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The article analyzes the processes of social transformation inUkrainethat took place during the years of its independence. The authorial periodization of Ukrainian society's transformation is given. The main types of social transformation are considered: natural, restored natural, voluntarial and forced ones. The emphasis is on non-economic factors of transformation, in particular on such, as a condition of social consciousness. Modern Ukrainian society is defined as "a society of spontaneous post-Soviet transformation and a delayed declarative transit" characterized by such characteristics as a dual institutional system, massive anomal demoralization, the values of the "ugly modern", neo-estate formations, the lack of "institutional" trust, negative identities. It is proved that the paths of transformation, which are the countries of Central andEastern Europegoing, are fundamentally different. The conclusion about the need to implement a set of measures aimed at solving such issues as determining priorities in state interior politics, establishing effective social control, creating viable ideological parties, etc is drawn. The role of sociology in the definition of concrete ways and mechanisms of social transformation, the need for "sociological intervention" in the Ukrainian society has been underlined. ; В статье анализируются процессы социальной трансформации в Украине, произошедшие в годы ее независимости. Приводится авторская периодизация трансформации украинского общества. Рассматриваются основные типы социальной трансформации: естественная, восстановленная естественная, волюнтарная и вынужденная. Акцентируется внимание на внеэкономических факторах трансформации, в частности на таком, как состояние общественного сознания. Современное украинское общество определяется как «общество стихийной постсоветской трансформации и отложенного декларированного транзита», которому присущи такие характеристики, как двойная институциональная система, массовая аномическая деморализация, ценности «уродливого модерна», неосословные образования, отсутствие «институционального» доверия, негативные идентичности. Доказывается, что пути трансформации, которыми идут страны Центральной и Восточной Европы, принципиально отличаются. Делается вывод о необходимости реализации комплекса мероприятий, направленных на решение таких вопросов, как определение приоритетов в государственной внутренней политике, налаживание эффективного общественного контроля, создание жизнеспособных идеологических партий и т. д. Подчеркивается роль социологии в определении конкретных путей и механизмов социальной трансформации, необходимость «социологической интервенции» в украинское общество. ; У статті аналізуються процеси соціальної трансформації, що відбувалися в Україні за часів її незалежності. Наводиться авторська періодизація трансформації українського суспільства. Розглядаються основні типи соціальної трансформації: природна, відновлена природна, волюнтарна та вимушена. Акцентується увага на позаекономічних чинниках трансформації, зокрема на такому, як стан суспільної свідомості. Сучасне українське суспільство визначається як «суспільство стихійної пострадянської трансформації і відкладеного декларованого транзиту», якому притаманні такі характеристики, як подвійна інституційна система, масова аномічна деморалізація, цінності «спотвореного модерну», неостанові утворення, відсутність «інституційної» довіри, негативні ідентичності. Доводиться, що шляхи трансформації, якими йдуть країни Центральної та Східної Європи, принципово відрізняються. Робиться висновок щодо необхідності реалізації комплексу заходів, орієнтованих на вирішення таких питань, як визначення пріоритетів у державній внутрішній політиці, налагодження ефективного громадського контролю, створення життєздатних ідеологічних партій тощо. Підкреслюється роль соціології у визначенні конкретних шляхів і механізмів соціальної трансформації, необхідність «соціологічної інтервенції» в українське суспільство.

