Suchergebnisse

В статье представлена гипотеза о растущем влиянии системы третичного образования на стабильность политического режима в ряде современных стран. Для раскрытия механизма этого влияния автором предложено понятие «естественный уровень образования», отражающее оптимальный с точки зрения избегания социальных потрясений баланс отношений между рынком труда и системой образования. Автор полагает, что стабилизирующая функция системы третичного образования обусловлена ее ролью специфического регулятора рынка труда и способностью включать в себя миллионы молодых мужчин, предоставляя им занятие на длительный срок. Под воздействием политики государства эта стабилизирующая функция может быть гипертрофирована и даже достигать экстремума т.е. становиться контрпродуктивной. Статья имеет междисциплинарный характер, находясь на стыке политологии и экономики. Автор использует ряд методологических положений теории человеческого капитала и вводит понятия «образовательная пирамида», «образовательные пузыри», «образовательные ножницы» и др. Вторая часть статьи содержит в себе case study, где в качестве примеров рассматриваются события в США 1940-х 1960-х гг., а также ситуация в Тунисе и Египте до «жасминовой» и «твиттерной» революций 2011 г. Основное внимание автор уделяет во многом уникальному положению системы третичного образования России с начала 1990-х гг. до настоящего времени. ; The given article contains hypothesis about the increasing level of influence of the system of tertiary education on stability of political regimes in many modern countries. In order to reveal the mechanism of such influence the author proposes the concept the natural rate of education which reflects optimal balance between labor market and educational system from the perspective of avoidance and tackling of social protests and instability. The author supposes that the stabilizing function of the system of tertiary education is caused by its role of the specific regulator of labor market and its capability to involve millions of young males, providing them long-term occupation. Under the state policy this stabilizing function may be enormously exaggerated and even reach the point of extremum and become counterproductive. The article contains interdisciplinary approach, being on junction of political science and economics. The author uses selected methodological foundations of the theory of human capital and introduces the following notions: educational pyramid, educational bubble, educational scissors and others. The second part of the article contains a case study. The cases included are the postWW2 United States, Egypt and Tunisia before the Arab spring and modern Russia. The author stresses that Russian tertiary education system plays a unique and significant political role.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье затрагиваются проблемы глобальной и региональной безопасности в контексте особенностей построения современного мира, вызовов и угроз XXI в. Особый акцент делается на трактовке самого понятия «актуальность проблем безопасности» применительно к его восприятию со стороны различных государств. Одновременно подчеркивается масштабность и опасность современных угроз по сравнению с предшествовавшими историческими периодами, когда военный компонент в понятии «безопасность» являлся абсолютно приоритетным и определяющим всю внешнюю политику государств. Обосновывается тезис о том, что военная опасность с течением времени не теряет свою актуальность. Взяв за точку отсчета середину XX в., автор раскрывает проблему актуальности биполярного и многополярного мира. Подчеркивается амплитудность вырастания и спада военной угрозы в послевоенный период и в этой связи рост или сни-жение ее актуальности для политики государства. Отмечаются факторы, способствующие усилению ядерной угрозы и вероятности глобальной войны. Выделяются несколько таких периодов и приводятся примеры шагов мирового сообщества по сдерживанию гонки вооружений и ядерному разоружению. Необходимость такой деятельности и актуальность таких мер он аргументирует показателями в области торговли оружием в мире, подчеркивая ее масштабность и возможность использования современных видов вооружений террористическими организациями. = The article addresses the problems of global and regional security in the context of the specific features of the modern world formation, the challenges and threats of the 21st century. Particular emphasis is placed on the interpretation of the concept of «relevant security issues» related to its perception by various countries. At the same time the scale and danger of modern threats is compared to the previous historical periods, when the military component of the concept of "security" was the absolute priority and determined the whole foreign policy of countries. The author proves that military danger does not lose its relevance with time. Taking the middle of the 20th century as a starting point, the author reveals the relevance of bipolar and multipolar world. He emphasizes the amplitude of growth and recession of military threat in the post-war period and therefore the increase and decrease of its relevance for the country's policy. The author also pays attention to the factors that increase nuclear danger and a possibility of a global war. He outlines several such periods and gives examples of the international community's steps towards arms race deterrence and nuclear disarmament. The author proves the necessity of this activity and the relevance of these measures by the figures in the field of arms trade underlining its scale and the possibility of using modern weapons by terrorist organizations.

