of the constitutional issues pertinent to educational placement of children with AIDS. Case law in point or analogous to the issue was presented. The concluding chapter summarizes the findings from Chapters Two, Three, Four and includes recommendations for decision-making and policy based on the medical and legal information presented. There is no medical evidence to support the exclusion of children from regular school attendance based on the suspicion of or identification of HIV infection. Awareness of sound medical evidence to support educational decision-making provides a means of projecting a solidly grounded policy to the school population and community at large. Health care precautions should be taken and routine procedures established for the removal of blood and/or body fluids in cases of accident or injury. Routine precautions should be followed by all school personnel regardless of whether an HIV-infected individual is present. ; Ed. D.

AIMS: High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays provide higher diagnostic accuracy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) when compared with conventional assays, but may result in increased use of unnecessary coronary angiographies due to their increased detection of cardiomyocyte injury in conditions other than AMI. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated the impact of the clinical introduction of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) on the use of coronary angiography, stress testing, and time to discharge in 2544 patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of AMI to the emergency department (ED) within a multicentre study either before (1455 patients) or after (1089 patients) hs-cTnT introduction. Acute myocardial infarction was more often the clinical discharge diagnosis after hs-cTnT introduction (10 vs. 14%, P < 0.001), while unstable angina less often the clinical discharge diagnosis (14 vs. 9%, P = 0.007). The rate of coronary angiography was similar before and after the introduction of hs-cTnT (23 vs. 23%, P = 0.092), as was the percentage of coronary angiographies showing no stenosis (11 vs. 7%, P = 0.361). In contrast, the use of stress testing was substantially reduced from 29 to 19% (P < 0.001). In outpatients, median time to discharge from the ED decreased by 79 min (P < 0.001). Mean total costs decreased by 20% in outpatients after the introduction of hs-cTnT (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: The clinical introduction of hs-cTn does not lead to an increased or inappropriate use of coronary angiography. Introduction of hs-cTn is associated with an improved rule-out process and thereby reduces the need for stress testing and time to discharge. ; R.T. reports speaker honoraria from B.R.A.H.M.S. and Roche. T.R. reports grants from Swiss National Science Foundation (PASMP3-136995) as well as personal fees from Swiss Heart Foundation and from Goldschmidt-Jacobson Foundation. C.M. reports research grants from the Swiss National Science Foundation, the European Union, the KTI, and the Swiss Heart Foundation, the Cardiovascular Research Foundation Basel, 8sense, Abbott, ALERE, Astra Zeneca, Beckman Coulter, Biomerieux, Brahms, Critical Diagnostics,Nanosphere, Roche, Siemens, Singulex, and the University Hospital Basel, as well as speaker honoraria from Abbott, ALERE, Astra Zeneca, BG medicine, Biomerieux, BMS, Brahms, Cardiorentis, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Radiometer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, and Singulex.

Reports, summarizes and analyzes information from the National Conference on Preventing and Intervening in Violence Against Children and Adults with Disabilities, held May 6-7, 2002, and provides an independent review of the clinical and research literature. ; Executive Summary -- Chapter One: Introduction to Violence and Disabilty -- Chapter Two: Violence in America--A Review of Historical and Contemporary Factors -- Chapter Three: What is the Scope and Magnitude of the Problem? -- Chapter Four: What are the Ways People with Disabilities and their Families Cope with Violence? -- Chapter Five: What Steps Should be Taken to Prevent and Intervene in Violence against Children and Adults with Disabilities? -- Chapter Six: Who is Responsible for Ending Crimes of Violence Against Children and Adults with Disabilities? -- Appendix A: Conference Sponsors -- Appendix B: List of Conferees -- Appendix C: Conference Planning Committee -- Appendix D: Conference Program Outline / Assignments -- -- Appendix E: Conference Definitions . -- -- Appendix F: Commissioned Papers and Contributive Bibliography -- Violence Against Children with Disabilities: Prevention, Public Policy, and Research Implications -- Interventional Approaches for Children with Disabilities who are Victims of Violence -- Violence Against Women with Disabilities -- Intervention Approaches for Adults with Disabilities Who Become Victims of Violence -- Contributive Bibliography -- -- Appendix G: Remarks By Invited Speakers . -- Victims of Crime with Disabilities: The Criminal Justice System and Victim Assistance Response -- Violence Prevention: the CDC Role -- Preventing and Intervening in Violence against Children and Adults with Disabilities: The Role of NIDRR OSEP's Involvement in Issues Related to Violence Against Children with Disabilities Violence Against Persons with Disabilities: Who Are the Most Vulnerable? ; Dorothy K. Marge, editor. ; Includes executive summary. ; Sponsored by the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Disability and Health Program, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center for Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services and other agencies and organizations. ; Also available via Internet from the Suny Upstate Medical University, Dept. of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation web site in PDF and text versions. ; Includes bibliographical references.

