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A feminist stock-taking on 'post-conflict', this paper revisits a study made by the author in 1996–1997, when the women's community sector was a lively actor in the processes leading to the Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998. Refusing to observe sectarian conflict lines, women's centres were re-writing official 'community development' policy as community empowerment and political challenge. The author draws on new interviews conducted in 2012 with feminist community activists of that earlier period of 'frontline feminism', associated with the Belfast Women's Support Network. The women reveal how continuing poverty, discrimination, violence and unhealed trauma still characterise working-class life in the post-conflict period, and impede the integration of Protestant and Catholic communities. Official provisions for gender equality have been interpreted in gender-neutral ways, and in some cases turned against women. The demilitarisation of masculinity has been painfully slow. The women's community sector has experienced a loss of political drive as women's centres have become service providers, dependent on state funding. Feminism is renewing itself, but in fresh forms with different priorities. Will it recover a voice that 'speaks truth to power'?

The article considers didactic aspects of competence-based and interdisciplinary approaches to teaching accounting for university students. The author proves the necessity to improve the national accounting education aimed at cohesion of theory and practice, production of new knowledge, its spread and usage via innovation activities. The article criticizes traditional approach to typical problem-solving connected with calculations and memorizing double-entries for failing to develop student's analytical skills. It also promotes case-studies to infuse knowledge and skills enabling students to professionally solve real life like problems which they are likely to face. The article also considers seminars in the light of communication and its frame to inform students of innovation theoretical concepts of accounting. In addition the author looks into changes in the role of the lecture teaching accounting as well as forms and methods of teaching accounting as well as forms and methods of teaching accounting due to access to IT. The article underlines the importance of increased autonomy and self-reliance of students. It also describes professional literature as a key information resource in accounting.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to reveal the experiences the author encountered during one of his rugby union refereeing seasons.Design/methodology/approachWhen the author assumed the role of a senior referee in a local community rugby union competition in Sydney, Australia, he started collating his matches in the form of a diary. His lived experiences, as recorded in the diary, were the sole source of data for this inquiry. The data collected were over a 12‐month period (2010).FindingsThis study provides a descriptive analysis of the author's weekend and, on occasion, week day/night match experiences in rugby union as a referee and the challenges of fairness and subjectivity encountered.Originality/valueThe paper identifies challenges of maintaining a viable and competitive local rugby union competition free from violence amidst a growing trend in declining player numbers and skill levels at the local community rugby union level. It is envisaged that the findings may benefit competition administrators in designing and facilitating better ways to cater for the diverse playing abilities of local rugby union players in an increasingly competitive sport market who are looking for ways to participate in team‐based sports.

AbstractCommunity services and supports for children with intellectual disabilities (ID) can ameliorate the negative effects of caregiving and enhance child outcomes. For example, in Central and South America, many children with disabilities are institutionalized with inadequate sanitation and medical care. In the United States, certain demographic factors (e.g., poverty, limited access to healthcare, language barriers, and immigrant status) contribute to the underdiagnosis and poor‐quality treatment of Latino families and their children with ID, thus limiting their access to effective community and family supports. This paper utilizes a cultural lens to target advocacy as a mechanism for improving access to local community services and social supports for children with ID. The author examines specific cultural beliefs regarding family support and child development among Latino families, and provides policy recommendations derived from these cultural beliefs that aim to enhance advocacy efforts among Latino caregivers. The author notes that effective advocacy, at the family and at the policy level, can be a useful tool to access crucial community and social supports that enhance child and family outcomes.