Раскрывается понятие Особенной части российского уголовного права, анализируется генезис ее становления, показана взаимосвязь Общей и Особенной частей УК РФ, а также взаимосвязь норм Особенной части уголовного права с нормами других отраслей права. Обоснован вывод, что статьи, главы, разделы УК не являются элементами системы уголовного права, а представляют собой технико-юридические фрагменты законодательного текста. ; In the article the concept of the Special Part of the Russian criminal law is discussed. The author considers the definitions of the Special Part existing in criminal law, assesses them. The conclusion that the Special Part of criminal law is a system formation is proved; its criminal norms secure most significant public relations. The author states that rules of law (norms-proscriptions, norms-instructions) and institutes groups of rules of law providing responsibility for committing certain crimes are elements of the system of the Special Part. The genesis of formation of the Special Part of the Russian criminal law is analyzed. The conclusion is drawn that the Special Part as a structural element of the text of the statutory act was first allocated in Book I "On crimes and Punishment in General" of Vol. 15 of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1832 (This volume was called "The Code of Criminal Laws"). The criteria of grouping the criminal proscriptions forming the Special Part of the Russian criminal laws in the 19th-20th centuries are given. The interrelation of the General and Special Parts of the criminal code of Russian Federation is shown, affirming that in the system of the Special Part of criminal law the following connections operate: 1) between norms of criminal law and institutes of the Special Part of criminal law; 2) between the institutes of the Special Part of criminal law; 3) between institutes of Special and General Parts of criminal law. The author shows interrelation of norms of the Special Part of criminal law with the norms of other branches of law (constitutional, civil, administrative, etc.) defining the objective and subjective signs of different crimes. The author considers technical and legal tools of wording the criminal proscriptions in the articles of the Special Part. He asserts that the articles, chapters and sections of the Criminal Code are not the elements of the system of criminal law, but represent technical and legal fragments of a legislative text, allocation of these parts provides logically coordinated, rational, uniform statement of the content of norms of criminal law in the Criminal Code of Russian Federation.

A special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line is discussed in the article. The agreement is a contract used in loan services. This legal structure is widely used in legal practice. There is a number of legal problems concerning the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line, including the determination of its legal nature and its essence, the problem of correlation between the terms of a special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and the terms of a separate credit agreement, which is concluded on the base of that special agreement. Legal literature and judicial practice have formed different approaches to those problems. The article deals with the outlined legal problems analyzing current legislation, the opinions of researchers and judicial practice. The author also studies the examples of business practice focusing on disputable issues. Based on the research conducted, the author gives the definition of the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and suggests her opinion concerning its legal nature, essence and correlation between the terms of this special agreement and those of the separate credit agreement. ; A special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line is discussed in the article. The agreement is a contract used in loan services. This legal structure is widely used in legal practice. There is a number of legal problems concerning the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line, including the determination of its legal nature and its essence, the problem of correlation between the terms of a special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and the terms of a separate credit agreement, which is concluded on the base of that special agreement. Legal literature and judicial practice have formed different approaches to those problems. The article deals with the outlined legal problems analyzing current legislation, the opinions of researchers and judicial practice. The author also studies the examples of business practice focusing on disputable issues. Based on the research conducted, the author gives the definition of the special general (framework) agreement about the opening of a credit line and suggests her opinion concerning its legal nature, essence and correlation between the terms of this special agreement and those of the separate credit agreement.