Comprender los significados sobre la jubilación y los componentes de un programa de preparación para la misma, desde la perspectiva de los trabajadores y jubilados de una institución de educación superior ubicada en la Ciudad de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos: Método cualitativo, bajo la modalidad de abordaje desde la perspectiva hermenéutica dialéctica. Se realizaron 17 entrevistas y un grupo focal conformado por 7 jubilados de la institución. Resultados: El estudio permitió comprender los significados del concepto de jubilación desde los trabajadores y jubilados, los cuales se relacionan con pensamientos y sentimientos desde las perspectivas positivas, negativas y neutrales, interconectados con el contexto histórico, político, económico, social y organizacional. En cuanto a los componentes que influyen en la preparación para la jubilación, se evidencia la relación entre los discursos de los participantes y los principios fundamentales de la promoción de la salud en los lugares de trabajo, los cuales brindan una aproximación que contenga las acciones tradicionalmente ejecutadas en concordancia con las necesidades y expectativas de los sujetos que hacen parte del proceso. Lo que genera un aporte para identificar la preparación para la jubilación dentro de las acciones a desarrollar desde la promoción de la salud en los lugares de trabajo, y a contemplar desde la Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo. De igual modo, a partir de esta investigación se resalta la necesidad de generar políticas con el fin de acompañar el proceso de jubilación desde etapas tempranas de la vinculación de las personas al mundo del trabajo. ; Abstract: Understand the meanings of retirement and the components of a preparation program for retirement, from the perspective of workers and retirees of a higher education institution located in the City of Bogotá. Materials and methods: Qualitative method, under the modality of approach from the dialectical hermeneutic perspective. 17 interviews were made and a focus group of 7 institution's retirees. Results: The study allowed to understand the meanings of the concept of retirement from workers and retirees, which are related to thoughts and feelings from the positive, negative and neutral perspectives, interconnected with the historical, political, economic, social and organizational context. Regarding the components that influence the preparation for retirement, the relationship between the discourses of the participants and the fundamental principles of health promotion in the workplace is evidenced, which provide an approach that contains the actions traditionally executed in accordance with the needs and expectations of the subjects that are part of the process. This generates a contribution to identify the preparation for retirement within actions to be developed from the promotion of health in the workplace, and to contemplate from the Health and Safety at Work. Similarly, based on this research, the need to generate policies in order to accompany the retirement process from early stages of linking people to the world of work is highlighted. ; Maestría

En este trabajo se realiza un análisis de la selección óptima entre cuatro tipos de alternativas de estabilización para vías terciarias derivadas del procesamiento químico de subproductos industriales. Para ello se adaptan metodologías que consideran criterios económicos y ambientales de acuerdo con las limitaciones de información existentes para su implementación en un caso de estudio. El tramo de vía elegido para el análisis está ubicado en el municipio de Urrao, Antioquia y hace parte de los tramos estudiados dentro del proyecto INNOVIAL. La elección de la metodología surge de una revisión de literatura enfocada en la evaluación de proyectos viales a nivel internacional dirigidos específicamente a vías de bajo volumen de tránsito y en los fundamentos teóricos de los modelos de análisis viales diseñados por el Banco Mundial, RED y HDM-4. En ese contexto se tomaron aquellos criterios que, podrían ser replicables y/o adaptables considerando las barreras de la información disponible para la red terciaria en Colombia. Los resultados presentados describen el comportamiento de costos de agencia y costos de usuario de cada una de las alternativas consideradas. Los costos fueron modelados a partir de hipótesis de consumos. Posteriormente, se hizo análisis de sensibilidad, así como un análisis de los factores ambientales cualitativos aplicables en cada caso. Se concluye que ambos análisis deben abordarse de manera conjunta por parte de las agencias gubernamentales para una toma de decisiones enfocadas en la adecuada y oportuna destinación de recursos de inversión para la red vial rural. ; Abstract: In this work an analysis of four types of stabilization alternatives derived from the chemical processing of industrial by-products used for the improvement of the tertiary roads in Colombia is carried out. A methodological adaptation is carried out that considers economic and environmental criteria in accordance with the limitations of existing information for its implementation in a case study base don a test road segment located in the municipality of Urrao, Antioquia. The choice of methodology arises from a literature review focused on the evaluation of international road projects specifically aimed at low-volume roads and the theoretical foundations of the road analysis models designed by the World Bank, RED and HDM-4. The criteria consider the information barriers for characterizing tertiary networks, and were selected to be replicable and/or adaptable. Results describe the behavior agency costs and user costs for each of the alternatives considered. Costs were modeled from consumption hypotheses. Then, sensitivity analyzes, as well as an analysis of the qualitative environmental factors applicable in each case were performed. Both cost and environmental analysis must be performed by government agencies in order to make appropriate and timely decisions for allocating investment resources for the rural road network. ; Maestría

Introducción. Las políticas y programas del gobierno, orientados a disminuir las inequidades, tienen efectos sociales, económicos e impacto sobre las condiciones de salud; además, suelen carecer de procesos de evaluación que midan el impacto de sus intervenciones. Por lo tanto, este estudio plantea una línea de base del índice de pobreza multidimensional (IPM) en dos comunidades vulnerables, que permitirá evaluar, con posterioridad, el impacto del desarrollo en una zona franca.Materiales y métodos. El diseño del estudio fue observacional, descriptivo y transversal, a fin de establecer la línea de base de determinantes sociales de la salud, contenidos en el IPM y el efecto potencial de la intervención sobre las variables y dimensiones del IPM en dos corregimientos, antes del desarrollo de una zona franca.Resultados. Los hallazgos muestran las condiciones de vida precarias y de inequidad de las dos poblaciones, sobre todo en la dimensión educativa, los derechos de la población infantil y las condiciones de la vivienda. Las variables que mejor explican la pobreza son el analfabetismo, el rezago escolar y los pisos de tierra sobre los que es inadecuado habitar. La prevalencia de pobreza en Caimalito (80.9%) y Puerto Caldas (66.5%) supera la general de Colombia (24.8%) y de la región central (26.1%). Asimismo, la incidencia ajustada de pobreza en Caimalito (20.1%) y Puerto Caldas (18.5%) son mayores que la de Colombia (13%).Conclusión. Es necesario modificar variables del índice que no discriminen hogares pobres. La simulación de intervenciones aisladas tienen poco o ningún efecto en la reducción de la pobreza. ; Introduction: Government policies and programs, aimed at reducing inequities, have a social and economic and impact on health conditions. However, they often lack evaluation processes that measure the impact of their interventions. Therefore, this study sets out a baseline of the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in two vulnerable communities, which will allow to assess the impact of development on a free zone.Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive and transversal study directed to establish the baseline of social determinants of health contained in the MPI, as well as the potential effect of the intervention on the variables and dimensions of the MPI in two precincts, before a free zone is developed.Results: Findings show the precarious living conditions and inequity in both populations, especially in the educational dimension, the rights of children and housing conditions. The variables that best explain poverty are illiteracy, education lag, and gravel floors which make habitability inappropriate. The prevalence of poverty in Caimalito (80.9%) and Puerto Caldas (66.5%) surpasses general poverty indexes in Colombia (24.8%) and in the central region (26.1%). Likewise, the adjusted incidence of poverty in Caimalito (20.1%) and Puerto Caldas (18.5%) is higher than in Colombia (13%).Conclusion: It is necessary to modify index variables that do not discriminate poor households. Simulation of isolated interventions have little or no effect on poverty reduction.

