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The author analyzes the political space of the EU as an environment of functioning of political objects and development of political processes, a system of political differences, which strengthen the political hierarchy in the organization and the differentiation of political positions. Legislation adopted at the supranational level should be implemented by member-states or, if it is a directive, converted into national legislation. It is proved that the political and institutional structure of the hierarchy in the EU is relatively weak; it is based not on the independence of European authority, but on selective and overly conditioned transfer of authority of States to supranational institutions; part of national sovereignty is delegated to the States, although the States are sovereign within the EU; national sovereignty is limited to a certain extent and this is a serious obstacle that prevents the development of the authority vertical in the EU. The author emphasizes that this leads to failures in compliance with the rules of hierarchical subordination. Negotiations and cooperation of EU institutions are more organized than at the state level, which indicates the EU as a «Treaty order» or «competitive order». After all, the functioning of the European Single Market creates a pressure of competition on economic entities and on States with their political and economic regimes. The author believes that the solution of problems depends on the clarity of decisions and actions of the EU, which should become more open to political competition. This will promote innovation, highlight developments with the EU and enable citizens to decide who rules in the EU and take sides in the political debate. Institutional reforms have already changed the EU to a more competitive political institution. This approach should take the main place in the development of the EU policy, at least in the short term.
Keywords: European Union, political space, political process, European authority institutions.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to share with social science educators a coherent framework for implementing Hamilton: An American Musical into their classrooms, while also supporting the wider objective of leveraging music to foster disciplinary literacy skills and culturally relevant practices. The framework is a construct that draws on author's previous teaching experience and its purpose is to inform and support teachers' practice.


Design/methodology/approach
The author first highlights literature focused on the effectiveness of using music in the social science classroom as a response to author's own teaching experience using Hamilton: An American Musical, then hones in on the impact of hip-hop music specifically. Finally, the author unites Pellegrino's (2013) models (close reading, inquiry, student discovery and creative development) to songs from Miranda's Hamilton to provide pedagogical strategies and examples that are ready to be implemented in the Secondary US History Classroom.


Findings
Lin Manuel Miranda's portrayal of Hamilton and his historical compatriots as ethnically diverse, combustible and provocative figures bring to life experiences that are unexpectedly and uniquely American, connecting with current generations, while remaining anchored in history (Mason, 2017). The success and relatability of Miranda's Hamilton and this time-warped story of the founding fathers has led social studies teachers to explore ways to use the music, dialogue and messages in their classrooms.


Originality/value
While many lesson examples related to Lin Manuel Miranda's Hamilton have proliferated online, there remains a lack of pedagogical coherence to help teachers extend this work as part of a larger framework of practice designed to support teaching and learning through music. The author strives to provide social science educators a strategic, adaptable and ready-to-use framework for implementing Miranda's Hamilton: An American Musical into their classrooms.

The article analyzes the key aspects of the development of relations between Russia and the OSCE from the point of view of the complex issues of Euro-Atlantic security. According to the author, the acсession of Crimea to Russia and the crisis around Ukraine have further exacerbated the preceding tensions in bilateral relations. Today, they are much like the Cold war confrontation. In Europe, the military confrontation is now intensifying. Today Moscow is openly accused of undermining the foundations of the post-war order in Europe, of illegal steps to break the generally accepted international legal norms, of aggressive intentions that threaten European stability. At the same time, the existence of significant distrust between Russia and the West does not mean that we should wait for some pause, abandon attempts to take constructive steps to re-establish cooperation. Such an approach would be counterproductive – especially since both sides are sending, albeit muted, signals of readiness for dialogue. In this situation, the author proposes a number of initial steps that could increase the level of trust between the parties, would ideally move to a meaningful dialogue on the future of the European security architecture. Various OSCE mechanisms could play a useful role. The author emphasizes the importance of increasing the effectiveness of the OSCE-originated crisis mechanisms in the context of the erosion of strategic stability on the European continent as a result of the unprecedented deterioration of relations between Russia and the West. Special emphasis is placed on modernization of the crisis management potential of the OSCE and promotion of dialogue between the West and Russia, including the establishment of a novel consultative platform in the framework of the OSCE to discuss emerging crisis situations. A number of specific confidence-building measures are proposed to restore dialogue and find solutions to crisis situations in the region.