Zusammenfassung der Diplomarbeit mit dem Titel"Der Illustrator, Kupferstecher und Radierer William Unger (1837-1932)" vorgelegt von Dr.phil. Mag.Dipl.Ing.August Ernst KirkovitsAbsicht des Verfassers ist es, die Bedeutung des Werkes William Ungers im historischen Kontext darzustellen. Einleitend wird auf die Wertschätzung eingegangen, die man in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts der reproduzierenden Radierung trotz der vermehrt aufkommenden mechanischen Vervielfältigungsverfahren entgegenbrachte. Zunächst geht der Verfasser auf die grundlegenden technischen Entwicklungen der Radierkunst ein, bevor er die Geschichte der Radierung seit dem 15. Jahrhundert darstellt. Es folgt ein Rückblick auf die Tradition der Reproduktionsgrafik mit ihren herausragenden Vertretern. Ein Anliegen des Verfassers ist es, die gesellschaftspolitischen Auswirkungen der auf Basis von Reproduktionsradierungen entstandenen ersten Galeriewerke herauszuarbeiten, insbesondere den dadurch ermöglichten Zugang zu bis dahin verborgenen Kunstwerken und die damit einhergehende Demokratisierung der Kunst. Anschließend wird das Leben des Künstlers umfassend beschrieben. Darüberhinaus wird auch Ungers umfangreiches Radierwerk im Kontext der künstlerischen Entwicklung der Druckgrafik im 19. Jahrhundert beleuchtet. Die in diesem Jahrhundert aufkommende Kritik am künstlerischen Charakter der Reproduktionsgrafik infolge der neu entwickelten Vervielfältigungsverfahren stellt der Verfasser durch die Hervorhebung des künstlerischen Wertes einiger Radierungen Ungers beispielhaft in Frage. Dem Wirken Ungers als Originalradierer von Land- und Stadtmotiven wird ein eigenes Kapitel gewidmet. Der Verfasser hat sich bemüht, ein möglichst vollständiges Werkverzeichnis der Reproduktions- und Originalradierungen des Künstlers William Unger zu erarbeiten. Ein umfassendes Literatur- und Bilderverzeichnis vervollständigen die Diplomarbeit. ; Abstract of the diploma thesis with the title"The illustrater, engraver and etcher William Unger (1837-1932)" presentedby Dr.phil.Mag. Dipl.Ing. August Ernst KirkovitsThe intention of the writer is to show the meaning of the works of William Unger in the course of history. The introduction enters the appreciation, that reproduction etching had got in the second half of the nineteenth century despite the new mechanical duplicating processes, which slowly had come into fashion. First the author deals with basical technical developments in the art of etching, before he points out the history of etching since the fifteenth century. Passing the tradition of reproduction graphic arts and their prominent exponents in review he emphasizes the importance of propagation of pictorial arts between the sixteenth and the nineteenth century. The author is also trying to show the social influences of the initial "Galeriewerke" based on reproduction etchings, in particular the possibility to appriciate "hidden" pictorial arts and the following democratizing of arts. In the following chapter the writer describes the biography of William Unger. Moreover Ungers etching works are presented in context with the developing graphic arts during the nineteenth century. The author doubts the criticism of the artificial character of reproduction graphics in comparison with the new developing duplicating processes by showing selected reproduction graphics etched by William Unger. The following chapter is devoted on Ungers original graphics showing landscape and townmotifs. The author finally draws up an inventory of the complete works of William Unger. An extensive bibliography complets the diploma thesis. ; vorgelegt von August Ernst Kirkovits ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)217393

Dieses Forschungspapier fasst die zentralen Ergebnisse entsprechenden Diplomarbeit zur Steuerverwaltung in Polen zusammen. Die zentrale Fragestellung lautet, wie sich diese spezifische öffentliche Verwaltungsstruktur im Zuge der Transformation und des Beitritts zur Europäischen Union entwickelt hat und inwiefern sie heute europäischen Standards entspricht. Da es der EU in dem Bereich an Kompetenzen mangelt, besteht kein einheitliches europäisches Modell der Steuerverwaltung, an dem die polnische zu messen wäre. Die Autorin nutzt das im Rahmen der Europäisierungsforschung entwickelte Konzept des Europäischen Verwaltungsraums, um die aktuelle Gestalt der polnischen Steuerverwaltung unter Berücksichtigung verbindlicher Vorgaben der EU und deren Aktivitäten im Beitrittsprozess analysieren zu können. Ob es eine spezifisch europäische Steuerverwaltung gibt, wird anhand von Daten der OECD mit einer Clusteranalyse ausgelotet werden. Schließlich wird Polens Verortung in den differenzierten Steuerverwaltungswelten ermittelt. Desweiteren analysiert die Autorin die Verbreitung des Common Assessment Frameworks in den Steuerverwaltungen in den Staaten Mittelosteuropas thematisiert. Eine eigene Umfrage bei den polnischen Finanzämtern bringt mehr Klarheit über die Nutzung des CAF in der polnischen Steuerverwaltung. Schließlich ermittelt die