Suchergebnisse

This paper reassesses the long-debated relationship between the financial system development and economic growth. We use not only indicators for financial access, efficiency, stability and depth of the bank-oriented financial sector, but we also consider Eurozone membership, corruption perception and competitiveness of countries to examine the determinants of economic growth. We apply a panel data approach to 27 European countries over the 2004–2017 period. By splitting the time span, we examine whether the effect of financial system development, Eurozone membership, corruption perception and competitiveness on economic growth is affected by the occurrence of financial and debt crises. Our results indicate that loans to private sector do not always support economic growth. Our research also reveals that corruption perception has a negative impact on economic growth, and so does membership in Eurozone during a crisis.

Considers how best to theoretically conceptualize European integration, offering the concepts of "postmodern" & "new medieval" as theoretical categories that capture the sort of time-space changes in territorial politics in Europe. Empirical data are presented to substantiate the claim that the European Union is the first postmodern international political form. The role of individual states & the European Union in the ongoing process of globalization is then examined. Finally, the development of sub-state regionalisms within Europe is compared to that during the medieval period. It is argued that while the concept of medievalism might seem to capture these phenomena, important qualifications to the comparison must be made. Finally, it is argued that while significant unbundling of territorial sovereignty has occurred in Europe, leading to a characterization of this process as "postmodern," in important ways this process is only a partial one. 61 References. Adapted from the source document.

Throughout history, people have moved from one place to another either individually or in groups due to various reasons, making migration movements common and widespread. Among migrants, refugees—who are defined as forced migrants uprooted by fear of persecution, conflicts and violence—have a particular place since refugee protection is a multi-faceted issue affecting countries and regions. Europe, and the European Union (EU) in particular, had previously encountered mass migration movements. Nevertheless, the ongoing refugee protection crisis—which started in 2011 following the turmoil in the Middle East and North African countries and peaked in 2015—has turned into an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. Although the EU tried to respond to the protection needs of asylum seekers reaching its territory under the framework of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), it has failed to properly manage the crisis. As a result of this, the inherent deficiencies of the CEAS have also become apparent. In this vein, the main objective of this thesis is to analyse the issue of asylum shopping—a significant problem of the EU in the field of asylum and migration—and to determine its extent and underlying reasons with a focus on the recent refugee protection crisis. To this end, four EU Member States—namely Greece, Germany, Hungary and Sweden—are selected as representative cases, and their asylum policies and practices are compared and contrasted. Based on such analysis, this thesis concludes that there are vast differences among the asylum policies and practices of the EU Member States, and due to the failure of the EU in ensuring complete harmonisation, asylum shopping problem has continued during the recent crisis. ; Tarih boyunca insanlar, çeşitli sebeplerle bireysel olarak veya gruplar halinde bir yerden bir yere göç etmiştir ve bu nedenle göç, her zaman yerde görülebilen yaygın bir olgu olmuştur. Göç eden gruplar arasında zulüm korkusu, çatışma ve şiddet gibi sebeplerle yerlerinden edilen insanlar olarak tanımlanan mülteciler, mültecilerin korunmasının kendine has dinamikleri olan çok yönlü bir konu olması nedeniyle özel bir yere sahiptirler. Avrupa ve özellikle Avrupa Birliği (AB) tarihinde birçok kez kitlesel göç hareketleriyle karşılaşmıştır. Ancak 2011 yılında Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika ülkelerini etkisi altına alan çalkantılarla başlayıp 2015 yılında zirveye ulaşan ve halen devam etmekte olan mülteci koruma krizi, AB için benzeri görülmemiş bir insani krize dönüşmüştür. AB, topraklarına ulaşan sığınmacıların korunma ihtiyaçlarına Avrupa Ortak Sığınma Sistemi (AOSS) çerçevesinde yanıt vermeye çalışsa da bu krizi yönetmeyi başaramamıştır. Bunun sonucunda ise AOSS'nin temel eksiklikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu bağlamda bu tezin amacı, sığınma ve göç alanlarında AB için ciddi bir sorun teşkil eden mükerrer iltica talepleri sorununun incelenmesi ve son dönemde yaşanan mülteci koruma krizi odağında bu sorunun boyutu ve sebeplerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla dört AB Üye Ülkesi—Yunanistan, Almanya, Macaristan ve İsveç—örnek ülkeler olarak seçilmiş ve sığınma alanındaki politika ve uygulamaları karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu analizden yola çıkarak bu çalışmada AB Üye Ülkelerinin sığınma politika ve uygulamaları arasında ciddi farklılıklar olduğu ve AB'nin tam uyumlaştırma konusundaki başarısızlığı nedeniyle mükerrer iltica talepleri sorununun son yıllarda yaşanan mülteci koruma krizi esnasında da devam ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

This article examines the "SWIFT affair", whereby United States security authorities acquired access to financial data of European citizens, and argues that it is a powerful lens through which to understand current shifts in European security governing. The affair demonstrates the institutional challenges produced by the deployment of private, commercial data for security, and analyzes the ad hoc innovations produced in European Union (EU) governing as a result. Furthermore, the SWIFT affair has allowed the EU to position itself in the global security landscape as a normative power that promotes the values of privacy and data protection. However, the development of a European Terrorism Financing Tracking System, coupled with the way in which the EU itself is keenly implementing risk-based and data-led internal security measures, means that critical attention to the EU's own security practices remains urgent. Adapted from the source document.

Despite growing interest in EU-level transnational networks there is little understanding about how these form. This article investigates the formation of one network – the European Coalition for Vision (ECV). Using document analysis of 100 email exchanges, 12 semi-structured interviews and observation of 5 ECV meetings, it identifies environmental and organisational triggers, most important to the creation of the ECV. Findings show that while environmental triggers played a role in ECV formation, organisational triggers were crucial. In particular, the presence of network leaders, a network entrepreneur and a network mentor were vital for the successful creation of the network.

How do democratic societies maintain the balance between civil rights and security while continuing the fight on global terrorism? This work raises this issue and presents one country, Turkey, and its struggle to implement laws to combat terrorism and comply with the European Union's civil rights standards.

This article studies the migration response of young people from new EU Member States to disparate conditions in an enlarged European Union at the onset of the Great Recession. We use Eurobarometer data and probabilistic econometric models to identify the key drivers of the intention to work in another Member State of the European Economic Area (EEA) and the expected duration of stays abroad. We find that migration intentions are high among those not married and among males with children, but both categories are also over-represented among people with only temporary as opposed to long-term or permanent migration plans. Whereas age affects migration intentions negatively, education has no effect on whether working abroad is envisaged. However, conditional on envisaging working abroad, completion of education (if after the 16th birthday) is associated with long-term (at least five years), but not permanent, migration plans. These results suggest a potential for brain circulation rather than brain drain. Finally, we find that socio-demographic variables explain about as much variation of migration intentions as self-reported push and pull factors and migration constraints.