The article is devoted to the study of civilized lobbyism formation in contemporary Russia in the context of the political culture peculiarities. The author explains the use of the concept of "civilized lobbyism" from the standpoint of the presence of various interpretations of lobbying in political science, which prevents a clear separation of legitimate and illegitimate forms of interests' representation, while the object of research is primarily the legal technologies of influence on power. Political culture is regarded as one of the subjective factors determining the functioning of the mechanisms of interests' representation in the political system, as well as the specifics of lobbying activities in each particular state. The influence of political culture on the process of lobbying in Russia is analyzed not only at the level of political orientations and behavior of individuals and groups, but also at the level of institutional structures. To study the impact of the political culture on the formation of social practices of lobbying, the author refers to the institutional concept of D. North, in which the mechanism of functioning of social and political institutions is revealed through the correlation of formal and informal rules, norms, attitudes and behaviours. In the context of the development of the democratic representation of interests in contemporary Russia particular attention is given to the problem of preserving and dominating historically established authoritarian orientations in the relations of society and power, as well as the traditions of paternalism and clientellism. However, the author believes that it is not correct to reduce the influence from the political culture mostly to the national traditions. It is concluded that the fundamental condition for the development of civilized lobbying in present day Russia is the is the parallel formation of legal foundations and the corresponding matrix of political culture, both at the level of subjects of lobbying relations and at the level of interests' representation institutions.

Identifying the prospects of reconciliation at various stages of the violent conflict is a matter of urgent concern, since during the conflict the foundations of a post-conflict settlement are laid down, the effectiveness of reconciliation and the possibility of building peace in the future depend on. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of interaction between the parties during the deep interstate conflict and between the parties during the civil conflict within the state. Applying systematic, analytical and comparative methods, the author characterizes political reconciliation as a long-term social and inclusive process, which is designed to transform the unhappy co-existence of the parties to the conflict into a common political participation in public institutions and political processes through the gradual education of respect for both new institutions and former enemies. The four components of reconciliation – peace, justice, truth and forgiveness – must be interconnected in this process. As a result of the study, the author determines the obligatory elements of the interaction between the parties during and after the violent conflict, socio-psychological means of perception and interpretation of the past and future, the development of positive relations and reformatting them cultural and value paradigm, as well as the transformation of socio-economic reality. The conclusions revealed that the ideal model or perfect method of reconciliation after a violent conflict does not exist, therefore, in each particular case, the particularities of reconciliation vary, depending on the ability of the parties to creatively and effectively approach the process of reconciliation, from their ability to assume consistently the loss, cruelty and pain of the past for the sake of prospects for a common future. At the same time, the author comes to the conclusion that the prospects of reconciliation during and after the end of the violent conflict are determined by the practical manifestation of cooperation ...

In the conditions of the Russian Federation aggression against Ukraine, the peculiarities of Russian geostrategy in the post-Soviet space appear to be a topical issue. The purpose of the study is to determine the geopolitical influence of Russia and its implementation of geo-strategic interests in the post-Soviet space, and to investigate the negative influence of Russian foreign policy and its geostrategy as a whole on the architecture of the European security and the modern world order. Applying systematic, analytical and comparative methods, the author makes a disappointing conclusion that, in its present form and with the current leadership, Russia is not capable of constructive action in the international environment, and on the contrary – destabilizes the modern system of international relations. As a result of the study, the author identifies current Russia as a threat to international peace and security, a neo-imperialist aggressive force, a terrorist state that is planning a destructive transformation of the modern system of international relations. The findings revealed a number of characteristic features of the Russian Federation's recent intersection of frozen conflicts in the post-Soviet space in the context of the implementation of its geostrategic tasks of global scale. Among them: the insidious, aggressive, reflexive nature of most foreign-policy activities and actions, obscene attempts to position itself as one of the "poles" of the post-bipolar world, false propaganda designed to disguise as concrete aggressions, and the general direction of geo-strategy on the revision of the international order, is obvious blackmail and intimidation of the world community by the destructiveness of further foreign policy actions. At the same time, the author comes to the conclusion that the causes of the aggressive foreign policy of Russia in the post-bipolar period are laid down in the nature of Putinism as the quintessence of traditional Russian expansionism, imperial chauvinism, and criminal contempt for ...