La publicación de la Ley 19 del 9 de diciembre del 2013, también llamada Ley de Transparencia, acceso a la información pública y buen gobierno, ha puesto de actualidad en España el concepto de transparencia. Con la aprobación de esta Ley, España se encuentra ante una nueva realidad que contrasta con la falta de tradición de muchas administraciones públicas en la rendición de sus cuentas, carencia que se hace especialmente significativa en lo referente a la posibilidad de que la actividad de la administración pueda ser enjuiciada también por la sociedad. Por ello, parece lógico que su aplicación muestre todavía numerosas debilidades que, sin duda, han ido mejorando a medida que se va produciendo el cambio cultural requerido. Este proceso es aún más complicado cuando nos referimos a la administración local. El propósito de este trabajo ha sido la medición del grado de cumplimiento de la Ley de Transparencia en los 144 municipios españoles con población superior a 50.000 habitantes, conforme a un indicador de elaboración propia que contempla el análisis de las cuatro áreas de información legisladas que deben ser publicadas por los ayuntamientos en sus respectivas páginas web. Los resultados indican que, tras unos meses desde la implantación de la Ley, existe una amplia necesidad de mejora tanto en el ámbito institucional, organizativo y de planificación, como en el de información económica, presupuestaria y estadística, entendiendo que es en esta última donde las corporaciones municipales han de hacer un mayor esfuerzo. ; The publication of Law 19/2013, of December 9th on Transparency, access to public information and good governance has put the concept of transparency in Spain in the spotlight. With the passing of this law our country faces a new reality that contrasts with the lack of tradition of many public administrations in their accountability; a lack that becomes especially significant considering the possibility that the activity of the administration may also be judged by society. Therefore, it seems logical that the adoption of such law still shows numerous weaknesses that have undoubtedly been improving as the required cultural change takes place. This process is even more complex when we refer to the Local Administration. The purpose of this work was to measure the degree of compliance of the Transparency Law in the 144 Spanish municipalities with a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants, according to an own-elaboration indicator that includes the analysis of the four legislated information areas that must be published by the municipalities on their websites. Results indicate that few months after the implementation of the Law there is a great need for improvement at the institutional, organizational and planning level, as well as at economic, budgetary and statistical information, being the latter variable the point where municipal corporations have to make a greater effort.