This study gathered telephone interview data on attitudes, knowledge and motivations regarding booster seat use from a representative stratified random sample of parents with children between the ages of 4 and 8 years living in the State of Michigan. Interviews were completed between December 1 and December 15, 2004, with parents of children in 350 households. Due to demographic differences between this sample and the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), weights were calculated using NHTS data, and both unweighted and weighted analyses were conducted. No differences were found between the conclusions drawn from the weighted and unweighted analyses; therefore, unweighted results were reported. Analyses examined the sample, overall, part-time booster seat users, and booster seat non-users. Numerous differences were identified based on parental sex, and booster seat use. Results indicated that the lack of legislation mandating booster seat use was a key variable determining level of use and the motivation to use booster seats. Nearly 70% of part-time users said that they used booster seats because they believed it was the law. Similarly, 60% of part-time and non-booster seat users said that they would be more likely to use booster seats if use were mandated by law, with non-users being more than three times as likely as part-time users to agree that a law would increase their booster seat use. Finally, over 90% of part-time and non-booster seat users said it would be easier for them to use booster seats if a law required it, and non-users were almost three times more likely than part-time users to agree that a law would make use easier. The need for booster seat laws, issues of social equity, and implications for intervention were discussed. ; C. Raymond Bingham . [et al.] ; "April 2005." ; Also available online via the Universtiy of Michigan Deep Blue database (http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/index.jsp). ; Final report ; Dec. 2004. ; Performed for Michigan Dept. of Community Health through a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control under contract no. MSTR AGR Amd-#2. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).

This study gathered telephone interview data on attitudes, knowledge and motivations regarding booster seat use from a representative stratified random sample of parents with children between the ages of 4 and 8 years living in the State of Michigan. Interviews were completed between December 1 and December 15, 2004, with parents of children in 350 households. Due to demographic differences between this sample and the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS), weights were calculated using NHTS data, and both unweighted and weighted analyses were conducted. No differences were found between the conclusions drawn from the weighted and unweighted analyses; therefore, unweighted results were reported. Analyses examined the sample, overall, part-time booster seat users, and booster seat non-users. Numerous differences were identified based on parental sex, and booster seat use. Results indicated that the lack of legislation mandating booster seat use was a key variable determining level of use and the motivation to use booster seats. Nearly 70% of part-time users said that they used booster seats because they believed it was the law. Similarly, 60% of part-time and non-booster seat users said that they would be more likely to use booster seats if use were mandated by law, with non-users being more than three times as likely as part-time users to agree that a law would increase their booster seat use. Finally, over 90% of part-time and non-booster seat users said it would be easier for them to use booster seats if a law required it, and non-users were almost three times more likely than part-time users to agree that a law would make use easier. The need for booster seat laws, issues of social equity, and implications for intervention were discussed. ; C. Raymond Bingham . [et al.] ; "April 2005." ; Also available online via the Universtiy of Michigan Deep Blue database (http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/index.jsp). ; Final report ; Dec. 2004. ; Performed for Michigan Dept. of Community Health through a cooperative agreement with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control under contract no. MSTR AGR Amd-#2. ; Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46).