This Thesis is the reworking and re-composition of a study based on the experience acquired by the author from the following:• his active participation in the recent psychiatric reform in Greece (establishment and functioning of a shelter for asylum-seeker patients and later a daycentre for autistic children);• his clinical theory reflections on maltreatment and adolescents (offenders and victims of violence), what the author proposes to call violated transitions.• this research stretching over thirty years on the topic the continuing mourning of the missing persons in Cyprus (on account of the invasion of the island by Turkey in 1974) and the individual, social and political interferences with this impossible mourning;• his studies on the extension of the concept of the work of mourning (as a prototype of the psychic work in his report on the cultural work), the limits and obstacles that the mourning encounters in the context of culture and contemporary society.In the course of these developments, the adopted pluridisciplinary approach gives rise to a dialogue involving the Psychoanalysis, Anthropology and Literature of ancient Greece. Pluridisciplinarity allows, at the same time, the multiplication of approaches, in order to better seize of the phenomena in their complexity and relation to their environments, examine that which is developing on the interfaces, bring out in relief our conceptual and methodological limitations, in order to place into perspective the ways of disengagement and overtaking. (The study on the presumed primacy of the mother in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, as well as the study on postmodern culture as an anti-mournful meta-frame, are examples of this).4In multiplying the expressions of psychic suffering that have to be studied, the environments where they manifest themselves and the perspectives of their examination, the author is forced to show that the structure and the psychic processes of the individual subject, especially their sufferings, cannot be sufficiently understood and ...

International audience ; This article is based on an immersive ethnographic research inside the French Parti socialiste, during which the author was hired as part of local elected representatives' staff. It questions the reasons behind the decision to continue working with politicians, or on the contrary to exit all political-related job. In order to analyse the professional paths taken by staff members of elected representatives, itis necessary to have a look at their previous socializations and also at their possible future and professional advancement in the political sphere. The author will focus his demonstration on loyalty and compliance, two skills that are expected from any political staff member, and he will show how the proximity to the political sphere is influenced by past experiences and primary and secondary socialization, which also enable various degrees of understanding and complying to the political rules. The author will then focus on the staff members who decide to exit: the imperviousness of the social spheres they belong to, as well as the existence of other professional opportunities, will allow to achieve a better understanding of their broken and unfinished political career paths.Keywords : staff members of elected representatives, political-related job, compli-ance, loyalty, exit, professional paths. ; S'appuyant sur une recherche menée par immersion ethnographique au sein du Parti socialiste, lors de laquelle l'auteur a lui-même occupé un poste de collaborateur d'élus dans une collectivité locale, l'article interroge les raisons du maintien dans les métiers politiques ou, au contraire, du choix de l'exit. L'analyse des trajectoires professionnelles des collaborateurs d'élus nécessite de s'intéresser à la fois à leurs socialisations antérieures et à leurs possibilités d'évolution professionnelle future dans le domaine politique. D'une part, en concentrant la démonstration sur la loyauté et l'obéissance, compétences attendues de tout auxiliaire d'élus, nous montrerons que les expériences ...