Resumen Las víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano han generado nuevas formas de relacionarse con el territorio, esto se debe a que parten de procesos de destierro y desarraigo que se construyen a partir de la memoria y de las emociones que el territorio produce. Sin embargo, estas relaciones son particulares pues se desprenden de procesos de negociación y confrontación en donde, para el caso de Ciudad Bolívar, tiene una gran importancia la ubicación (periferia), el arrendamiento y el asistencialismo, pues son parte esencial del contexto de esas reconstrucciones territoriales. Es así como estas relaciones de las víctimas del conflicto pueden rastrearse de forma multiescalar, permitiendo comprender que los limites corporales, de hogar, barrio, localidad y ciudad tienen diferentes concepciones que nacen de las experiencias acumuladas, lo que conlleva a comprender que hay rupturas que generan procesos de reconstrucción territorial a partir de emociones, sentires y afectos. Esta es la variedad de contextos que relata cómo las víctimas generan confrontaciones territoriales que las lleva a generar dinámicas de apropiación de tierras, redes, procesos sociales y económicos de subsistencia, así como la generación de una educación política en la defensa de sus derechos. Estos se dan en procesos de relación territorial basados en el afecto, los roles y los procesos de reconciliación en diferentes escalas, donde a la par suceden amenazas a líderes comunitarios, dinámicas de territorialización en situaciones de desigualdad e inequidad, así como modos diferenciales de apropiación según la vivencia de la persona. ; Abstract. The victims of the Colombian armed conflict have generated new ways of relating to the territory, this is because they start from processes of exile and uprooting, which are built from the memory and the emotions that the territory produces. However, these are particular because they are derived from processes of negotiation and confrontation where, for the case of Ciudad Bolivar, location (periphery), leasing and welfare are an important part of the context of these territorial reconstructions. Thus, the territorial relations of the victims of the conflict can be traced in a multiscale way, allowing us to understand that the corporal, household, neighborhood, locality and city boundaries have different conceptions that arise from accumulated experiences, which leads us to understand that there are ruptures, thus generating processes of territorial reconstruction based on emotions, feelings and affections. In these contexts, it is show how the victims generate processes of territorial confrontations, which leads to generate processes of land grabbing, networks, social and economic subsistence processes and generation of political education in the defense of their rights. These are given in processes of territorial relationship based on affection, roles and reconciliation procedures in different scales, where at the same time happen threats to community leaders, dynamics of territorialialization within contexts of inequality and inequity, as well as differential appropriation processes according to experience of each person. ; Maestría

The current Ukrainian government policies are aimed at creating opportunities for obtaining education by people of all ages. However, the insufficiently developed regulatory framework throws back the obtaining of such an opportunity by elderly people. Art, as an effective means of socialization, selfexpression, and self-identity is a strong potential that can be used in education and has a prior role. The purpose of the article is to analyze and summarize the experience of foreign scientists concerning educational opportunities for both adults and elderly people, prove the need for introducing art education for elderly people in Ukraine. The need of adult education in Ukraine is prime due to the discrepancy between the labor market and education, a significant increase in the number of senior/retired citizens and the subsequent growth of these trends. Currently, there is observed alienation between generations. This is due to the intensity of reforms being implemented and transformation, the lack of conditions for developing the adaptive capacity, mobility and flexibility of the old generation. Hence, the education lifelong contributes to social development of the population and minimizes the alienation, which enhances such negative phenomena inherent in the modern society as ageism, violence, marginalization, etc. The historical experience of foreign countries, including the Scandinavian ones and Germany, gives reason to confirm the effectiveness of implementing the education of both adult and elderly people. Inasmuch as the use of art in education only positively affects the development of the society, the elderly are in need of self-expression and self-actualization through art. It mobilizes the resources of this age group, which has a positive trend both for the individual and for his/her environment. The scientists have proved that the level of adult education development on the social and economic, social and cultural progress of the society and the state is natural. Creating the necessary conditions for implementing artistic education of adults and seniors gives the opportunity for social flourishing of the civil society with relevant principles of interaction, since the presence of intellectual and social potential of the elderly generation should contribute to the wellbeing of the Ukrainian society. So, the prospect of further scientific studies is aimed at studying the impact of individual types of art on the social development of elderly people. ; У статті розкривається досвід зарубіжних країн щодо становлення та розвитку освіти дорослих і людей похилого віку, ролі мистецтва в цих процесах. Мета статті – проаналізувати й узагальнити досвід зарубіжних країн щодо можливостей отримання освіти дорослими й літніми людьми, довести необхідність запровадження мистецької освіти для людей похилого віку в Україні. Вивчений досвід і проблеми освіти дорослих дають підстави для обґрунтування необхідності введення державного регулювання з надання освітніх послуг для окресленої вікової категорії та можливості використання різних видів мистецтва. Перспективами подальших наукових розвідок є вивчення впливу окремих видів мистецтва на соціальний розвиток людей похилого віку.