Autorin mittels eines semantischen Differentials das Image der polnischen Steuerverwaltung in Deutschland und vergleicht dieses mit dem Selbstbild der deutschen Steuerverwaltung. In einer Schlussbetrachtung werden die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Untersuchungen zusammengeführt. Die Antwort der Autorin auf die aufgeworfene Frage nach dem europäischen Charakter der polnischen Steuerverwaltung ist verhalten optimistisch. ; This research paper is including the central findings of the diploma thesis diploma about the fiscal administration in Poland. The central question is, how this specific public administrative structure developed in the course of the transformation process and the entry to the European Union and to what extent it corresponds today to European standards. Since the European Union has only few competencies in this field, no uniform European model of the fiscal administration exist, at which the Polish fiscal administration would be measured. The author uses the concept of the European administrative space, in order to be able to analyze the current shape of the Polish fiscal administration with special consideration of obligatory defaults of the European Union and their activities during the entry process. Whether there is a specifically European fiscal administration will be find out, on the basis of data of the OECD with a cluster analysis. Finally, Poland's place in the different fiscal administration worlds is determined. Further the author analyzes the spreading of the Common Assessment Frameworks in the fiscal administrations in Central Eastern European Countries. Its own inquiry with the Polish tax offices brings more clarity over the use of the CAF in the Polish fiscal administration. Finally the author determines the image of the Polish fiscal administration in Germany by means of a semantic differential and compares this with the self-image of the German fiscal administration. In a final consideration the results of the different findings are connected. The answer of the author to the raised question about the European character of the Polish fiscal administration is with restraint optimistic.

CHILD GUARDIANSHIP (CURATORSHIP) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF CHILD CARE AND UPBRINGING SUMMARY In the MA thesis Child Guardianship (Curatorship) as an Alternative Form of Child Care and Upbringing, K. Bauža analyses the concept of child guardianship (curatorship) institutions from various aspects, provides an assessment why it is so important in defining the guardianship (curatorship) of a child. Concepts of a child and a minor are used in the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which regulates the basis for the allocation and termination of child guardianship (curatorship), establishment and implementation principles. Disclosing the definitions of these concepts the author also discusses the regulation volume of legal standards defined in Book 3, Chapter 18 of the Civil Code. During the last two decides many international legal requirements were transferred to the national law of Lithuania. Implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) in practice is carried out in order to transfer the experience of the European countries following the concept of principles disclosed in decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The author analyses in the thesis the basis of parent authority limitation and the interface between government intervention and the autonomy of the family, the basis of minor guardianship (curatorship) and discloses the subsidiary duty of the government in the defence of children rights, assesses if such actions are legally authorized, if legal assumptions for the establishment and implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) are properly create. Analysing the concept of minor guardianship (curatorship) principles the author discloses many problems common in practice related both to legal regulation and policy carried out by the government on the defence of human rights, which do not allow to maximally implement the principles in practice, to ensure that in every case of a guarded (fostered) child the protection of his/her rights will be properly taken care of according to the international legal requirements. Having examined the legal relationship between the guarded (fostered) child and the guardians (curators) the author notices that at the moment in Lithuania such a minor guardianship (curatorship) regulation mechanism is created from the point of you of the government policy carried out which insufficiently effectively regulates such relationship from the point of view of guardians (curators). As a result, a large number of guarded (fostered) children are present in the national foster institutions and the number of physical persons fostering children which are not in relation is very small. For this reason the government should further improve the mechanism of child guardianship (curatorship) regulation in order to protect the rights of children as better as possible.