Rebecca Brown is a contemporary American lesbian author who has been working mainly in the shadows for the past thirty years to compose a challenging and highly rewarding oeuvre. This essay grew out of an interview with the author, and it sheds light on the way in which Brown's writings manage to defamiliarise gender roles and norms, and testify to the importance of writing from a female perspective. Brown's work is sensitive to the feminisation of nurturing roles and the supposed incompatibility of queers with childcare (hence, with futurity). Other discussion topics included the public character of (homo)sexuality and the historical invisibility of lesbians that Brown's work takes issue with. The current trend of 'homonormalisation', in turn, is crucial to understand the importance of Brown's concerted attention to those early queer activists who tend to be disregarded nowadays, but whose work remains relevant and, as Brown explains, unfinished. Clearly Brown does not hesitate to address problems within the queer community, as is also exemplified by her refusal to gloss over the taboo topics of same-sex violence and power imbalances within the LGBT-community.

View the Executive SummaryThis Letort Paper covers U.S. military interventions in civil conflicts since the end of the Cold War. It defines intervention as the use of military force to achieve a specific objective (i.e., deliver humanitarian aid, support revolutionaries or insurgents, protect a threatened population, etc.) and focuses on the phase of the intervention in which kinetic operations occurred. The analysis considers five conflicts in which the United States intervened: Somalia (1992-93), Haiti (1994), Bosnia (1995), Kosovo (1999), and Libya(2011). It also reviews two crises in which Washington might have intervened but chose not to: Rwanda (1994) and Syria (2011-12). The author examines each case using five broad analytical questions: 1. Could the intervention have achieved its objective at an acceptable cost in blood and treasure? 2. What policy considerations prompted the intervention? 3. How did the United States intervene 4. Was the intervention followed by a Phase 4 stability operation? and, 5. Did Washington have a viable exit strategy? From analysis of these cases, the author derives lessons that may guide policy makers in deciding when, where, and how to intervene in the future. ; https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/1323/thumbnail.jpg

The undeclared work is an enhanced phenomenon of the labour market. It is considered as a negative factor, which has significant impact on economy, labour market and social protection in each state. In the article the Author deals with the comparison of legal regulations of three adjoining states (Poland, the Slovak Republic and the Czech Republic) and points out their common and different elements. The Author provides the legal definitions of the fundamental terminology, the sanctions imposed by the control authorities on the employers and employees and emphasizes the most substantial problems resulted from the legislation of the undeclared work. ; Nielegalna praca jest zjawiskiem potężnym na rynku pracy. Jest uważana za negatywny czynnik, który znacząco wpływa na gospodarkę, rynek pracy oraz ochronę społeczną w każdym państwie. W artykule Autorka dokonuje analizy porównawczej regulacji prawnych trzech sąsiadujących ze sobą państw (Polski, Republiki Słowackiej i Republiki Czeskiej) oraz wywodzi ich wspólne i odmienne cechy. Autorka przedstawia definicje normatywne podstawowej terminologii, sankcje nakładane przez organy kontrolujące pracodawców i pracowników, a także akcentuje najbardziej istotne problemy wynikające z ustawodawstwa dotyczącego nielegalnej pracy.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

Автор рассматривает процесс участия турецких вооруженных сил во внутренней политике Турции, анализируя сложившуюся еще в османское время традицию активного участия офицерства во внутриполитических процессах в стране. Рассматривается также эволюция способов сопротивления оппозиции попыткам армии управлять политическим развитием страны. Проанализировав ход военных переворотов и опыт участия вооруженных сил в политической борьбе, автор приходит к выводу о том, что период военных переворотов подошел к концу и армия перестала играть активную роль во внутренней политике страны. ; The author considers the participation of the Turkish armed forces in internal policy-making process in Turkey, analyzes the tradition, developed already in the Ottoman period, that the officers actively participate in internal political processes of the country. The evolution of the opposition's ways of resistance to army attempts to control political development of the country is also considered. Having analyzed the course of military coups and experience of participation of the armed forces in political struggle, the author comes to a conclusion that the period of military coups has come to an end, and the army has ceased to play an active role in the country's domestic affairs.