Розглянуто низку проблем, пов'язаних з розумінням права на пай, крізь призму його цивілістичної природи. Доведено, що воно є майновим правом. Право на пай може бути перетворено на право на майно при виділі його з майна колективного сільськогосподарського підприємства. При цьому особа, яка набуває право власності на це майно, втрачає право членства в означеному підприємстві. Моментом набуття права власності на нерухоме майно в разі його виділу з майна колективного сільськогосподарського підприємства є державна реєстрація цього права. ; Article deals with a number of problems related to the understanding of the right to a share through the prism of its civil law nature. Is compared the right to share in the collective agricultural enterprise with the right to a share in the charter capital of the economic society. It is proved that they are both property rights.Right to a share can be converted into the right to property when the property stands out from the collective agricultural enterprise. Person, who acquires ownership of the property, loses the right of membership in the enterprise.Recession of a member from the collective agricultural enterprise with separation of the property is carried out in proportion to his share. Separation of property to the member of the collective agricultural enterprise is not an agreement and does not create contractual relations. At the same time is similar to the time of acquisition of ownership of such property, which is the time of the transfer from the collective agricultural enterprise to its member.If at recession from the collective agricultural enterprise its member gets his real estate, then the time of acquisition of ownership to it is the state registration of this right. In the case where the recession of a member from the collective agricultural enterprise and recovering of his property is carried out before the entry into force of the Law of Ukraine "On state registration of rights to immovable property and encumbrances", procedure for determining the date of acquisition of ownership of property is governed by the legislation in force at the time.There is a possibility of issuing a power of attorney to carry out actions on separation of the property from the assets of the collective agricultural enterprise with the subsequent registration of the rights to it and alienation. Ban of alienation of the property, which the alienator still does not have, is not contained in the Ukrainian legislation. ; Рассмотрены проблемы, связанные с пониманием права на пай, сквозь призму его цивилистической природы. Проведено сравнение право на пай в коллективном сельскохозяйственном предприятии с правом на долю в уставном капитале хозяйственного общества. Доказано, что оба они являются имущественными правами. Право на пай может быть преобразовано в право на имущество при его выделении из имущества коллективного сельскохозяйственного предприятия. При этом лицо, которое приобретает право собственности на это имущество, утрачивает право членства в этом предприятии.

The proposed paper outlines concepts of the Religious individualism in modern Western society analyzed by the French sociologist Danièle Hervieu-Léger in "Religion in movement (1999)". Author proposes an assessment of the religious situation in the French society at the end of the XX century and discuss some examples. Particular attention is given to crisis of secular regulation of the religious in the modern society. The weakening of the regulatory capacity of religious institutions leads to a weakening of the secular state. Religious institutions should be able to implement the regime of the truth of faith, which makes the institutional power of the superior guarantor of common faith principles shared by all believers of the denomination. The system of "copying" the structures of the Catholic Church of the XVIII century adopted by the secular state, today is not more correspond nor religious organizations in general, neither even the modern structures of the organization of the Catholic Church in France, that become a problem for a state-confessional relation. Modern institutional disorganization in the religious field, contributing to the destabilization of the French model of secularism, weakened by political cultural and economic liberalization that undermine its principles values that historically based secular system itself. Institutional crisis of the truths of faith approval favours an increase in the number of belief systems of individual communities. The problem can not be solved a priori, legally separating the traditional, "recognized by law" and other religions. The changing religious situation the state must find a new model of interaction with religious groups and organizations. The material is useful for comparative studies of the religious situation in Russia and Western Europe. ; Предложенный доклад освещает предложенную французским социологом Даниэль Эрвьё-Леже концепцию Религиозного индивидуализма в условиях современного западного общества. Дается оценка религиозной ситуации во французском обществе конца XX в., приводятся примеры. Особое внимание уделено кризису светского регулирования религиозного в современном обществе. Материал предоставляется полезным для сравнительных исследований религиозной ситуации в России и западной Европе. Парадоксально, ослабление регулирующей способности религиозных институтов приводит к ослаблению светскости государства. Религиозные институты должны быть способными осуществлять режим утверждения истин веры, что делает институциональную власть последним гарантом истин веры, разделяемых всеми верующими этой конфессии. Проблемной становится принятая светским государством система "копирования" структур католической церкви XVIII в., которые не соответствуют не только религиозным организациям в целом, но и даже современным структурам организации Католической церкви во Франции. Современная институциональная дезорганизация на религиозном поле вносит вклад в дестабилизацию французской модели светскости, ослабленную политической культурной и экономической либерализацией, которые подрывают своими принципами ценности, на которых исторически основана сама светская система. Институциональный кризис утверждения истин веры благоприятствует увеличению числа систем верований отдельных общин. Проблему нельзя решить a priori, юридически разделив традиционные, «признанные» и прочие религии. В изменяющейся религиозной ситуации государство должно искать новую модель взаимодействия с религиозными организациями и группами. Материал предоставляется полезным для сравнительных исследований религиозной ситуации в России и западной Европе.