This study attempts to explore all factors associated with bicycle motor-vehicle crashes at intersections in order to improve bicycle safety and bicycle activity. Factors such as exposure (bicycle and vehicle volumes), existing facilities (bike lanes, sidewalks, shared-use paths), geometric design (# of lanes, speed limit, medians, legs, roadway conditions), and land-use were collected and evaluated using Poisson, Zero-Inflated Poisson, and Negative Binomial models in SAS 9.4 software. Increasing the bicycle travel mode can have positive lasting effects on personal health, the environment, and improve traffic conditions. Deterrents that keep users from riding bicycles more are the lack of facilities and most importantly, safety concerns. Florida has consistently been a national leader in bicyclist deaths, which made this area a great candidate to study. Vehicle and bicycle volumes for 159 intersections in Orlando, Florida were collected and compared with crash data that was obtained. All existing facilities, geometric design properties, and land-uses for each intersection were collected for analysis. The results confirmed that an increase of motor-vehicles and bicyclists would increase the risk of a crash at an intersection. The presence of a keyhole lane (bike lane in-between a through and exclusive right turn lane), was shown to be statistically significant, and although it still had a positive correlation with injury risk, it had a much lower risk of crashes than a typical bike lane at intersections. The presence of a far shared path (more than 4 feet from the edge of curb) was shown to be statistically significant in decreasing the risk of crashes between bicycles and motor-vehicles at intersections. Institutional, agricultural, residential, government, and school land uses had positive correlations and were statistically significant with increasing activity of bicyclists at intersections. This study is unique because it uses actual bicycle volume as an exposure to determine the effects of bicycle safety and activity at intersections and not many others have done this. It is important for transportation planners and designers to use this information to design better complete streets in the future. ; 2018-12-01 ; M.S. ; Engineering and Computer Science, Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering ; Masters ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

"Interview- und Fragebogenerhebungen in fünf Industriebereichen dienten der Klärung der Fragen: Welchen Arbeitsbelastungen sind unterschiedliche Gruppen von Beschäftigten ausgesetzt? Werden diese Arbeitsbelastungen als Probleme des Arbeitsschutzsystems thematisiert oder hat eine Gewöhnung an diese Belastungen stattgefunden? Bestehen für die volksgesundheitlichen Belastungen überhaupt Lösungsmöglichkeiten innerhalb des betrieblichen Arbeitsschutz-Systems? Welche betrieblichen Bedingungen müssen verändert werden, damit die Thematisierung von Arbeitsbelastungen durch die Beschäftigten in das betriebliche Arbeitsschutz-System integrierbar wird? Welche Funktion hätte diese weitreichende Integration der Beschäftigten in das Arbeitsschutz-System für eine präventiv orientierte Arbeitsschutzpolitik?" (Autorenreferat)

Plaintiffs sued the United States government for promoting activities that were known to pollute the atmosphere and cause climate change. They claimed the government's policies violated their rights under the substantive due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, the equal protection clause of the Ninth Amendment, and the public trust doctrine. The Ninth Circuit held it was not within the court's Article III power to create and oversee a comprehensive plan capable of redressing the Plaintiffs' injuries and, therefore, Plaintiffs lacked standing.

