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Does civil-military conflict harm military effectiveness? Most previous empirical literature on the effects of civil-military conflict has utilized dichotomous indicators of the presence or absence of overall civilian control. However, the extant theoretical literature is clear that mid-levels of civil-military conflict could be good for innovation and overall decision making. In line with these arguments, the author argues that we should not expect all civil-military conflict to harm military effectiveness and, by extension, international crisis bargaining outcome. Instead, some civil-military conflict should have a positive effect on the overall success of the military. Utilizing new events data that captures the level of civil-military conflict cross nationally from 1990 to 2004, the author examines how civil-military conflict actually has an inverse U-shaped relationship with crisis success. This project also adds to the theoretical literature by examining variations across different degrees of civil-military conflicts, drawing attention to the usefulness of mid-range civil-military "friction.". [Reprinted by permission; copyright Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society/Sage Publications Inc.]

This article analyzes the complex and contradictory relationships between nationalism and organized violence. The author challenges the approaches that see nationalism as being inherently linked with violence and demonstrates that nationalist ideology by itself is rarely a main cause of hostile acts. The article focuses on the different forms of organized violence including wars, revolutions, terrorism, and genocide. It aims to show that the relationship between violence and nationalism cannot be properly captured by the dominant intentionalist, naturalist, and formativist perspectives. Instead the case is made that the emphasis should be given to the long-term historical processes and the relative modernity of both nationalism and organized violence. The author argues that it is very difficult to generate sustained and organized violent nationalist action. The mutation of nationalist doctrines into violent acts is generally a product of unintended structural circumstances and is characterized by its temporary nature and volatility. More specifically, this process is usually generated by the coercive bureaucratization, centrifugal ideologization, and their capacity to be embedded in the networks of microsolidarity. Adapted from the source document.

Журнал публикует главу 9 — «Глобализация» — книги Н. Флигстина. Автор задаётся вопросом, почему в условиях нарастающей глобализации не происходит конвергенции организационных форм на национальном уровне. Для поиска ответов на этот вопрос Н. Флигстин использует аналитические инструменты политико-культурного подхода. В качестве основных задач представляемой главы автор обозначает выработку рабочих определений глобализации, а также обзор аргументов, свидетельствующих о том, что сторонники глобализации преувеличивают масштабы её влияния на организацию производства, роль государств в обеспечении граждан и социальную стратификацию. ; The journal publishes the chapter 9, « Globalisation », excerpt from « The Architecture of Markets » by Neil Fligstein. The author questions why increasing globalisation has not resulted in convergence of organisational forms at national level. In search of an answer to this puzzle, Fligstein uses the analytical tools of a political-cultural approach. As the main tasks of the chapter the author considers the development of working definitions of globalisation and a review of arguments demonstrating that globalists exaggerate the scope of its impact on the organisation of production, the State's role in providing for their citizens and social stratification.

В статье в ракурсе юридической технологии доказательств и доказывания, способствующей нейтрализации правового конфликта, анализируется судебно-экономическая экспертиза, состоявшаяся по гражданскому делу в суде общей юрисдикции в 2013 году. Исследуются вопросы формирования законодательства, регулирующего погашение Российской Федерацией внутреннего государственного долга по советским облигациям. В связи с предстоящим введением этого законодательства в действие представлены финансовые перспективы для владельцев облигаций Государственного внутреннего выигрышного займа 1982 года, осуществлена рыночная оценка указанных облигаций. ; The article analyzes forensic economic examination which was rendered in a civil action in a trial court of general jurisdiction in 2013; the aforementioned action is viewed as the juridical technology of proofs and facts of evidence that assists to neutralize a law conflicts. The author investigates the questions of the formation of legislation, which regulates the redemption of internal national debton the Soviet bonds by the Russian Federation. In connection with the forthcoming introduction of this legislation into the action financial prospects for the bond holders of the State domestic premium bond issue of 1982 are represented, the author calculates the market value of the bonds.

