Suchergebnisse

Aims: The backpacker phenomenon has developed so rapidly and more professionally packaged. Currently, there are two types of backpacker activities that are in great demand, such as "Open Trip" and "Share Cost". The purpose of this study is to identify the profile and characteristics of tourists "Open Trip" and "Share Cost", as part of a type of backpacking tour.
Study Design: The researcher used an ethnographic approach that was carried out by combining observation techniques, interviews, and participatory questionnaires, which meant researchers followed the opentrip and share cost trips as research objects.
Methodology: This approach is carried out by combining observation techniques, interviews, and participatory questionnaires, which means that researchers follow the opentrip and share cost trips as research objects. We included 73 participants each from share cost and opentrip. All participants filled out questionnaires about profiles and their characteristics.
Results: This study found that both the method of travel, both opentrip and Sharecost, have many similarities and are grouped in backpacker types. The similarity that occurs lies in the demographic characteristics of tourists in terms of age and work, but there are differences in gender. Whereas from the travel process, there are some technical differences between preparation, when traveling, until after the trip.
Conclusions: Where both share cost and opentrip have the characteristics of each market. This information is important for tourism industry players to recognize market segments that are now developing among millennials. This information can then be useful as a reference in determining marketing strategies and product development in accordance with the characteristics of these tourists.

Dedication -- Preface -- Field Notes from Global AIDS -- Global AIDS as Field of Research Interest -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 How to Think About Politics? -- 1.2 An Audience in the Court of Global AIDS -- 1.3 How Then to Approach Global AIDS? -- 1.4 The Book -- Chapter 2: Pathways to the Politics of Global AIDS and the Meanings of AIDS -- 2.1 Early Years -- 2.2 Meanings of AIDS -- 2.3 Technical Coordination -- 2.4 Conclusion -- Chapter 3: The Institutionalization of Global AIDS and the Creation of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

Pakistan is signatory of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) where promoting good health is at the heart of achieving various goals. Social marketing has earned its credit worthiness quite convincingly in influencing behavior change. It is, however, pertinent to see nature of the challenges that social marketing program tend to address are quite complex and each social problem need to size up with broader social context rather merely using conventional approaches. Number of scholars has questioned approaches that have been barely successful in bringing perceptible improvement. This gap quite pervasive as most of the techniques employed used one way communication, persuasive techniques of communication. The paradigm of participation in social marketing has shown better results in bringing about sustained behavior change. This study uses broad categorization of fear appeals elements using the explanatory power of participatory paradigm to induce behavior change. Study participants were randomly selected from a Public Sector University. The participants were randomly assigned to study intervention. Study participants were given treatment based on fear appeals in groups, based on activity theory. The qualitative data drawn was analyzed using NVIVO. The different themes were explored were grouped into four categories using activity theory like activities produced by artifacts, activities produced by subjects, activities produced by rules and transformational activities. The participatory paradigm using systematic interaction proved key factors to reinforce fear appeals that enhanced the value for social marketing program to achieve sustainable behavior change.

The current research explores the linguistic identity of Pakistani Academic writing register of Research Articles. Previous quantitative works on Pakistani academic writing have been insufficient due to unrepresentative data and lack of internal and external comparison. This study discovers the language of Pakistani research articles as an academic writing register by investigating the statistically significant linguistic variation among the disciplines of Pakistani Research articles, using Biber's (1988) five textual dimensions. The results of the study exhibit Pakistani academic research articles language as highly impersonal, non-persuasive, explicit, nonnarrative and informational.

Auf dem Hintergrund, dass die wichtigste Form der Datenerhebung in der empirischen Sozialforschung zunehmend heftiger Kritik ausgesetzt ist, befasst sich die Arbeit mit dem Problem der Antwortverzerrung in Interviews. Am Beispiel einer speziellen Theorie zur Erklärung dieses Problems wird hier der von H. Esser vertretene Rational-Choice-Ansatz angeführt. Grundlage dieser Theorie ist die Idee, dass jedes Interview selbst ein sozialer Prozess ist, in dem Individuen agieren. Somit ergibt sich die Entscheidung, wie man auf Fragen antwortet, aufgrund des ökonomischen Kalküls von Nutzen und Kosten. Zunächst wird das Interview in seiner Interaktionsdynamik dargestellt und mit anderen sozialen Situationen verglichen. In einem zweiten Schritt wird das Grundprinzip des Rational-Choice-Ansatzes erläutert und nach seiner Erweiterung durch die Berücksichtigung von 'Bounded rationality', 'Habits' und 'Frames' auf das Befragtenverhalten angewandt. Eine empirische Überprüfung des Rational-Choice-Ansatzes als Erklärung von Antwortverhalten wird sodann anhand von vorliegenden Untersuchungen, bei denen auch die Einstellungen von Interviewern mit erhoben wurden, durchgeführt. Abschließend wird die Gültigkeit der Rational-Choice-Theorie als Handlungstheorie im Allgemeinen und in ihrer speziellen Anwendung im Interview diskutiert. (ICH)

