Suchergebnisse

In health service policy the term 'culture' is gaining prominence. Some of this policy literature indicates that culture can be managed. Yet this view is controversial within organisational studies. Much of the latest policy literature seems unaware of such debates. Does the new-found topicality of organisational culture indicate political fad or policy development? If the latter, what are the methodological implications for health service research (HSR)? There is a substantive literature on organisational culture that needs to be accessed by policy makers. Some of these ideas have been operationalised through an organisational ethnography of an NHS innovation in the treatment of severe personality disorder.

"CAT bonds are of significant importance in the field of alternative risk transfer. Since the market of CAT bonds is not complete, the application of an appropriate pricing model is of high relevance. We apply different premium calculation models in order to compare them with regard to their predictive power. Without taking the financial crisis into account, a version of the Wang transformation model and the linear model are the most accurate ones. In contrast, under consideration of the financial crisis, all analyzed models are approximately equivalent. Furthermore, we find that CAT bond specific information does not improve out-of-sample results." (author's abstract)

Abstract
Export credit insurance plays an important role in promoting exportation, and thus it represents a guarantee of payment receivable for exporter. It not only offers a good way to disperse and release risk caused by uncertainty of foreign countries and importers' credit, but also inspires a good finance support for exporter. Export corporations can apply loan from banks easily with the guarantee of export credit insurance. Characterized with lower threshold, export credit insurance finance(ECIF) becomes a good funding choice especially for small and medium companies and brings considerable intermediate businesses to commercial banks. Despite the benefits of ECIF, false trades appear frequently due to the intricate risks that are hard to be measured by quantitative method. The risks covered by export credit insurance include commercial risk and political risk. Commercial risks can be classified by two reasons: importer bankruptcy and importer collusion with exporter. The risk of insolvency can be measured by modern credit risk models, however, the probability that importer breaches a contract due to dishonesty is hard to be discerned because of information asymmetry and high cost of investigation. In ECIF, the risk is even harder to be measured as risks form both importer and exporter are involved. Game theory is widely used in adverse selection and moral hazard. The application of game theory inspired a microeconomic way of risk analysis in ECIF. The case of ECIF can be a seen as a game among the export enterprise, importer, insurer and bank. This paper will figure out the utility of each party under certain default situation and analyze each risk factor. We adopt joint game approach and tree model to obtain the equilibrium result. The purpose is to maximize the expected utility of each party and minimize the probability of exporter and importer's collusion as they are the core reasons for the loss of commercial bank and export credit agency (ECA). Since the export credit insurance industry and related risk research are still in the early stage in China, we hope this study can enlighten a new way of risk analysis on ECIF.

Abstract
To understand the extent to which a policy instrument's early adoption is crucial in crisis management, we leverage unique worldwide data that record the daily evolution of policy mandate adoptions and COVID‐19 infection and mortality rates. The analysis shows that the mask mandate is consistently associated with lower infection rates in the short term, and its early adoption boosts the long‐term efficacy. By contrast, the other five policy instruments—domestic lockdowns, international travel bans, mass gathering bans, and restaurant and school closures—show weaker efficacy. Governments prepared for a public health crisis with stronger resilience or capacity and those with stronger collectivist cultures were quicker to adopt nationwide mask mandates. From a policy design perspective, policymakers must avoid overreacting with less effective instruments and underreacting with more effective ones during uncertain times, especially when interventions differ in efficacy and cost.

This paper gives a comprehensive analysis of hydropolitics of the region of South Asia. It discusses different types of water issues prevalent in the region. However, its primary focus is on the water disputes between India and Pakistan, India and Bangladesh, India and Nepal, and Pakistan and Afghanistan. This paper argues that water security has assumed great importance in South Asia because of the demand-supply gap of water. Such a regional water deficit is due to a number of factors which include climate change, over-population, intensive use of water in irrigation, and the changing lifestyle. This water crisis has resulted in regional co-riparian water disputes. These water disputes are gaining complexity due to different regional dynamics like power imbalances, upper-lower riparian syndrome, territorial disputes, and trust deficit. Keywords: South Asia, Hydro politics, Water, Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra

Prepared by the Bureau of foreign and domestic commerce of the Dept. of commerce. cf. Foreword. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Several volumes bound together.

The transition of federal tax policy from initial concept, through study design, analysis, and policy recommendations is traced for federal funding for Nongame Wildlife. The article brings together techniques that can be used to quantitatively assess the relative merits of alternative funding sources against criteria such as economic efficiency, ability to pay, and benefits received. It is shown that economists are often needed in the early phases of this process if relevant concepts from public finance theory are to influence initial selection offunding sources and alternative tax rates to be studied. Lastly, the interaction of differing political ideologies with analysis is displayed.