CHILD GUARDIANSHIP (CURATORSHIP) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF CHILD CARE AND UPBRINGING SUMMARY In the MA thesis Child Guardianship (Curatorship) as an Alternative Form of Child Care and Upbringing, K. Bauža analyses the concept of child guardianship (curatorship) institutions from various aspects, provides an assessment why it is so important in defining the guardianship (curatorship) of a child. Concepts of a child and a minor are used in the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which regulates the basis for the allocation and termination of child guardianship (curatorship), establishment and implementation principles. Disclosing the definitions of these concepts the author also discusses the regulation volume of legal standards defined in Book 3, Chapter 18 of the Civil Code. During the last two decides many international legal requirements were transferred to the national law of Lithuania. Implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) in practice is carried out in order to transfer the experience of the European countries following the concept of principles disclosed in decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The author analyses in the thesis the basis of parent authority limitation and the interface between government intervention and the autonomy of the family, the basis of minor guardianship (curatorship) and discloses the subsidiary duty of the government in the defence of children rights, assesses if such actions are legally authorized, if legal assumptions for the establishment and implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) are properly create. Analysing the concept of minor guardianship (curatorship) principles the author discloses many problems common in practice related both to legal regulation and policy carried out by the government on the defence of human rights, which do not allow to maximally implement the principles in practice, to ensure that in every case of a guarded (fostered) child the protection of his/her rights will be properly taken care of according to the international legal requirements. Having examined the legal relationship between the guarded (fostered) child and the guardians (curators) the author notices that at the moment in Lithuania such a minor guardianship (curatorship) regulation mechanism is created from the point of you of the government policy carried out which insufficiently effectively regulates such relationship from the point of view of guardians (curators). As a result, a large number of guarded (fostered) children are present in the national foster institutions and the number of physical persons fostering children which are not in relation is very small. For this reason the government should further improve the mechanism of child guardianship (curatorship) regulation in order to protect the rights of children as better as possible.

CHILD GUARDIANSHIP (CURATORSHIP) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF CHILD CARE AND UPBRINGING SUMMARY In the MA thesis Child Guardianship (Curatorship) as an Alternative Form of Child Care and Upbringing, K. Bauža analyses the concept of child guardianship (curatorship) institutions from various aspects, provides an assessment why it is so important in defining the guardianship (curatorship) of a child. Concepts of a child and a minor are used in the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which regulates the basis for the allocation and termination of child guardianship (curatorship), establishment and implementation principles. Disclosing the definitions of these concepts the author also discusses the regulation volume of legal standards defined in Book 3, Chapter 18 of the Civil Code. During the last two decides many international legal requirements were transferred to the national law of Lithuania. Implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) in practice is carried out in order to transfer the experience of the European countries following the concept of principles disclosed in decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The author analyses in the thesis the basis of parent authority limitation and the interface between government intervention and the autonomy of the family, the basis of minor guardianship (curatorship) and discloses the subsidiary duty of the government in the defence of children rights, assesses if such actions are legally authorized, if legal assumptions for the establishment and implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) are properly create. Analysing the concept of minor guardianship (curatorship) principles the author discloses many problems common in practice related both to legal regulation and policy carried out by the government on the defence of human rights, which do not allow to maximally implement the principles in practice, to ensure that in every case of a guarded (fostered) child the protection of his/her rights will be properly taken care of according to the international legal requirements. Having examined the legal relationship between the guarded (fostered) child and the guardians (curators) the author notices that at the moment in Lithuania such a minor guardianship (curatorship) regulation mechanism is created from the point of you of the government policy carried out which insufficiently effectively regulates such relationship from the point of view of guardians (curators). As a result, a large number of guarded (fostered) children are present in the national foster institutions and the number of physical persons fostering children which are not in relation is very small. For this reason the government should further improve the mechanism of child guardianship (curatorship) regulation in order to protect the rights of children as better as possible.