"In seinem Beitrag stellt der Verfasser die methodologischen und methodischen Prämissen einer dokumentarischen Evaluationsforschung vor und erläutert am Praxisbeispiel einer Evaluationsstudie zu Peer-Mediation in der Schule erläutern. Anknüpfend an die theoretischen und methodischen Ansätze von Ralf Bohnsack werde ich die Potentiale des rekonstruktiven Verfahrens der dokumentarische Methode der Interpretation sowie auch des Gruppendiskussionsverfahrens als empirischem Zugang zu kollektiven Erfahrungen und Orientierungen in ihrer Bedeutung für die qualitative Evaluationsforschung herausarbeiten. Zentral ist dabei die fundamentale Differenzierung zwischen dem reflexiven, theoretischen Wissen von Akteuren, das diese sprachlich explizieren können einerseits und einem handlungspraktischen, impliziten Wissen andererseits, zu dem sich ein empirischer Zugang über die Generierung von evaluativen Passagen allein nicht gewinnenlässt. Der Erkenntniszugewinn eines rekonstruktiven Vorgehens ergibt sich aus der Möglichkeit, sowohl die Perspektiven und (Be-)Wertungen der relevanten Beteiligten und Betroffenen im Evaluationsfeld zu rekonstruieren, als auch - mit Hilfe erzählgenerieren der Fragen - einen Zugang zur Handlungspraxis, dem 'tacit knowledge' und den jeweiligen Erfahrungszusammenhängen zu erschließen. Anhand der Rekonstruktion eigener Forschungspraxis, wie sie im Rahmen einer evaluativen Fallstudie - unter Bezug auf die Tradition einer responsiven Evaluation insbesondere von Robert Stake - entwickelt wurde, werde ich darüber hinaus auf dieAspekte der formativen, prozessorientierten Evaluation, die Bedeutung von Mehrdimensionalität und komparativer Analyse sowie auf den Anspruch der Responsivität und die damit verbundene Frage nach den Bewertungskriterien und dem Anspruch der Praxisoptimierung einer Evaluationsstudie eingehen." (Autorenreferat)

Licensing requirements for US private security firms and guards differ substantially from state to state. State regulatory institutions for this industry also vary considerably. Some states have specialized regulatory boards with industry personnel (guards, firm owners) and/or public police as board members, while others rely on non-specialized regulators such as Departments of Commerce, State, Professional Regulation, or Consumer Affairs. These cross-state variations in licensing requirements and regulatory institutions provide an opportunity to explore relationships between the two. Private security regulation is of particular interest in this context because previous empirical research implies that allocating more resources to private security reduces crime, and that relatively stringent licensing requirements limit entry, thereby increasing crime. A panel of 1991-2010 state data is employed to see if particular regulatory institutions are associated with particular licensing requirements. Empirical results suggest that requirements for entry into this market tend to be relatively strict when active private security personnel are in control of licensing, and that different patterns of regulation generally apply when police or non-specialized agencies control licensing. Therefore, both public-interest and private-interest explanations for the observed relationships between the structure of regulatory institutions and resulting licensing requirements are discussed. Adapted from the source document.