This Thesis is the reworking and re-composition of a study based on the experience acquired by the author from the following:• his active participation in the recent psychiatric reform in Greece (establishment and functioning of a shelter for asylum-seeker patients and later a daycentre for autistic children);• his clinical theory reflections on maltreatment and adolescents (offenders and victims of violence), what the author proposes to call violated transitions.• this research stretching over thirty years on the topic the continuing mourning of the missing persons in Cyprus (on account of the invasion of the island by Turkey in 1974) and the individual, social and political interferences with this impossible mourning;• his studies on the extension of the concept of the work of mourning (as a prototype of the psychic work in his report on the cultural work), the limits and obstacles that the mourning encounters in the context of culture and contemporary society.In the course of these developments, the adopted pluridisciplinary approach gives rise to a dialogue involving the Psychoanalysis, Anthropology and Literature of ancient Greece. Pluridisciplinarity allows, at the same time, the multiplication of approaches, in order to better seize of the phenomena in their complexity and relation to their environments, examine that which is developing on the interfaces, bring out in relief our conceptual and methodological limitations, in order to place into perspective the ways of disengagement and overtaking. (The study on the presumed primacy of the mother in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, as well as the study on postmodern culture as an anti-mournful meta-frame, are examples of this).4In multiplying the expressions of psychic suffering that have to be studied, the environments where they manifest themselves and the perspectives of their examination, the author is forced to show that the structure and the psychic processes of the individual subject, especially their sufferings, cannot be sufficiently understood and ...

The specifics of the implementation of special knowledge have been analyzed, in particular regarding the appointment of forensic examinations while the investigation of crimes committed against journalists. Taking into account the analysis of scientific literature, as well as existing practice regarding the investigation of criminal proceedings of this category, the author has presented a characteristic of typical types of forensic examinations. In particular, special attention has been paid to such types as merchandising, forensic and medical, computer and technological, phonoscopic, molecular and genetic, integrated forensic examinations, human odor traces, fingerprints, etc. It has been emphasized that the number and types of forensic examinations are assigned depending on the established circumstances. The purpose of the paper is to identify forensic examinations that are assigned to investigate crimes committed against journalists. To achieve this objective, the author has used general scientific and special methods of cognition. Thus, using the method of legal analysis, the author has determined that the appointment and conduction of forensic examinations in criminal proceedings, investigated on the fact of committing a crime against a journalist, has an important role in establishing the circumstances to be proved (the type and size of the caused damage; the severity and nature of the bodily harm, etc.). The comparative and legal method has been used in the course of studying the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and analyzing the criminal and procedural legislation of other countries. The statistical method is the basis for processing statistical data, materials of investigative and court practice. Therefore, attention has been paid to the fact that whole assigning a particular type of forensic examination, an investigator has to correctly determine the range of tasks that are put to an expert. An investigator must also use the methodological recommendations that have been developed by practice and set out in the Scientific and Methodological Recommendations on the Preparation and Appointment of Forensic Examinations and Expert Studies.

In the article, the author, who is a teacher and also an experienced journalist with many years of work in media, examines the important aspects of the professional training of students at the faculties of journalism in different universities, in particular during their annual educational and industrial practices in publishers of newspapers, radio, television, news agencies and media centers. He argues his conclusions with the opinions of famous scientists, for example professor V. Zdoroveha, I. Lubkovych), and also journalist-practitioners (M. Batih, I. Gulyk, O. Vanina, H. Borovyk, S. Lvov). Positive examples of cooperation between the faculty of Journalism of the Ivan Franko National University of Lviv and the editorial staff of newspapers and TV, with the Western Regional Media Center of the Ukrainian Defense Ministry (head colonel O. Poronyuk) are presented. The result of such fruitful cooperation is that while studying, a lot of students have a journalist work, even receive certificates of NATO military journalists. The author draws attention to the need to involve experienced journalist-practitioners in teaching students, points the important role in this process of the mentor, the leader. Without the closest relationship between theoretical and practical training it is impossible to prepare a highly professional journalist, the author concludes, calling the period of student practice another full-fledged third semester of the academic year.Key words: journalist's skill, student practice, «Molod Ukrainy», «Moloda Halychyna», «Den», «Vysokyi Zamok», Western Regional Media Center of the Ukrainian Defense Ministry. ; Автор – викладач і журналіст з багаторічним досвідом роботи у мас-медіа – розглядає актуальні питання якісної професійної підготовки студентів під час проходження ними навчально-виробничої практики. Свої судження аргументує думками як авторитетних науковців-теоретиків, так і досвідчених журналістів-практиків. У цьому аспекті йдеться також про досвід плідної співпраці факультету журналістики ЛНУ імені Івана Франка з редакціями всеукраїнських та регіональних ЗМІ.Ключові слова: майстерність журналіста, студентська практика, «Молодь України», «Ленінська молодь», «Молода Галичина», «День», «Високий Замок», Західний регіо­нальний медіа-центр Міністерства оборони України.