Die Originalausgabe "Ta paidia tis siopis" erschien 1996 im Verlag Ekdoseis Parousia (ISBN 960-7601-64-5). Der Autor ist im Besitz des Copyrights und hat dieses kostenlos für die Übersetzung abgetreten. Der Autor ist einer der prominentesten Ethnologen Griechenlands. Auf der Grundlage von Feldforschungen und von Archivarbeiten untersucht er Familien und Verwandtschaftsstrukturen sowie Heiratspraktiken, den Transfer von Heiratsgaben und das System der Mitgift in arvanitischen Dörfern im südöstlichen Attika (Südgriechenland). Bei den Arvaniten handelt es sich um die mittelalterlichen Vorfahren der heutigen albanischen Bevölkerung, die in der zweiten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts in ihre heutigen Siedlungsgebiete zugewandert sind. Der Haupttitel bezieht sich auf den Umstand, dass die Assimilierungsprozesse des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts darin resultieren, dass diese ethnische Gruppe ihre arvanitische Sprache mittlerweile kaum mehr praktiziert. Der Autor konstatiert, dass von ihrer ursprünglichen Sozialstruktur nur mehr Anklänge vorhanden sind - etwa in der Form der ambilinearen Abstammungsrechnung (hervorgegangen aus einer ursprünglich patrilinearen) - und sich der griechischen Umgebung angepasst hat. Alexakis Werk stellt insofern wissenschaftliches Neuland dar, als es erstmals diese Thematik aufgreift und es von einer historisch-anthropologischen Perspektive aus bearbeitet. Damit wird gleichzeitig eine Thematik beleuchtet, die lange Zeit vom offiziellen Griechenland tabuisiert wurde. Es ist erst wenige Jahre her, dass die griechische Regierung die Existenz der Arvaniten anerkannte. Das Buch gliedert sich in drei Kapitel: 1) Heiratszahlungen 2) Familie und Besitzübertragung 3) Ambilineare Abstammungsgruppe und Heiratsstrategien ; The original edition "Ta paidia tis siopis" was published by Ekdoseis Parousia Publishing House (ISBN 960-7601-64-5). The author owns the copyright and transferred it to the editor of the German translation for free. The author is one of the most prominent ethnologists of Greece. He investigates the family and kinship structures as well as the marriage practices, the transfer of marriage goods, and the dowry stystem of in the Arvanite villages in Southeastern Attica (Southern Greece) on the basis of fieldwork and archival research. The Arvanites represent the predecessors of the present Albanian population a branch of which migrated to its present settlements in the second half of the 14th century. The main title of the book is related to the fact that due to the adaption processes of th 19th and 20th centuries this ethnic group does not any longer practice its original language in everyday life. The author states that also the original social structure shifted towards the Greek environment, e.g. in form of ambilineal descent calculation instead of the original patrilineal descent calculation. Alexakis work enters scientific newland insofar as the author is the first Greek scholar who treats this topic from a modern historical-anthropological perspective. He, therefore, sheds ligtht on a topic that had been ignored by official Greece until a few years ago. The book is structured into three chapters: 1) Marriage Payments 2) Familiy and Property Transfer 3)Ambilineal Descent Group and Marriage Strategies.

SUMMARY:
This article analyzes the reception by Russian intellectuals of the first Russian translation of Edward Said's "Orientalism" (St. Petersburg, 2006). The author first suggests reasons why "Orientalism" was never particularly popular with Russian scholars and was never discussed within any local academic discourse. He then turns his attention toward the Russian version of "Orientalism" that appeared fifteen years after the original English-language publication. The article deals with many mistakes in the translation which are explained by the absence of scholarly editing, as well as the tendentiousness of the translator and especially of the author of the extensive Postsciptum accompanying the Russian text. This Postcriptum contains some information on Said, yet its main purpose is to explain the meaning of his major book for Russia and Russians. The article offers a critical interpretation of this text by K. A. Krylov, leader of the moderate Russian patriots and editor-in-chief of such media publications as "Russia's Special Force" and "Russian March." Using "Orientalism" as a source of inspiration, Krylov expresses his anti-western views, his irritation with westernized Russian intellectuals and with the post-modernist tradition of thought (without placing Said within this tradition). He recommends reading "Orientalism" as a model of action for "us" who live in the "huge and scary European East." The article also analyzes the ideological presumptions and rhetorical tools of Krylov, who frames "Orientalism" as the manifesto of anti-globalism, anti-Americanism and a declaration of the superiority of non-western civilization. The bulk of Krylov's commentary on "Orientalism" is dedicated to Said's views on Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Then the article turns to other reviews of "Orientalism" in the Russian press pointing to the similarity of reactions of local "statist" and nationalists who support Said, and the unanimous rejection of Said by local "westernizers." All parties involved see in "Orientalism" a political manifesto of a Westernized Arab. The article compares this reaction to the reception of the original "Orientalism" in the West and stresses the essentialism of Russian commentators, be they Marxists, western-style liberals or nationalists. The author concludes that the essentialism of the Russian critics is incompatible with Said's relativism. The pathos of "Orientalism," which the author defines as the rejection of essentialism of positivist science of the 19 th and 20 th centuries, remains unnoticed by the majority of Russian commentators of Said.