Введение: в статье определяются объективные факторы развития современной действительности, влияющие на возникновение разнообразных отношений, имеющих внедоговорную правовую природу, так называемых квазидоговорных и деликтных отношений, а также обусловливающие актуальность научно-исследовательских разработок в соответствующей сфере правового регулирования, относящейся к области международного частного права. Цель: изучить круг возможных коллизионных вопросов и обусловленных ими и социально-экономической действительностью правовых подходов к коллизионному регулированию деликтных отношений в различных зарубежных законодательствах, в том числе в общеевропейском праве. Методы: основу методологического арсенала статьи составляют использованные в ней методы научного познания, анализа и сравнительно-правовой. Результаты: проводится анализ распространенных классических коллизионных привязок в сфере деликтных обязательств. Отмечается, что современный подход заключается в постепенном отказе от территориальной привязки какого-либо конкретного одного элемента правоотношения. Авторы говорят об обоснованности быстрого развития гибкого правового регулирования отношений, возникающих из причинения вреда, осложненных иностранным элементом, связывая эту тенденцию с развитием принципа гибкости как основополагающего начала и современной тенденцией развития современного международного частного права. Изучаются предпосылки и новеллы проведенной национальным законодателем реформы раздела VI части третьей ГК РФ, в ходе которой были вполне справедливо учтены современные зарубежные законодательные подходы правового регулирования деликтных отношений. Дается краткая правовая характеристика обновленных положений ГК РФ, посвященных применимому праву в сфере деликтных обязательств. Комментируется законодательно предоставленная сторонам обязательства из причинения вреда возможность заключения соглашения о праве, подлежащем применению. Делается вывод о соответствии данного правила развитию принципа автономии воли сторон в международном частном праве и иностранным законодательным подходам. Выводы: выявляются и оцениваются преимущества и недостатки новых коллизионных норм в обновленном ГК РФ, ранее не известных национальному законодательству, исследуется судебная практика их применения. Обобщающим выводом выступает оценка современных правовых подходов к применимому праву в области деликтных обязательств, осложненных иностранным элементом, которые позволили выявить и перечислить ряд тенденций развития их коллизионного регулирования. ; Introduction. The article reveals the objective factors of the development of temporal reality, influencing the emergence of various relationships with non-contractual legal nature, the so-called quasi contractual and delictual relations, as well as determines the relevance of research and development in the relevant field of legal regulation relating to private international law. Purpose. We study the range of possible conflicts of law issues under moves to collision of tort regulation of relations in various foreign governmental legislations, including European law. We also carry out the analysis of the common classical collisional bindings in the area of tort liabilities. It is noted that the current approach lies in the gradual abandonment of territorial binding to any specific element of the relationship. The authors say about the validity of the rapid development of flexible legal regulation of relations arising out of foreign element, associating this trend with the development of the principle of flexibility as fundamental principles and modern trends of development of modern private international law. The authors examine the background and novellas by the national legislator of the reform of section VI of part three of the civil code. A brief legal description of the updated provisions of the civil code of the Russian Federation is dedicated to the applicable law in the field of tort obligation. We commented the possibility of concluding agreements on the law of the subject applications provided by law to the parties. The conclusion about compliance of this rule to the development of the principle of auto-nomia the will of the parties in international private law and foreign legislatortion approaches. Conclusion. We identified and commented on the advantages and disadvantages of new collision norms in the updated Civil Code, previously unknown to national law, and examined judicial practice of their application. The general conclusion is represented by assessing the modern legal approaches to the applicable law in the field of tort obligations, complicated by a foreign element, which allowed to identify and to list a number of trends in the development of their conflict-of-laws regulation.