Modern world and the inconsistent process of globalisation have given new dimensions to matters like national self-confidence, identification with a certain ethnos, traditions, symbols and history. Due to a number of factors borders have ceased to exist literally and figuratively. During the foundation and enlargement of modern Europe regional policy was mostly economically driven. It was declared that Europe has never been as prosperous, secure and free. Today we start to doubt this declaration and it is clear that history has brought us challenges that the founders of Europe could not imagine. What are the results of Europe's "open door" policy, Schengen treaty and common financial, energy and transit policy? What exactly is the common foreign security policy and how successful it can be in the fast changing environment of today's world? All these aspects have determined the need to shift emphasis of policy from economics to security and conceive the context of practically unlimited information space, the aggressive propaganda of hostile states (or pseudo states) and endless flow of refugee's that contribute to international terrorism and national disturbances. The purpose of the study is to acknowledge the impact of the described current situation on the concept of national security and its transformation in the course of ongoing global processes. The tasks are to acknowledge the impact of Europe's "open door" policy, comprehend the progress of Europe's common security policies and estimate how successful it can be in the fast changing environment of today's world. The author uses analytical synthesis and a number of scientific research methods to fulfil the tasks of the thesis and draw conclusions. Expert interviews were extensively performed to gather the opinion of field professionals. The study clearly indicates that Europe has comprehended the necessity of common security and defence policy. However alternating global situation withhold the progress and success of the implementation of this policy. ...

The aim of present study was to explore existence of long-run association between consumption, income and investment implied by Balanced Growth proposition of Neo-classical-growth-model of the Solow and Swan (1956). Using quarterly data on consumption, income and investment from 1995q1 through 2018q4. The study have tested the balanced growth hypothesis for the Denmark. Using standard Vector-Auto-Regression technique of Johansen (1988) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) analysed the output shocks to both consumption and investment. Although, there exists cointegration implying long run relationship, the results are not consistent with the balanced-growth-hypothesis (BGH) with given data sample for Denmark.

This study is conducted to discover elements of injustice in contemporary society through the poetry of the Pashtun incredible and legendary poet Ghani Khan. The poetry of Ghani Khan depicts the elements of revolt, injustices, cruelty, and exploitation in his contemporary society. The social injustices, the enslavement of poor and deprived ones have been pointed out in his poetry. This research work is all about social injustice in contemporary society and the violation of human rights. Ghani Khan pass on a solid message in his poem 'Badshahi' that Allah is seeing all the creatures that how they are carrying out their obligations. The study prescribed a broader vision of modern society that running after this world is just like chasing after a shadow, you may get nothing. Individuals these days are running after luxuries and worldly wishes. But at the conclusion of the day this control, cash, and extravagances will get to be a revile for them.

Objective: To understand how nurses realize the communication in the exercise of leadership. Method: Qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Were interviewed 13 clinical nurses from a hospital. Data collection occurred through interview, using semi-structured roadmap. To organize and analyze the data, we used the theoretical-methodological framework of the analysis of discursive practices. The study received a favorable opinion by the ethics and Research Committee (Opinion nº 476.254). Results: The use of communication in the nurse's leadership is important in driving the team, but presented a one-way perspective, keeping the leader/ subordinate relationship. Conclusion: The communication is configured predominantly as a hierarchical process, unidirectional, little open to dialog and focused on to order maintenance in the hospital, reproducing the assumptions of classical management and guided by the technical and social division of the profession.

Drawing on empowerment literature and intrinsic motivation, this study examines the relationship of empowering leadership and employee outcomes (service performance and organizational citizenship behavior; OCB), along with mediating role of employee engagement. Based upon data of 970 officer level employees working in banking industry of Pakistan, hierarchical regression results demonstrated that empowering leadership behavior is positively related to employee service performance and OCB. Further, the results also reveal employee engagement partially mediated the relationships between empowering leadership and employee behavioral outcomes.

The name of the eminent neurohistologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934) was occasionally mentioned in commercial labels by the Spanish industry advertising mineral waters from natural spring sources and their medical benefits. Concomitantly with his landmark neuroanatomical research, Cajal had served as director of the Alfonso XIII National Institute of Hygiene. In that capacity, his name had to be included in certificates as a mere bureaucratic formality. Cajal had an early interest in bacteriology, and introduced a pioneering chemical vaccine against cholera during the 1885 epidemic in Spain. However, in a letter to the Madrid press, he vehemently denied any involvement with actual chemical analyses or commercial promotion of products such as bottled water, medicinal wines, disinfectants, and even toothpaste. In this episode, we realize that Cajal's view was absolutely contrary to the impression one might have gathered on the basis of the commercial documents alone.