В статье рассматриваются этапы формирования социальной политики Европейского Союза, ее цели и задачи, закрепленные в учредительных договорах ЕС, составляющие элементы европейской социальной модели. Отдельно анализируется роль Лиссабонского договора 2007 г. в дальнейшем развитии наднационального регулирования социальной сферы. В статье освещаются проблемы, с которыми сталкивается ЕС в построении единого социального пространства в условиях экономического и финансового кризиса, делаются прогнозы относительно будущей единой социальной модели в рамках Евросоюза. ; The article deals with the stages of formation of the social policy of the European Union, its aims and objectives enshrined in the founding EU treaties that make up the elements of the European social model. The author analyzes the role of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2007 for further development of supranational regulation of social sphere. The article highlights the challenges faced by the EU in building a unified social space in the context of the economic and financial crisis. The article also describes the main stages of the legal institutionalization of the EU common social space. The author makes predictions of the future of single social model within the European Union

В данной статье автор рассматривает процесс институционализации такого явления как «деловая репутация государственного гражданского служащего». В работе проанализирован постсоветский период формирования и эволюции государственной службы в нашей стране, а также становление понятия деловой репутации госслужащего как на уровне нормативно-правового закрепления (на примере региональных актов), так и закрепления в ходе политико-правовой практики. На основе проведенного исследования автор выделяет наиболее важные проблемы и противоречия в сфере функционирования деловой репутации государственных гражданских служащих как фактора кадровой политики. ; In this article the author considers the process of institutionalization of such phenomenon as «business reputation of the state civil servant». The paper has analyzed the post-Soviet period of the formation and evolution of civil service in our country, as well as the development of the notion of business reputation as a civil servant at the level of the regulatory-legal framework (on the example of regional acts) and the fastening in the course of political and legal practices. The author highlights the most important problems and contradictions in the sphere of functioning of business reputation of civil servants as a factor of personnel policy.

В последние годы вопросы правового регулирования контроля за финансово-хозяйственной деятельностью предприятий, в частности акционерных обществ, приобрели особую актуальность. Усложнение структуры акционерных обществ одновременно сопровождается увеличением расходов, а следовательно, необходимостью усовершенствования методов контроля за финансово-хозяйственной деятельностью обществ. В рамках данной работы автор проводит системный анализ законодательства в названной сфере. Автором подробно проанализировано современное состояние и определены перспективы развития гражданского законодательства в области контроля за финансово-хозяйственной деятельностью акционерного общества. ; In recent years, the legal regulation of control over financial and economic activity of enterprises, particularly corporations, have acquired special relevance. The increasing complexity of the structure of joint-stock companies at the same time is accompanied by an increase in costs, and, therefore, there appears the need to improve the methods of controlling the financial and economic activities. For the purpose of the work the author conducts a systematic analysis of the legislation in the above mentioned sphere. The author analyzes in detail the current state and perspectives of the development of the civil law in the control of the financial and economic activities of the company.

В статье дается анализ содержания материалов газеты «Тамбовский земский вестник», опубликованных в марте 1917 г. Являясь земским органом, формально беспартийная, эта газета была очень популярна, пользовалась большим спросом среди населения. Зачастую редакцией публиковались письма обывателей, крестьян, обращавшихся к газете как к последней надежде на справедливость. Автором статьи рассматривается особенность освещения редакцией газеты общественных и политических событий в Тамбовской губернии, исследуются митинговая активность и ожидания населения от новой власти в первые дни после получения известий о февральских революционных событиях 1917 года в Петрограде. ; The author analyzes the content of the materials of the newspaper "Tambov Zemstvo Herald", published in March 1917. As a zemstvo body, formally non-party, this newspaper was very popular among the population. Often the editors published the letters of ordinary people, peasants, who turned to the newspaper as to the last hope for justice. The author considers the features of the coverage of social and political events in Tambov province by the newspaper editorial board, researches meeting activity and people's expectations from the new authorities during the first days after the news about February revolutionary events of 1917 in Petrograd.

In the period 2008–2011, twelve parliamentary elections were held in eight Central and East European states. Their results demonstrated the decreasing importance of green parties on the political stage in this part of Europe. The author of this paper tries to translate the concept developed by Allan Sikk and Rune Holmgaard Andersen, concerning the evolution of Estonian green parties, to party systems in CEE states. The paper also discusses the evolution of the status of green parties and their probable placement in party systems following the nearest parliamentary elections. ; In the period 2008–2011, twelve parliamentary elections were held in eight Central and East European states. Their results demonstrated the decreasing importance of green parties on the political stage in this part of Europe. The author of this paper tries to translate the concept developed by Allan Sikk and Rune Holmgaard Andersen, concerning the evolution of Estonian green parties, to party systems in CEE states. The paper also discusses the evolution of the status of green parties and their probable placement in party systems following the nearest parliamentary elections.