According connection with the global trends, manifested by an increase in the number of illegal firearms, an increase in social, political, ethnic, racial and religious conflicts, accompanied by the use of firearms, the problem of treating gunshot wounds is becoming increasingly important. It is especially acute during local and widespread hostilities, during peacekeeping missions, anti-terrorist operations, in cases of massive gunshot wounds. The aim of the work is to improve the surgical tactics in the reconstruction of severe wounded with soft tissue gunshot defects due to the multimodal scheme. Improvement of dynamic audio and thermal imaging diagnostics of the damaged anatomical area, analysis and modeling of the shape and direction of movement of the donor flap. A clinical case of closure of a bullet-through bullet wound of the left thigh (03.25.19 year) with a gunshot multi-fragment fracture of the left femoral pigtail in the middle third, damage to the superficial femoral vein and marginal damage to the superficial femoral artery was demonstrated.In the preoperative period, the first stage was dynamic digital thermography of the surface of wounds and surrounding soft tissues, which allowed thermal imaging to assess the state of damaged structures, to identify areas of preservation of blood supply. The second stage was the audio control of the identified areas of the "supply" - perforating vessels with a comparison of the blood flow velocity. The results obtained formed the basis for modeling the donor zone and monitoring its movement. The described clinical case of soft tissue defect closure consisted of three stages: The first stage - preparatory (diagnostics and cleaning) - (9 days of inpatient treatment) - repeated surgical treatment of wounds using low-frequency ultrasound (cavitation of the wound surface), controlled negative pressure (in a pulsed mode - 125 mm Hg), the imposition of secondary early sutures, due to which the wound area decreased by 35% compared to the wound area at the time of admission to the VICC of the Southern region. The second stage - the final (reconstructive) - (12 days after the injury) - plastic reconstruction of the defect of the posterior surface of the middle third of the left thigh by moving a ball-and-socket flap from the outer surface of the thigh using the Keystone technique. Conclusions: A multimodal algorithm with dynamic control of changes in the perfusion of the defect zone and surrounding structures is at the heart of the successful reconstruction of a gunshot defect in the soft tissues of the lower extremities, which reduces the treatment time by 1.5 times. ; According connection with the global trends, manifested by an increase in the number of illegal firearms, an increase in social, political, ethnic, racial and religious conflicts, accompanied by the use of firearms, the problem of treating gunshot wounds is becoming increasingly important. It is especially acute during local and widespread hostilities, during peacekeeping missions, anti-terrorist operations, in cases of massive gunshot wounds. The aim of the work is to improve the surgical tactics in the reconstruction of severe wounded with soft tissue gunshot defects due to the multimodal scheme. Improvement of dynamic audio and thermal imaging diagnostics of the damaged anatomical area, analysis and modeling of the shape and direction of movement of the donor flap. A clinical case of closure of a bullet-through bullet wound of the left thigh (03.25.19 year) with a gunshot multi-fragment fracture of the left femoral pigtail in the middle third, damage to the superficial femoral vein and marginal damage to the superficial femoral artery was demonstrated.In the preoperative period, the first stage was dynamic digital thermography of the surface of wounds and surrounding soft tissues, which allowed thermal imaging to assess the state of damaged structures, to identify areas of preservation of blood supply. The second stage was the audio control of the identified areas of the "supply" - perforating vessels with a comparison of the blood flow velocity. The results obtained formed the basis for modeling the donor zone and monitoring its movement. The described clinical case of soft tissue defect closure consisted of three stages: The first stage - preparatory (diagnostics and cleaning) - (9 days of inpatient treatment) - repeated surgical treatment of wounds using low-frequency ultrasound (cavitation of the wound surface), controlled negative pressure (in a pulsed mode - 125 mm Hg), the imposition of secondary early sutures, due to which the wound area decreased by 35% compared to the wound area at the time of admission to the VICC of the Southern region. The second stage - the final (reconstructive) - (12 days after the injury) - plastic reconstruction of the defect of the posterior surface of the middle third of the left thigh by moving a ball-and-socket flap from the outer surface of the thigh using the Keystone technique. Conclusions: A multimodal algorithm with dynamic control of changes in the perfusion of the defect zone and surrounding structures is at the heart of the successful reconstruction of a gunshot defect in the soft tissues of the lower extremities, which reduces the treatment time by 1.5 times.

This article reviews recent developments and changes in legislation, case law, and Virginia Supreme Court Rules affecting civil litigation. Its scope does not extend to criminal procedure or to topics unique to equity practice.

