Suchergebnisse

Der Verfasser stellt die Kosten der Vorbereitung auf einen EU-Beitritt den erwarteten kurz-, mittel- und langfristigen Auswirkungen gegenüber, wobei der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchung auf einer zeitlichen Perspektive von zehn Jahren bis zum Vollzug des Beitritts liegt. Auf dieser Basis werden Konsequenzen und politische Empfehlungen formuliert, die sich sowohl an die bulgarische Seite als auch an die EU richten. Dabei werden die folgenden Themenbereiche angesprochen: (1) wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklungsstrategie Bulgariens; (2) Untersuchung der Effekte der EU-Integration Bulgariens; (3) symmetrische Liberalisierung von Handel, Freizügigkeit von Arbeit und Kapital; (4) Migrationspolitik und brain drain; (5) ausgewogene Handelsbeziehungen; (6) Überwindung der Asymmetrie in der zeitlichen Abfolge von Kosten und Nutzen der Integration; (7) Vorbereitung auf den europäischen Binnenmarkt; (8) Vorbereitung auf die gemeinsame Agrarpolitik der EU; (9) Vorbereitung auf die Strukturpolitik der EU; (10) Vorbereitung auf ein gesteigertes Investitionsniveau; (11) Notwendigkeit höherer Transferzahlungen seitens der EU; (12) vorsichtigere Einschätzung des wirtschaftlichen Wachstums und der Konvergenz-Entwicklung zur EU; (13) Beitritt Bulgariens zur EU und zur EWWU. (ICE)

This paper analyzes the process of industrial diversification in the countries that were part of the European Union (EU-27) and those that were the target of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) in the period 1995–2010 by means of world trade data derived from the BACI database (elaborated UN Comtrade data). Our results show that in both the EU-27 and the ENP countries, the evolution of the productive structure—as proxied by the export mix—is strongly path-dependent: countries tend to keep a comparative advantage in products that are strongly related to their current productive structure, and they also diversify in nearby products. However, this effect is much stronger for ENP countries, signalling their lower resources and capabilities to diversify in products that are not very related to their productive structure. We also show that the future export structures of countries are affected by their imports: both the EU-27 and ENP countries keep a comparative advantage in products that are strongly related to their imports, but only EU countries show a strong capability to diversify in new products from related import sectors. Our results also hold when controlling for geographical and institutional proximity.

-Roughly two thirds of the European Union's budget is financed out of member states' national tax revenues. These resources, based on gross national incomes, are transparent, fair and in line with the principle of subsidiarity but they lead to political debates that emphasise the cost of EU spending rather than the benefits, and add to the perception of the EU budget in terms of net balances, rather than value added. -The financing of the EU budget must be reassessed in the light of the July 2020 decision to launch the Next Generation EU programme. Budget resources could include a plastics charge, a carbon border adjustment mechanism, a digital tax, revenues from emissions trading and a financial transactions tax. We evaluate these options against four criteria: whether the origin of the revenue can be assigned to a particular member state; whether the revenue can be raised in isolation or requires pan-European tax coordination; whether the new resource can help reduce tax distortions in the EU; and whether the resource is related to EU policies. -Revenues from emissions allowances fit these criteria best. Carbon emissions do not primarily cause damage only where they occur. Taking the EU cap on emissions as a given, additional emissions in a particular member state should be regarded as a negative externality on other member states. Emission reduction objectives are set at EU level. Whoever auctions off an allowance, wherever the corresponding emission occurs in the EU, and wherever the resulting good or service is consumed, the impact on common policy outcomes is the same. In this regard, proceeds from the sale of emissions trading system allowances are not that different from customs duties. -Compared to the ETS, the other candidates for EU own resources are less convincing. Carbon border adjustments are intended to limit international competitive distortions rather than to generate revenue. Digital taxes and minimum corporate taxes are best left to the process underway in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. On a financial transactions tax there is no agreement within the EU. -Total ETS revenues up to 2050 would approach €800 billion in a realistic scenario and possibly even €1.5 trillion assuming the scope of the ETS and the share of auctioned permits are increased. ETS revenues therefore would be largely sufficient to repay the Next Generation EU debt. However they would generate distributional effects, and so part of the revenues should finance grandfathered rights that would accrue to the member states. The EU can tackle the distributional issues involved in the reform of own resources.