Topic. The article presents a review of existing approaches to the funding of science in the various countries of the world. The system of financing scientific research is a complex of legal, financial and administrative measures aimed at creating an effective infrastructure allowing for high performance of basic research and applied design and experimental works as well.Purpose. The purpose of this paper is a comprehensive analysis of the peculiarities of financing of scientificresearch and experimental-design works in the Russian Federation and justification of the choice on the basis of this study, the most suitable for Russian reality approach to the formation of mechanisms of research funding. To achieve the addressed purpose we performed the following tasks: analysis of the working principles and characteristics of each approach; a comparative analysis of the application of these approaches on the example of Western Europe, Asia, and the Russian Federation.Methodology. The methodological basis for this research were economic-statistical, systematic, and comparative analysis methods.Results. This article discusses and analyzes in details the main approaches to financing scientific-research and experimental-design works — Newtonian, Baconian, and Jeffersonian. It is presented the essence of selected approaches, their advantages and disadvantages, examples and statistical data from practices of different countries.Conclusions. Based on comprehensive analysis of statistical data, the authors recommend to the appropriate executive and legislative authorities of the Russian Federation to begin the transformation of the instruments of financing of scientific-research works in the direction of Jeffersonian approach, i.e. to develop program funding and grants for scientific research for civilian use. ; Предмет. Сделан обзор существующих подходов к финансированию науки в различных странах мира. Система финансирования научных исследований представляет собой целый комплекс правовых, финансовых и административных мер, направленных на создание эффективной инфраструктуры, позволяющей проводить с высокой результативностью как фундаментальные научные исследования, так и прикладные опытно-конструкторские работы.Цель. Всесторонний анализ особенностей финансирования научно-исследовательских и опытно-конструкторских работ в Российской Федерации и в зарубежных странах, обоснование выбора наиболее подходящего для российских реалий подхода формирования механизмов финансирования научных исследований. Для достижения поставленных целей решены следующие задачи: проанализированы принципы работы и особенности каждого подхода; проведен сравнительный анализ применения данных подходов на примере стран Западной Европы, Азии и Российской Федерации.Методология. Методической основой данной статьи являются экономико-статистические, системные, а также сравнительные методы анализа.Результаты. В статье подробно рассмотрены и проанализированы основные подходы к финансированию научно-исследовательских работ и опытно-конструкторских разработок — Ньютоновский, Бэконовский и Джефферсонский. Излагается суть выделенных подходов, их достоинства и недостатки, приводятся примеры и статистические данные из практик различных стран.Выводы. На основе всестороннего анализа статистических данных авторы рекомендуют соответствующим органам исполнительной и законодательной власти Российской Федерации начать трансформацию инструментов финансирования научно-исследовательских работ в направлении Джефферсонского подхода, т.е. развивать программное финансирование и гранты на научные исследования гражданского назначения. Также делается вывод, что в России необходимо активизировать внебюджетные источники финансирования НИР.

In the agricultural practice in Europe climate aspects are still rarely influencing decision-making at farm level, other aspects as short- term economics and legislative constraints being more relevant. But also in Europe farmers are facing shifts in weather patterns with weather extremes, thus showing that there is a need for more information regarding climate change. In this regard models which are able to describe climate phenomena and possible options for (pre-)adaptation are becoming more and more valuable for the farming community. This is in particularly relevant for long -term investments like for livestock buildings or irrigation infrastructures, but also for the choice of crops and management practices and related machinery. At the same time agriculture and in particular the livestock sector is pointed out as an important GHG emitent, in particular for methane. With the Paris agreement, EU Member States are asked to present strategies on how to reduce their emissions. There still is little knowledge about costeffective measures to reduce emissions at national, and especially at regional and farm level. Here sophisticated, consolidated climate models, able to present possible pathways for emission reductions and in particular its costs can be a very helpful tool for the selection of cost-effective mitigation measures. But in order to have realistic model predictions that are accepted by practitioners, it is important that the scenario- building is done in cooperation with those actors which are in the end asked to base their decisions on them. For the actors along the food chain it is very important not only to get information regarding overall benefits and costs, but at operational level. Still too seldom climate models are used to provide sound information about structural effects induced by climate changes as well as by climate change policies. Another important aspect is the consistency of model outcomes - too often there is heterogeneity in the quantitative as well as in the qualitative model results affecting the trust in agricultural model ing, in particular if not sufficiently explained. Here MACSUR has already made great progress by aligning scenario definitions and consolidations within and between crop, livestock and trade models, but still much work is necessary to further enforce the dialogue with stakeholders. This is particularly true for possible pathways to reduce livestock emissions without affecting productivity negatively - or even better looking for synergies. Another aspect that should be looked at in more detail are organic soils under agriculture land use and climate and water optimised fertilisation strategies. Climate models cannot only help farmers and other actors along the food chain, including input and food industries as well as the retail sector to better consider climate aspects in their economic decisions, but are a very powerful tool for decision- makers and for future climate change policies. Here it will become even more relevant in future to address leakage effects.