"At two hours after midnight the land appeared" : Christopher Columbus's first voyage to America, 1492-1493 -- "Everyone was amazed to catch sight of ... things they had never dreamed or heard" : History of the Indies, 1493 -- "The Spaniards were guilty of the very same thing they accused the Indians of" : History of the Indies, ca. 1503-1509 -- "There I saw such great cruelties" : An account, much abbreviated, of the destruction of the Indies, 1542 -- "And so he had them burned alive" : An account, much abbreviated, of the destruction of the Indies, ca. 1540s -- "My one motive in dictating this book" : prologue to the History of the Indies, 1552 -- "Enslavement of blacks was every bit as unjust as that of the Indians" : History of the Indies, ca. 1550-1560 -- "By what right and with what justice?" History of the Indies, 1511 -- "The preservation ...of the Indians, has always been the primary purpose of our policy" : New Laws of 1542, Council of the Indies -- "For everyone to accept our faith, he or she must have ...a clear liberty of choice" : Twenty reasons against the Encomienda, 1552 -- "Our Christian religion is equal for all ...and does not deprive any of their liberty" : History of the Indies, 1527-1561 -- "The one and only way" : The only way of attracting all peoples to the true religion, ca. 1534 -- "If they refuse to listen, we must go to other places" : In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "All humankind is one" : Apologetic history, 1527-1561 -- "Those Indians ...should not be deprived of freedom" : Sublimis Deus, Pope Paul III, 1537 -- "Good-bye, Aristotle!" In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "Every nation ...has the right to defend itself" : In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "Liberty is an innate right of all human beings" : On royal power, ca. 1560s -- "Infidels rightly have ownership of their goods" : Certain principles, 1552 -- "The same right" : On the treasures of Peru, 1563 -- "War of this kind is unjust" : The only way of attracting all peoples to the true religion, ca. 1534 -- "Those peoples had never attacked, nor committed injury, nor war" : History of the Indies, ca. 1550-1560 -- "Every single person has to give consent" : On the treasures of Peru, 1563 -- "It is not my business to pass judgment on those outside" : In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "Help to the oppressed against their oppressors" : On the treasures of Peru, 1563 -- "Those Indians whose rights I have defended till my death" : Petition to His Holiness Pope Pius V, 1566

Inhaltsverzeichnis: "At two hours after midnight the land appeared" : Christopher Columbus's first voyage to America, 1492-1493 -- "Everyone was amazed to catch sight of ... things they had never dreamed or heard" : History of the Indies, 1493 -- "The Spaniards were guilty of the very same thing they accused the Indians of" : History of the Indies, ca. 1503-1509 -- "There I saw such great cruelties" : An account, much abbreviated, of the destruction of the Indies, 1542 -- "And so he had them burned alive" : An account, much abbreviated, of the destruction of the Indies, ca. 1540s -- "My one motive in dictating this book" : prologue to the History of the Indies, 1552 -- "Enslavement of blacks was every bit as unjust as that of the Indians" : History of the Indies, ca. 1550-1560 -- "By what right and with what justice?" History of the Indies, 1511 -- "The preservation ...of the Indians, has always been the primary purpose of our policy" : New Laws of 1542, Council of the Indies -- "For everyone to accept our faith, he or she must have ...a clear liberty of choice" : Twenty reasons against the Encomienda, 1552 -- "Our Christian religion is equal for all ...and does not deprive any of their liberty" : History of the Indies, 1527-1561 -- "The one and only way" : The only way of attracting all peoples to the true religion, ca. 1534 -- "If they refuse to listen, we must go to other places" : In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "All humankind is one" : Apologetic history, 1527-1561 -- "Those Indians ...should not be deprived of freedom" : Sublimis Deus, Pope Paul III, 1537 -- "Good-bye, Aristotle!" In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "Every nation ...has the right to defend itself" : In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "Liberty is an innate right of all human beings" : On royal power, ca. 1560s -- "Infidels rightly have ownership of their goods" : Certain principles, 1552 -- "The same right" : On the treasures of Peru, 1563 -- "War of this kind is unjust" : The only way of attracting all peoples to the true religion, ca. 1534 -- "Those peoples had never attacked, nor committed injury, nor war" : History of the Indies, ca. 1550-1560 -- "Every single person has to give consent" : On the treasures of Peru, 1563 -- "It is not my business to pass judgment on those outside" : In defense of the Indians, 1550-1552 -- "Help to the oppressed against their oppressors" : On the treasures of Peru, 1563 -- "Those Indians whose rights I have defended till my death" : Petition to His Holiness Pope Pius V, 1566.