Suchergebnisse

в данной статье типологизированы историографические работы по истории масонства, в которых исследуются проблемы формирования «масонского заговора» в России. Показана культурно-историческая специфика развития «масонского заговора» в европейской и российской политике. Структурирована хронология деятельности масонских организаций, направленных на формирование политического заговора против русской православной монархии. Рассмотрена деятельность известных представителей русской культуры и русского государства, состоявших в масонских организациях. Исследована проблема взятия под контроль русской государственной властью масонских лож в России. Показаны различия в деятельности масонских и парамасонских обществ. Проанализирована взаимосвязь масонства с «освободительным движением». В результате автор приходит к выводу, что «масонский заговор» в России представлял собою высшую форму организации антигосударственных сил, который под оболочкой политического либерализма и культурно-просветительской деятельности преследовал цели политического переворота и устранения самодержавия.the author typologizes historiographical works on the history of Freemasonry, which studies the problems of version formation of «Masonic conspiracy» in Russia. The article shows the cultural and historical specificity of «Masonic conspiracy» in European and Russian policy, ztructures chronology of activities of Masonic organizations aimed at the formation of a political conspiracy against the Russian Orthodox monarchy. The author investigates the activities of prominent representatives of Russian culture and the Russian government, the participants of Masonic organizations and issue of taking control of the Russian state authorities Masonic lodges in Russia and also the differences in the activity of Masonic and paramasonskih societies. The relationship of Masonry and the «liberation movement» has been analyzed. As a result, the author concluded that the «Masonic conspiracy» in Russia had been presented as the highest form of organization of anti-government forces, which under the cover of political liberalism and cultural and educational activities pursued the goal of political upheaval and the elimination of autocracy.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the implementation of a new open-ended contract termination in 2008 in France, called therupture conventionnelle(RC), which is a mutually agreed contract termination. More precisely, this paper analyses first the impact of the RC on the employers' termination decisions (termination or not?). Then it seeks to provide empirical evidence of a substitution between the RC and other contract terminations (if there is termination, what types?).Design/methodology/approachThe approach is first empirical. The author uses two matched firms' data sets: one relating to the movement of employees and other from accounting data from 2006 to 2009. Using a propensity score matching method, the author creates two similar (from observable characteristics) firms' groups – those that used RC in 2009 and those not. The author compares the evolution of the employment decisions between the two groups between 2008 and 2009 in order to identify the specific effect of the RC in the user firms.FindingsThe results indicate that the introduction of the RC tends to increase workforce exits and does lead to much more job destruction in the user firms, i.e. job destruction would have been weaker in the user firms if the RC had not been implemented. Substitutions with dismissals for personal reasons and for economic reasons also may have appeared, albeit weakly.Originality/valueThe RC seems an important measure to make the labour market more flexible, especially in France where EPL is often criticize for its rigidities. But few studies analyse the consequences of this new institutional rule on firms' behaviour and with firms' data set. Then this paper provides first some understanding and assessment of the economic effects of the RC.

This article examines the main aspects of the IR experts' professional education and training, aimed at improving the efficiency of the foreign office staff. A new approach has been taken to the problem of updating and rationalization of the current academic programs (especially, MA training programs) in order to boost the competitiveness of national educational system at the global education market. The main focus is shifted from marketing to quality and "content" characteristics of the professional training in IR studies' area within the organization of higher education. The author draws on the empirical data, collected by means of analysis, processing and generalization of expert assessments and evaluations of Russian and foreign participants of international faculty and university forums in International Studies in 2015. As a result, the article proposes an ideal model of the master's program, developed by the author, based on "benchmark"International Relations/World Politics programs, which are highly valuated by the respondents. Moreover, it examines the most relevant issues, concerning the framework of students' teaching process (including preparation of master's theses), further employment of graduates and, finally, the development/modernisation of teaching staff. In conclusion, the article highlights recommendations on probable reforms of higher education in IR studies' area. The author does not criticize the national education system destructively. On the contrary, the inevitable question is how to converge the best qualities of domestic and foreign institutions of higher education system in a harmonious way. The article is designed and might be of interest for higher education and training experts, as well as for a wide range of readers interested in the education and training of the foreign office staff.

The paper explores the constitutional legislation of Ukraine regarding the legalstatus of religious associations, formulating proposals for its improvement inaccordance with international legal standards.The legal status of religious associations and their correlation within and withthe state are bound to the recognition and implementation of freedom of conscience.While consolidating the principle of freedom of conscience constitutions of moderndemocracies do not define the scope of this principle's legal regulation. Thus creatingartificial complications when defining the substance of the legal status of religiousassociations, built on the foundation that is freedom of religion. Therefore, thedesignation of ways and approaches to the constitutional regulation of freedom ofconscience and association are both theoretically and practically important researchdirections in the theory of law.The article focuses on the analysis of methodological development principlesof national constitutional law on religious associations. The author reveals theconstitutional model of church-state relations in Ukraine, which is a prerequisite tothe analysis of the current state of constitutional recognition of freedom of conscienceand the right of association in Ukraine. The author also dwells on the issue ofestablishing legal grounds for the restriction of freedom of religion, and the analysisof Ukrainian citizens' complications when exercising the right of alternative servicefor religious or other reasons.As an outcome of the research, the author defines and analyzes the mainapproaches to the improvement of the constitutional legislation of Ukraine in terms ofregulation of freedom of conscience and activity of religious associations inaccordance with European legal standards. ; Проанализировано конституционное законодательство Украины, регулирующее правовой статус религиозных объединений, сформулированы предложения по его совершенствованию в соответствии с международно-правовыми стандартами ; Досліджено конституційне законодавство України, що регулює правовий статус релігійних об'єднань, сформульовано пропозиції щодо його вдосконалення відповідно до міжнародно-правових стандартів