Стаття присвячена теоретичному обґрунтуванню особливостей науково-методичного забезпечення освітнього процесу у вищому юридичному навчальному закладі. Представлений авторський підхід до розуміння ключового поняття. Проаналізовані чинники, що детермінують появу методичного забезпечення нового покоління. Встановлені рівні науково-методичного забезпечення в залежності від суб'єктів творення. Автор репрезентує власну класифікацію видів науково-методичного забезпечення, що є актуальним для вищих юридичних навчальних закладів. ; The article is devoted to theoretical substantiation of the features of scientific and methodological support of educational process in higher legal education. The author gives a definition of the key concept - a set of information materials (text, graphics, media), which provide the needs of the subjects of the educational process in the data, which is the purpose and content of education, and aimed at optimal achievement of learning outcomes. This article contains a list of factors that determine the need for a new generation of methodological support. The author presents a classification of methodical support, which includes projective, regulatory, scientific and methodical planning documents as well as documents of methodological support of the educational process, and visual materials. The researcher drew attention to the increased role of individual learning, self-education, information technology, the gradual introduction of Western models of organization of educational process. The author draws attention to the fact that the texts of legislative acts acquire the ability to be information and teaching materials that are used in higher legal education. The key idea is that the scientific and methodological support should be considered at three levels: the normative, theoretical and practical. ; Статья посвящена теоретическому обоснованию особенностей научно-методического обеспечения образовательного процесса в высшем юридическом учебном заведении. Представлен авторский подход к пониманию ключевого понятия. Проанализированы факторы, детерминирующие появление методического обеспечение нового поколения. Установлены уровни научно-методического обеспечения в соответствии с субъектами создания. Автор репрезентирует собственную классификацию видов научно-методического обеспечения, актуальных для высших юридических учебных заведений.

Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Bedeutung von naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis­sen in Gerichtsverfahren. Zu Beginn des Beitrages werden Relevanz und Problematik naturwissen­schaftlicher Fragestellungen in Gerichtsverfahren, wie sie sich in Japan während der letzten Jahrzehnte zeitlich entwickelt haben, im Überblick darge­stellt, wobei die Verfasserin die Frage aufwirft, warum die Natur­wissenschaften in japanischen Gerichtsverfahren, insbesondere im Rahmen der Beweisführung, bislang nur eine vergleichsweise geringe Beachtung gefunden haben. Im Folgenden geht die Verfasserin auf einzelne Entscheidungen der japanischen Gerichte ein, mit deren Hilfe sie den rechtskulturellen und rechts­politischen Hintergrund für die Rolle erläutert, welche naturwissen­schaftliche Erkenntnisse in japanischen Gerichtsverfahren spielen. Sodann zeigt sie Bereiche auf, in denen gegenwärtig (nicht juristisches) Fachwissen in Gerichts­verfahren besonders relevant wird, wie etwa das Medizinrecht oder das Recht des geistigen Eigentums. Dem dortigen Bedürfnis nach Expertise kann der Verfasserin zufolge zu einem durch eine Spezialisierung der Gerichte, zum anderen durch eine optimierte Einbindung von Sachverständigen Rechnung getragen werden. Der Beitrag geht dabei speziell auf letzteres ein und erläutert verschiedene Modelle hierzu. Schließlich unterscheidet die Autorin zwischen juristischen und natur­wissen­schaftlichen Implikationen gerichtlicher Entscheidungen und zeigt schluss­folgernd das Potential der Gerichte auf, als "Foren der Wissenschaft" zu fungieren. (Die Redaktion) ; This article deals with the relevance of science within court proceedings. The article opens by providing an overview of the relevance of and the difficulties in dealing with scientific problems in court proceedings over the last decades in Japan, and it raises the question why science, especially in regard to evidence, has received only little attention in Japanese court proceedings in comparison to other countries. The author continues by referring to Japanese case law of recent decades in order to explain the cultural- and political-legal background of the role of science in Japanese court proceedings. Certain legal fields are pointed out in which scientific expertise is extraordinarily apparent, for example, medical malpractice lawsuits or the law of intellectual property. According to the author, the need for scientific expertise in those fields can be met in two ways, either by a specialization of the courts or by an optimized collaboration with expert witnesses. The article continues by examining the latter and illustrates different models for integrating expert witnesses in court proceedings. Furthermore, the author differentiates between the legal and scientific implications of court decisions before ending the article with a reference to the potential of courts as "forums for science." (The Editors)