For more than eighty years, Dutch security services perceived communism as the ultimate threat to national security. From its inception, the anticommunist threat perceptions contained references to foreign, possible, potential, and ideological elements of the communist threat. This put the activities of Dutch communists in a different light. Although for a long time there were well-grounded reasons to do so, the author finds that there were periods when the actual threatening character of Dutch communism decreased. However, the security services did not decrease their surveillance activities vis-a-vis this 'red menace'. To account for this discrepancy, he uses insights from securitization theory, organizational studies, and intelligence studies to deconstruct threat perceptions. The author finds that whenever actually threatening events, such as the revolutionary threat of 1918 or the World Wars, became part of a distant Aast, the security services emphasized the symbolic and potential nature of the communist threat. The symbolic character of the threat institutionalized and continually reinforced by processes of cognitive bias, thus accounted for its unchanging threatening character. Only through external intervention have these perceptions changed.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

Статья посвящена обзору научных трудов по истории Бухарского эмирата. Автор рассматривает работы Ф. Беневини, Ф.С. Ефремова, А. Борнса, М. Бекчурина, Е.К. Мейендорфа, В. Вамбери и многих других путешественников, военных, краеводов, любителей истории, посетивших в своё время Бухарской эмират и описавших его в своих исследованиях. Отмечено, что авторы этих исторических трудов старались исследовать и описывать события и факты независимо, в качестве очевидцев произошедших событий. ; The article dwells on a survey of scientific productions on the history of the Bukhara emirate. The author examines the works belonging to a number of researches among whom there are the names of F. Benevini, F.S. Yefremov, A. Borns, M. Bekchurin, Ye.K. Meyendorf, V. Vamberi and many other trevellers, military men, land explorers, amateurs of history who in their time visited the Bukhara emirate and described it. The author lays an emphasis upon the fact that the creators of these historic productions tried to depict the events and facts and present them from their own vienpoint, being free of anyone's directions, they reproduced all the described as eye-witnesses who saw everything for themselves.

Автор рассматривает проблему конкурентоспособности теорий социального государства на примере концепции «сочетанной власти» Л.А. Тихомирова. В статье предпринимается попытка доказать, что социальное государство не феномен XX в., начинающий уходить в прошлое по мере разрастания экономического кризиса, но универсальная норма управления, в том или ином виде существующая на протяжении всей письменной истории. Автор предлагает рассмотреть концепцию «сочетанной власти» Л.А. Тихомирова как эффективный теоретико-методологический инструмент для создания и оптимизации форм устроения социальной политики. ; This article is devoted to the analysis of the welfare state theories and their correlation with the concept of «combined power» offered by Lev Tikhomirov. Giving an overview of recent literature on the topic, the author traces the origins of the welfare state concept and looks into the basis of Tikhomirov's ideas considering the structure of power and the way in which power relations are functioning. The author concludes that Tikhomirov's concept of «combined power» offers methods of establishing a self-renewing and therefore stable system of social policies, that is why the concept might be considered an essential methodological tool not only for scholars, but also for politicians.

В статье рассматривается одна из самых древних форм нормативного правового акта российского государства устав: возникновение, этапы развития, круг регулируемых правоотношений. В современном российском законодательстве форма правового регулирования транспортных правоотношений претерпевает изменения. Форма устава советского законодательства трансформируется в законы. Эти изменения, по мнению автора, должны основываться на глубоком анализе истории форм правового регулирования. Именно с этой целью автором проведен историко-правовой анализ устава как отечественной формы права, как вида нормативного правового акта. ; This paper presents one of the most ancient forms of regulatory legal acts of the Russian state – a statute: its origin, stages of development, sphere of regulated jural relations. In the modern Russian legislation the form of legal regulation of jural relations in transport undergoes changes. The statute form of Soviet legislation is transformed in laws. Those changes, in the author"s opinion, must be based on deep analysis of history of legal regulation forms. It is for that purpose that the author makes historico-legal analysis of a statute as a national form of law, as a type of a regulatory legal act.