Fish bone is a trash which has economic value that has not got much attention from both government and society. Although the researchers has examined much the beneft of the fsh bone in the laboratory, but it has not been socialized well. Terefore, social empowerment in transfer knowledge is necessary to be done, so the real beneft can be felt widely. Transfer knowledge about fsh bone waste manufacture to society becomes the study focus in UMT Terengganu. Te study was done in the factory of Lekor crackers by promoting participation. Te frst objective of the study is providing community care to the beneft of fsh bone as organic calcium which has high quality. Te second study of this research also seeks to provide learning to the society in manufacturing the fsh bone waste serve as hydroxyapatite. Te third objective is to provide transfer knowledge to society to make use of hydroxyapatite which comes from fsh bone waste to be consumed because it contains high nutrition namely calcium, phosphor and carbonate. Te fourth objective is for environment management so that it is free from pollution of fsh bone waste. Te approach used in this study is social engineering namely integrates between social and technology approaches of fsh bone waste manufacture which needs mechanic process. Social approach is needed to arouse community care of the beneft of participation in manufacture and the beneft of fsh bone waste in Lekor crackers area. Meanwhile, engineering approach is needed for the process of laboratory research towards fsh bone waste, and for the process of simplifcation fsh bone manufacture, so it can be adopted by society at large. Transfer knowledge about fsh bone waste manufacture to the society, it becomes study focus at UMT Terengganu. Te study was done in factory of Lekor crackers by promoting participation. Te frst objective is to providing community care of the beneft of fsh bone as organic calcium which has high quality. Te second objective of this study also seeks to provide learning to society in manufacturing fsh bone waste serve as hydroxyapatite. Te third objective is to give transfer knowledge to society about the necessary of hydroxyapatite which comes from fsh bone waste to be consumed because it contains nutrition namely calcium, phosphor and carbonate. Te fourth objective is to manage environment to be free from pollution caused by fsh bone waste. Te approach used in this study is social engineering approach that combines social with technology approaches of fsh bone manufacture which needs mechanic process. Social approach is needed to arouse the community providing care of the importance of participation in manufacturing and in making use of fsh bone waste in Lekor crackers area. While engineering approach is needed to the process of research in laboratory about fsh bone waste and also to simplify the manufacture of fsh bone to be adopted by society at large.

"An isolated case": the Slovene Carinthians and the 1920 plebiscite The end of WWI saw the dissolution of the multiethnic Central European Empires and the formation of new states based on Woodrow Wilson's concept of national self-determination. This article underlines the limitations of Wilsonian national self-determination, focusing on the Slovene Carinthians and the pro-Austrian result of the 1920 plebiscite. The outcome of the plebiscite exemplifies that minorities are motivated by more than solely ethno-linguistic reasons when deciding what state to belong to. Even though other factors existed, the key motivations for Slovene Carinthians to remain with Austria were of economic and political nature. It will be contended that the importance of the centuries long acculturation of Slovene Carinthians to Austria brought them closer to Austria than to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Additionally the phrasing of the plebiscite made Slovene Carinthians' decision a question of state preference rather than ethno-linguistic identity. Moreover, the unpleasant occupation of parts of Carinthia by the troops of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes and the higher effectiveness of Austrian propaganda played a key role in the vote of many Slovene Carinthians. Lastly, the majority of Slovene Carinthians being farmers, reliant on Austrian trade opportunities, swayed them toward a pro-Austrian vote. Thus, the Carinthian plebiscite of 1920 builds a strong case against the assumption that ethnolinguistic ties alone should be the foundation for state formation arguing that other factors are equally or more important. "Odosobniony przypadek": Słoweńcy karynccy i plebiscyt 1920 rokuZakończenie I wojny światowej przyniosło rozpad wieloetnicznych imperiów w Europie Środkowej i powstanie nowych państw w oparciu o doktrynę samostanowienia sformułowaną przez Woodrowa Wilsona. Niniejszy artykuł uwypukla ograniczenia Wilsonowskiego samostanowienia, skupiając uwagę na przypadku Słoweńców karynckich i korzystnym dla Austrii rezultacie plebiscytu z 1920 roku. Wyniki plebiscytu pokazują, że podejmując decyzję o swej przynależności państwowej, mniejszości kierują się nie tylko względami etniczno-językowymi. Dla Słoweńców karynckich, którzy zdecydowali się na pozostanie z Austrią, oprócz innych czynników kluczowe znaczenie miały motywy o charakterze ekonomicznym i politycznym. Autorka dowodzi, że wielowiekowa akulturacja Słoweńców karynckich w monarchii austro-węgierskiej spowodowała, iż bliższa była im Austria niż Królestwo Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców. Taki wynik plebiscytu spowodowany był także sformułowaniem pytań: pytano o preferowaną państwowość, a nie o tożsamość etniczno-językową. Ponadto, kluczową rolę dla wyniku głosowania odegrał przykry przebieg okupacji części Karyntii przez wojska Królestwa SHS oraz większa skuteczność propagandy austriackiej. Wreszcie, fakt, że większość Słoweńców karynckich stanowili rolnicy, którzy chcieli nadal korzystać z dawnych możliwości, jakie dla tego zawodu stwarzała Austria, wpłynął na to, że głosowali oni za pozostaniem w tym kraju. Plebiscyt karyncki 1920 roku stanowi zatem przekonywające świadectwo niecelności założenia, że same tylko więzi etniczno-językowe mogą stanowić fundament kształtowania państwa, a ponadto dowodzi, że równie ważną rolę odgrywają w tym także inne czynniki.