3rd World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES) -- FEB 03-07, 2011 -- Bahcesehir Univ, Istanbul, TURKEY ; WOS: 000466750603111 ; Providing well-qualified educational environments to children in early years of their lives is effective on development levels of countries. In this context, processes followed during preschool teacher training play distinctive role. In this study, it is aimed to examine the preschool teacher training systems in Turkey and European Union countries. To this purpose, currently being implemented in Turkey, preschool teacher training model, educational institutions, training period, programs and entry requirements were evaluated with applications in several EU countries. Although there are some differences in some scopes, as a result of this study there is not a wide inconsistency between preschool teacher training systems of EU countries and Turkey. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. ; Ankara Univ, Near E Univ

With growing US protectionism and uncertainties in the transatlantic relationship it is time for the EU to consider diversifying its external ties and look for other allies that support the idea of free trade gains and have a common interest in maintaining the international rules-based trading system. The Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) which shares a common neighbourhood and is a crucial supplier of raw materials interested in getting technology transfer represents a natural trading partner of the EU. While there are currently no political (sanctions against Russia) and legal (Belarus is not yet a WTO member) preconditions for starting free trade negotiations, given the high economic significance and positive security implications such a possibility should be considered. This paper undertakes a comprehensive assessment of the potential welfare effects of a possible future EU-EEU FTA based on the Sussex Framework. Such an analysis provides important information on bilateral trade patterns and insights on the economic implications that would be useful once sanctions are removed and bilateral trade relations normalized. The results show that in the long term the aim should be a deep and comprehensive free trade agreement that goes beyond mere removal of trade barriers which could however be a feasible first step.

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends of integration processes. We studied the methodological principles and approaches to the study of the integration of subjects. Specifically analyzed integration levels: individual, regional, domestic, interstate, global. Also, isolated and characterized various forms of integration: political, economic, informational, cultural and others. We analyzed the integration process as a result of the relationship, cooperation, convergence and integration into a single unit of any parts, components countries, their economies, social and political structures, cultural, social and political groups, ethnic groups, political parties, movements and organizations. It is proved that integration has several levels of development. Interaction at the level of enterprises and organizations (first level) – directly to producers of goods and services. The integration of the economies of the main links of different countries is complemented by the interaction at the country level (the second level). The third level of development of integration processes – interaction at the level of parties and organizations, social groups and individuals from different countries – can be defined as a social and political one. Fourth level – is the level of the actual integration group as an economic community, with its characteristics and peculiarities. It was noted that today is used by political science approaches to the study of integration. It is important to the following principles: federalism, functionalism, communicative approach, and others.
Keywords: Integration, levels, approaches, studies, European integration, politics, economics, features

Examines extent to which women's networking activities are identified with EU policy; based on a survey of national and local women's voluntary organizations, local government equality officers, and trade unions, Feb.-July 1994; Great Britain. Focuses on employment and training, pay/pensions, equal rights, childcare/parental leave, maternity rights, and barriers to effective EU networking.

This article examines the organization & development of the Mid-Atlantic European Union Simulation Consortium (MEUSC), with special emphasis on linking theory to practice within its simulation program. The MEUSC program, initiated in 1993, brings fifteen colleges & universities to Washington, DC, each Dec for an intercollegiate experiential learning exercise on the European Union. During the simulation, students meet with professional diplomats from both the US & Europe, & they engage in consensus-building activities that mirror the decision-making processes of the EU Commission, Parliament, Council of Ministers, & the European Council. As a result, participants are able to refine & enhance a range of academic & practical skills that are keys for success in today's political & business worlds. The authors of this article make special use of a survey that was undertaken to gauge the impact of the simulation on its participants &, thus, its success as an educational venture. 3 Tables, 20 References. Adapted from the source document.