Teacher Mikas Petrauskas (1908?) was the last author having published his books of problems in arithmetic for I-III forms of primary school in Independent Lithuania before the World War Two. As books of problems by other authors of the said period, the books of problems by M. Petrauskas distinguished themselves for expressed integration of arithmetic teaching with the real life of the pupils. The books of problems were used in Lithuania during the World War Two and at schools for children of war refugees in the post-war period at West Germany. M. Petrauskas was the only author that dared to publish reviewed books of problems in post-war Soviet Lithuania. However, the said review was not natural and integration with the real life was engaged considerably in the political aspect. The attempts were ineffective: within 5 years, books of problems by M. Petrauskas were displaced from Lithuanian schools by the ones approved in Moscow and translated from Russian. Keywords: books of problems in arithmetic, primary school, Independent Lithuania before the World War Two and Soviet Lithuania, war refugees from Lithuania in the post-war period, West Germany.

The author explains the influence of Spanish constitutionalism in the Chilean constitutional history, particularly, the impact of the Cadiz Constitution in the institutional structure of the early years of the Republic. The study of such antecedents not only allows the author to establish the similarities between the first national constitutions and the Constitution of Cadiz, but also reveal the inherent tensions of the political process and the discussions that arose during the stage of constitutional trials and in the final drafting of the 1833 Constitution. ; El autor explora la influencia del constitucionalismo hispano en la historia constitucional chilena, y en particular, el impacto de la Constitución gaditana en la estructura institucional de los primeros años de la República. El estudio de dichos antecedentes no sólo permite al autor establecer las coincidencias que existen entre los primeros textos constitucionales nacionales y la carta de Cádiz, sino también develar las tensiones inmanentes al proceso político y las discusiones que se suscitaron durante la etapa de ensayos constitucionales y en la redacción definitiva de la Constitución de 1833.

1 12 83 4 ; S ; [EN] We study the solvability of a normal subgroup N of a finite group G having exactly three G-conjugacy class sizes. We show that if the set of G-class sizes of N is {1, m, mpa }, with p a prime not dividing m, then N is solvable. Thus, we get a partial extension for normal subgroups on N. Itˆo's theorem on the solvability of groups having exactly three class sizes. This research is supported by the Valencian Government, Proyecto PROMETEO/2011/30, by the Spanish Government, Proyecto MTM2010-19938-C03-02 and the first author is also supported by grant Fundaci´o Bancaixa P11B2010-47. The second author would like to thank the members of the Institute of Mathematics at the University of Aberdeen for their warm hospitality and for many helpful discussions during her visit to this University. Beltrán, A.; Felipe Román, MJ. (2013). Solvability of normal subgroups and G-class sizes. Publicationes Mathematicae Debrecen. 83(4):1-12. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68264

El autor (en la actualidad estudiante de la Universidad Lewis and Clark University y ex alumno en prácticas de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona) realiza un análisis comparativo de las normativas aplicables a las gallinas ponedoras en la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos. El autor destaca los avances de la Unión Europea en materia de bienestar animal, en lo que respecta a la prohibición de las jaulas en batería, y describe las lecciones que podrían ser aprendidas y aplicadas en Estados Unidos con el objetivo de mejorar también en dicho país el bienestar de estos animales. ; The author, currently a final year law student at Lewis and Clark University and a former intern at the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, analyzes the comparative regulations for laying hens in the European Union and the United States of America. The author highlights the advances in animal welfare advantages in the EU with regards to the prohibition of battery cages and describes the lessons that could be learned and applied in the United States in order to improve the welfare of laying hens.

Данная статья посвящена изучению особенностей формирования и функционирования хорезмийской армии Джалал ад-дина Манкбурны в период монгольского завоевания Центральной Азии. Автор не только подробно анализирует военные столкновения между монгольской и хорезмийской армиями, но и описывает численность и этнический состав армии Джалал ад-дина. В статье рассматривается отражение в арабско-персидских источниках военного противостояния хорезмийцев и монголов, как и самой хорезмийской армии. Автор определяет, какой объем информации по этому поводу содержится в источниках и как подробно об этом пишут арабско-персидские авторы. ; This article examines the features of formation and functioning of the Khwarezmian army of Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu during the period of the Mongol conquest of Central Asia. In addition to a detailed analysis of a military clash between the Mongol and Khwarezmian armies, the author determines the size and ethnic composition of the Jalal ad-Din''s army. The article considers the reflection by the Arab-Persian sources both of the military confrontation between Khwarezmians and Mongols and of the Khwarezmian army itself. The author defines the amount of information on this subject contained in the sources.