The author considers the peculiarities of functioning of public organizations in the Ukrainian society. In particular, author's attention is focused on search of consumer moods among these organizations. Both the internal environment of the organizations, being composed of individuals belonging to them, as well as the external one, represented mainly by social thought, as well as the state, businesses, political parties, are considered. The main attention is focused on the study of public opinion of the residents of the city of Lviv in 2008 and 2011, so that the author could make some comparisons. Besides, the author explores whether consumer moods among these organizations could be considered as a norm or a deviation. ; Автор рассматривает особенности функционирования общественных организаций в современном украинском обществе. В частности, внимание сосредоточено на поиске в среде этих организаций консъюмеристских настроений. Во внимание берется как внутренняя среда самых организаций, составляющаяся из принадлежащих к ним, так и внешняя, представленная главным образом общественным мнением, а также государством, коммерческими структурами, политическими партиями. Внимание в статье сконцентрировано на изучение общественного мнения жителей г. Львова, исследованного в 2008 и 2011 годах что дает возможность сравнительного анализа. Кроме этого, автор выясняет, нормой или девиацией – можно считать консъюмеристские настроения в среде этих организаций. ; Автор розглядає особливості функціонування громадських організацій у сучасному українському суспільстві. Зокрема, увага зосереджена на виявленні у середовищі цих організацій консюмеристських настроїв. До уваги береться як внутрішнє середовище самих громадських організацій, тобто приналежних до неї, так і зовнішнє для них середовище, представлене насамперед громадською думкою, а також державою, комерційними структурами, політичними партіями. Основна увага у статті сконцентрована на вивченні громадської думки мешканців м. Львова, яка була досліджена у 2008 та 2011 роках, що дає змогу порівняльного аналізу. Крім цього, автор з'ясовує, нормою чи девіацією можна вважати консюмеристські настрої у середовищі громадських організацій.

This Thesis is the reworking and re-composition of a study based on the experience acquired by the author from the following:• his active participation in the recent psychiatric reform in Greece (establishment and functioning of a shelter for asylum-seeker patients and later a daycentre for autistic children);• his clinical theory reflections on maltreatment and adolescents (offenders and victims of violence), what the author proposes to call violated transitions.• this research stretching over thirty years on the topic the continuing mourning of the missing persons in Cyprus (on account of the invasion of the island by Turkey in 1974) and the individual, social and political interferences with this impossible mourning;• his studies on the extension of the concept of the work of mourning (as a prototype of the psychic work in his report on the cultural work), the limits and obstacles that the mourning encounters in the context of culture and contemporary society.In the course of these developments, the adopted pluridisciplinary approach gives rise to a dialogue involving the Psychoanalysis, Anthropology and Literature of ancient Greece. Pluridisciplinarity allows, at the same time, the multiplication of approaches, in order to better seize of the phenomena in their complexity and relation to their environments, examine that which is developing on the interfaces, bring out in relief our conceptual and methodological limitations, in order to place into perspective the ways of disengagement and overtaking. (The study on the presumed primacy of the mother in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology, as well as the study on postmodern culture as an anti-mournful meta-frame, are examples of this).4In multiplying the expressions of psychic suffering that have to be studied, the environments where they manifest themselves and the perspectives of their examination, the author is forced to show that the structure and the psychic processes of the individual subject, especially their sufferings, cannot be sufficiently understood and ...