CHILD GUARDIANSHIP (CURATORSHIP) AS AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF CHILD CARE AND UPBRINGING SUMMARY In the MA thesis Child Guardianship (Curatorship) as an Alternative Form of Child Care and Upbringing, K. Bauža analyses the concept of child guardianship (curatorship) institutions from various aspects, provides an assessment why it is so important in defining the guardianship (curatorship) of a child. Concepts of a child and a minor are used in the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, which regulates the basis for the allocation and termination of child guardianship (curatorship), establishment and implementation principles. Disclosing the definitions of these concepts the author also discusses the regulation volume of legal standards defined in Book 3, Chapter 18 of the Civil Code. During the last two decides many international legal requirements were transferred to the national law of Lithuania. Implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) in practice is carried out in order to transfer the experience of the European countries following the concept of principles disclosed in decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. The author analyses in the thesis the basis of parent authority limitation and the interface between government intervention and the autonomy of the family, the basis of minor guardianship (curatorship) and discloses the subsidiary duty of the government in the defence of children rights, assesses if such actions are legally authorized, if legal assumptions for the establishment and implementation of child guardianship (curatorship) are properly create. Analysing the concept of minor guardianship (curatorship) principles the author discloses many problems common in practice related both to legal regulation and policy carried out by the government on the defence of human rights, which do not allow to maximally implement the principles in practice, to ensure that in every case of a guarded (fostered) child the protection of his/her rights will be properly taken care of according to the international legal requirements. Having examined the legal relationship between the guarded (fostered) child and the guardians (curators) the author notices that at the moment in Lithuania such a minor guardianship (curatorship) regulation mechanism is created from the point of you of the government policy carried out which insufficiently effectively regulates such relationship from the point of view of guardians (curators). As a result, a large number of guarded (fostered) children are present in the national foster institutions and the number of physical persons fostering children which are not in relation is very small. For this reason the government should further improve the mechanism of child guardianship (curatorship) regulation in order to protect the rights of children as better as possible.

The author analyzes the peculiarities of youth socialization within the frameworks of the institutions for reproduction of the Russian society: attitudes and evaluations of young Russians concerning the spheres of education, working life, family, leisure, and politics. N. Zorkaya focuses above all on a more active and well-to-do part of urban youth who are oriented at and have achieved a success. It is these young people that perceive themselves as a norm being not only a reference point for other youth but claiming their significance for the society as a whole. A particular scope of problems is connected with symbolic representation of the preferences of these successful young people in today's mass media and advertising, glamour press and the structure of contemporary Russian megapolis. The author scrutinizes the notions of various youth subgroups about significant others, the West, work and wealth, about the present and the future showing their connection to contemporary adaptive attitudes of the majority of the Russian population on the one hand, and on the other hand, to the notions of the late Soviet epoch that in the given context are combined with demonstration of new consumer orientations and status symbols. ; The author analyzes the peculiarities of youth socialization within the frameworks of the institutions for reproduction of the Russian society: attitudes and evaluations of young Russians concerning the spheres of education, working life, family, leisure, and politics. N. Zorkaya focuses above all on a more active and well-to-do part of urban youth who are oriented at and have achieved a success. It is these young people that perceive themselves as a norm being not only a reference point for other youth but claiming their significance for the society as a whole. A particular scope of problems is connected with symbolic representation of the preferences of these successful young people in today's mass media and advertising, glamour press and the structure of contemporary Russian megapolis. The author scrutinizes the notions of various youth subgroups about significant others, the West, work and wealth, about the present and the future showing their connection to contemporary adaptive attitudes of the majority of the Russian population on the one hand, and on the other hand, to the notions of the late Soviet epoch that in the given context are combined with demonstration of new consumer orientations and status symbols.

Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; Статья посвящена рассмотрению такого вопроса, как коллизионный способ регулирования договора международного факторинга в Республике Беларусь. На основании изучения отечественной и зарубежной доктрины и правоприменительной практики автор приходит к следующим выводам. Рассматривая вопрос о правовом регулировании договора международного факторинга на международном уровне, автор указывает на то, что в силу ряда причин его нельзя признать эффективным, особенно применительно к факторинговым отношениям с участием белорусских субъектов хозяйствования. Вследствие этого единственным способом регулирования международных факторинговых отношений в Республике Беларусь является коллизионный способ на основе национальных коллизионных норм. Автор отмечает, что в том случае, если стороны не договорились об ином, к договору факторинга подлежит применению право страны, где фактор (как сторона, чье исполнение имеет существенное значение) имеет основное место деятельности. В статье предлагается закрепить дифференцированный подход к определению права, подлежащего применению к отношениям между фактором и кредитором и отношениям, складывающимся между фактором и должником. В заключение автор обращает внимание на то, что законодательство Республики Беларусь, регулирующее договор международного факторинга, не является совершенным и требует приведения в соответствие с мировой практикой и потребностями хозяйственного оборота. = The article deals with the question of conflict rules that regulate an international factoring contract in the Republic of Belarus. After studying native and foreign doctrine and law-enforcement practice the author comes to the following conclusions. While considering the question of legal regulation of an international factoring contract on the international level the author points that because of several reasons it is impossible to regard it as effective especially in respect factoring relations with participation of Belarusian entrepreneurs. As a result of that fact the only way to regulate international factoring relations in the Republic of Belarus is regulation by means of national conflict rules. The author emphasizes that unless the parties agreed different, the law of the country where the factor (as a party whose performance has vital importance) is based should be applied to a factoring contract. The article suggests fixing a different approach to determine a law which is applicable to the relations between the factor and the creditor and a law which is applicable to the relations between the factor and the debtor. In summary the author draws attention to the fact that the legislation of the Republic of Belarus that regulates the international factoring contract is not perfect and is to be brought into line with the world practice and needs of economic circulation.

Šengenas informācijas sistēma (SIS) ir Eiropas Savienības mēroga IT sistēma, ko izveidoja, lai ievāktu un nodotu informāciju saistībā ar imigrācijas politiku un policijas un tiesu iestāžu sadarbību krimināllietās, ar mērķi atsvērt iekšējās robežkontroles atcelšanu Šengenas teritorijā. Sistēma paceļ būtisku jautājumu par līdzsvaru starp efektīvu tiesībsargājošo iestāžu imigrācijas kontroli un sabiedriskās drošības nodrošināšanu no vienas puses un cilvēku brīvību aizsargāšanu no otras puses. Šā potenciālā konflikta dēļ autors ir izpētījis SIS darbību un tā plānoto attīstību par otrās paaudzes sistēmu, zināmu kā SIS II. Autors ir apskatījis SIS II ar mērķi novērtēt vai piedāvātā sistēma ir efektīva, pārredzama un droša. Latvija nav Šengenas valsts, bet tuvākajā nākotnē par tādu kļūs. Tādēļ Šengenas informācijas sistēma un tās attīstība par otrās paaudzes sistēmu ir viena no galvenajām mūsu valsts prioritātēm. SIS II uzglabās milzīgu personu sensitīvo datu apjomu. Šādu datu apstrāde un aizsardzība tiks regulēta ar daudziem tiesību instrumentiem, kas bieži konfliktēs. Autors pēta kā šādus noteikumus izstrādāt skaidrus un nepārprotamus un, kas būs "neatkarīgā" datu aizsardzības iestāde Latvijā? Autors arī apskata SIS II izveides aizkavēšanās iemeslus un kādas sekas tas radīs dalībvalstīs, jo īpaši Latvijā. ; The Schengen Information System (SIS) is an EU-wide system for the collection and exchange of information relating to immigration, policing and criminal law, for the purposes of law enforcement and immigration control. The System raises fundamental questions concerning the balance between, on the one hand, the operational effectiveness of immigration control and public security by law enforcement authorities, and on the other hand the protection of civil liberties. It is against this potential conflict that author has examined the working of the SIS, and its planned development into a second-generation system, known as SIS II. Author has looked at SIS II with the aim of assessing whether the proposed system is efficient, transparent, accountable and secure. Latvia is not a Schengen State but will become one in the foreseeable future. That's way the Schengen Information System, and its development into a second generation system, are matters of the highest relevance to this country. SIS II will store an enormous volume of sensitive personal data. The processing and protection of such data will be governed by many different legislative instruments, often conflicting. Author considers how the provisions should be made clear and unambiguous. Author has also looked at the delay in setting up SIS II, and the consequences this will have for Latvia and for other Member States.