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Der Charakter der japanischen Sozialwissenschaften war aus historischer Sicht immer schon international, indem ein Austausch bzw. Import von Wissen und Gelehrten aus westlichen Ländern seit ihrer frühesten Entwicklung im 19. Jahrhundert erfolgte. Heute ist es ihr Ziel, welches von den Regierungsorganisationen vorgegeben wird, das vorhandene Wissen in andere Teile der Welt zu exportieren. In diesem Sinne waren die Aktivitäten der Sozialwissenschaften in Japan seit etwa eineinhalb Jahrhunderten durch den Import / Export von Fachwissen geprägt. Dabei hat immer die Regierungspolitik die Initiative ergriffen, um den internationalen Status der japanischen Sozialwissenschaften zu wahren. In diesem Kontext ist danach zu fragen, was einzelne Gelehrte dazu beigetragen haben, die Internationalisierungsbestrebungen der Regierung zu unterstützen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden daher abseits der politischen Aspekte die Faktoren untersucht, welche zur Internationalisierung der Sozialwissenschaften in Japan geführt haben. Hierzu wird erstens der deutsche Einfluss auf die japanischen Sozialwissenschaften im späten 19. Jahrhundert sowie der Einfluss des Marxismus untersucht. Zweitens werden die Entwicklung des Hochschulsystems in Japan zwischen Forschung und Arbeitsmarkt sowie die Formen der interkulturellen Kommunikation in den Blick genommen. (ICI).

AbstractTo the extent that intersectionality is becoming a common term in mainstream social science, it is as a methodological justification to separate out different racial, ethnic, gender, class, and other social groups for empirical analysis. One might call this the "intersectionality hypothesis," and in its best incarnation, it is about getting the facts right and finding the differences that matter. But an intersectional analysis in the social sciences often involves more than this. An intersectional approach also leads to potentially different interpretations of the same facts, or what we term a different social explanation. It is not only the intersection of categories that defines an intersectional project, then, but the theoretical framing that informs the analysis and interpretation of the subject under study. This framing often leads to an analysis of multiple and even conflicting social dynamics that enable certain kinds of social understanding that are otherwise invisible when scholars focus on a single set of social dynamics. Because the social theoretical aspects of research on intersectionality are rarely discussed, relative to the more methodological and ontological aspects of intersectionality, this is our main subject matter in this article. We focus on the process of developing social explanations rooted in the intersection of multiple social dynamics in several examples from our own research and across a variety of topics in social science research.

The presence of major worldwide problems requires that social science faces tasks of universal importance. Social science has three interdependent roles in Eastern European countries: they have cognitive, ideological, & utilitarian functions. The dominant perspective is Marxism-Leninism. The progress in the social sciences may be attributed to a willingness to change, its relatively high status in the academies, & the support given by government & lay organizations. The science policy of socialist countries includes a desire to correspond with Western & Third World nations & participate in international organizations. Key elements of the policy include attention to adequate training of scientists, the simplification of funding processes for research, & the specification of the requirements for advanced degrees. Socialist countries make a distinction between humanistic & applied social sciences, the latter being of greater interest to economic development & therefore of more practical interest to the State. Forecasting economic & social development is particularly important. Progress in science is related to political considerations & academic prestige is maintained by partnership with politics, assuming social responsibilities, & fulfilling moral obligations. 1 Table. L. Kamel.

Machine generated contents note: 1.Scientific Realism -- Introduction -- What is Realism? -- Naturalistic Realism -- Global and Local Realism -- Realist Methodology -- The Centrality of Method -- Realism in the Social Sciences -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- References -- 2.Evidence -- Introduction -- Social Science Preliminaries -- Empirical Evidence and Theory -- Coherentism and Naturalism -- Varieties of Evidence: Pragmatic Considerations -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- References -- 3.Validity -- Introduction -- Test Validity, Operational Definition and Logical Empiricism -- Holism, Realism and Ontological Commitment -- Construct Validity and Logical Empiricism -- Construct Validity, Generalization in Experiments and Epistemology -- Paradigms of Validity -- Coherence Justification -- Conclusion -- Further Reading -- References -- 4.Grounded Theory Method -- Introduction -- The Abductive Theory of Method -- Problem Formulation -- Phenomena Detection --