Contradictions between the regions of Belgium - Wallonia and Flanders - have a long history associated with uneven political, economic and cultural development of the territories, which in 1830 became parts of an independent state, the Kingdom of Belgium. The "Letter to the King", written by eminent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936 gg.), is one of the most interesting sources on the history of Belgium of this period, It became a kind of manifesto of balance between the ideas of separatism and unitarianism. This article includes excerpts from the "Letter to the King", which were given for the first time in the author's Russian translation and conducted historical criticism of the source. The study is based on a set of scientific methods and approaches, including the principle of scientific objectivity and systematic approach, used in historical research. The main methods are problematic and historical-comparative analysis, classification and comparison of political and historical concepts. An external source of criticism included information about the place and the time of the creation of document, the biography of the author studies; internal critic source recreates the idea of the letter and the background of historical events. Prominent Belgian politician and writer, socialist Jules Destree (1863 - 1936), highly appreciated the personal qualities of King Albert I, appealed to his experience and political vision, describing all the problems Walloons faced in their opposition to the Flemish. Destree in his letter opposed the unequal development of the regions of Belgium and the protectionist policies of the central government in respect to the detriment of Flanders Wallonia. He summarized and formulated the factors that, in his opinion, interfere with the full development of his country. Destree pays great attention to linguistic differences, which were at the heart of conflicts between Walloons and Flemings, and are still shaken by Belgium. He reflects on the fact that the central government should be doing to reduce the national tensions that unites two people, and that the shares, which should be a system of education that future generations were able to overcome the historical alienation of such geographically close and ideologically distant peoples. Although Jules Destree firmly defends separatism idea for Wallonia as the only solution to the problem, however, by the end of his letter, reasoning it takes a more balanced position. The idea of a unitary state was not denied completely, but Destree emphasizes the importance of a balanced central government policy in relation to the regions in order to reduce internal tensions between the two nations. The ideas embodied in his "Letter to the King", formed the basis of the principles of peaceful co-existence of further autonomous regions as part of the union, which was manifested in the future during the First World War, when the Walloons and Flemings alongside confronted a common enemy.

<p>La competitividad ha sido abordada desde diferentes perspectivas, las mismas que van desde propuestas específicas y limitadas a complejas y generales. La evidencia sugiere que la evaluación de la competitividad debe realizarse teniendo en cuenta el enfoque de la competitividad sistémica. Para aportar en esta discusión, la presente investigación propone la elaboración de un índice de competitividad productiva (ICP), que incorpora variables del entorno económico, socio ambiental, institucional y educativo para evaluar la competitividad productiva de 1,069 productores de la región Puno. Los resultados indican que el sistema de producción más competitivo es el orgánico, seguido del mixto y convencional. Dentro del sistema orgánico, los productores más competitivos son aquellos dedicados al procesamiento de leche y los productores de quinua. Así mismo, se pudo evidenciar que la principal debilidad de todos los sistemas productivos es el acceso a servicios básicos en domicilio, mientras que la principal debilidad de los sistemas mixtos y convencionales es la innovación tecnológica, el acceso a asesoría técnica y el nivel educativo.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>Multidimensional analysis of rural productive competitiveness: a study to guide public investment in the context of support for productive competitiveness </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>(PROCOMPITE)</strong></p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p>The competitiveness has been approached from different perspectives, the same ranging from specific proposals and limited to complex and general. Evidence suggests that the assessment of competitiveness must take into account the systemic competitiveness approach. To contribute to this discussion, this research proposes the development of productive competitiveness index (PCI), incorporating variables of the economic, social and environmental, institutional and educational to evaluate the productive competitiveness of 1,069 producers in the region of Puno. The results indicate that the competitive production system is organic, followed the mixed and conventional. Within the organic system, the most competitive producers are those dedicated to processing milk and quinoa producers. Also, it has been evident that the main weakness of all production systems is access to basic services at home, while the main weakness of mixed and conventional systems is technological innovation, access to technical advice and educational level.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> <em>productive competitiveness index, principal component analysis, systemic competitiveness.</em></p><p><em><br clear="all" /> </em></p>