The Johannesburg Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Customs Matters as of 2003 is a crucial breakthrough and important legal tool for the implementation of risk analysis systems by customs authorities governed by the the World Customs Organization (WCO) around the globe. However it has not entered into force yet. Is this new legal tool failing early? The old Nairobi Convention from 1977 is outdated and has never been widely accepted. This paper addresses the need for mutual Customs assistance, a common legal basis and analyses the current situation. The author underlines the idea that the Johannesburg Convention recognises the increased global concern for the security and facilitation of the international trade supply chain, and that offences against customs law are prejudicial to the security of the Contracting Parties and their economic, commercial, fiscal, social, public health and cultural interests. It also recognises that the international exchange of information is an essential component of effective risk management and that such exchange of information should be based on clear legal provisions. The author also points out that though mutual customs ssistance is possible on the basis of the Nairobi Convention or on the basis of bilateral agreements and other binding or non-binding WCO and/or UN legal tools, the Johannesburg Convention would make things better, clearer and modern. In conclusion the author argues that in case the JC is not going to be ratified by most countries the overall aim of a more secure supply chain is about to fail due to administrational hindering and hesitating governments. The methods used during the study are analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, systematic and functional analysis. ; Also available in Russian

The author concentrated his attention on an ethnopolitical mentality as a particular manifestation of the national mentality. The genesis, source and structure of the mentality were indicated by author in the ethnopolitical history of an abstract multifolk country. In our opinion, the phenomenon of EPM can be measured by factors such as: a) the concept of an objective historical sovereignty of individuals, groups and people studied by J. S. Mill, b) the concrete-situational dimension 3) the subjective "cold eye" described by M. Weber. The author suggested that the national minorities in the framework of a country were the main bearers of the mentality. The problem of forms of a political socialization of national minorities was inspected in details that included the process of the creation of elite, the state's autonomy, parties and nations building and forming of ideas. According to the authors opinion all the aforementioned components were stages of the development of an ethnopolitical mentality of the multifolk country. Key words: a mentality, the ethnopolitics, a folk, an ethnos, a nation, the multifolk country. ; В статті акцентується увага на етнополітичному менталітеті як окремому виразі народного менталітету. Виявлено його генезис, джерела і структуру у звивах етнополітичної історії абстрактно взятої багатонародної країни. На думку автора явище етнополітичного менталітету можна вимірювати за такими ознаками: а) концепції об'єктивного історичного суверенітету особи, групи та народу Дж. С. Мілля, б) конкретно-ситуаційному вимірі та 3) суб'єктивному "холодному окомірі" М. Вебера. Основним носієм даного зрізу менталітету автор вважає меншинні народи-етноси. Детально викладено питання про форми політичної соціалізації меншинних народів-етносів: елітотворення, автономістське державотворення, партієнаціотворення, ідеєтворення. Останні є своєрідними стадіями конституювання етнополітичного менталітету в багатонародній країні. Ключові слова: менталітет, етнополітика, народ, етнос, нація, багатонародна країна.

Introduction. The analysis of new religious movements (NRMs), identification of the defects in the religious typology and classification of native faith as "neo-religion" are conducted by the author. The research shows the diversity of the followers purposes' of traditional and new religious movements and their ideological systems (national – international), reveals the opposites of these religions in terms of the world and God/Gods (natural – artificial; mythological – historical, polytheism – monotheism, immanence – transcendence), etc., which enabled the author to find out the criteria for religious classifications. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to clear up the basic principles of theology, ideals, and ideologies of New Age and native faith of the Slavs, to determine their fundamental opposition. It's logically motivated the fallacy of classification the native faith to "neo-paganism" as a segment of NRMs. Results. It is concluded that native faith was and still is a traditional autochthonous natural religion of the Ukrainians, which has long existed in hidden forms in parallel with the official Christianity. Only in a democratic society it has been given the possibility of its revival as officially recognized ethno-religious (national) confession. On the example of the creation of NRM, the author states the use of the methods of manipulation with human consciousness that have the features of "religious weapons" as one of the tools of information war. Originality and conclusion. There is an urgent need for state's awareness of the fact of total world informational war to create its own self-protective philosophy of antiglobalism. So in this philosophy a significant importance will be given to scientific developments of native faith and ideology of national self-preservation to prevent the foreign intervention in autochthonous spiritual culture.

Рассматриваются организация и содержание германской пропагандистской деятельности, направленной на вывод России из Первой мировой войны. Отмечается, что целью сепаратного мира, которого добивалась Германия, являлось не прекращение глобального военного конфликта и заключение всеобщего демократического мира, а ослабление противостоявшего ей военного блока. Показывается деструктивное влияние пропаганды противника на морально-боевой потенциал русских войск и ее роль в подписании Россией несправедливого Брестского мира. ; The article is devoted to the organization of German propaganda aimed at Russia's withdrawal from the World War I. The author shows why the original strategy of German conduct of the war failed and resulted in Germany fighting a two-front war. The superiority of the Entente over Germany and its allies in military and economic terms impelled the military-political leadership of Germany to make every effort to split the union of Russia, Great Britain and France. A separate peace which was Germany's aimwas not supposed to end the global military conflict or to-lead to a universal democratic peace, but it would only weakenthe opposing military bloc. The author reveals the basic forms of German anti-war propaganda on the Russian front and through specific examples show its destructive effect on moral and psychological potential and combat capability of Russian troops. It is shown that Germany repeatedly probed the possibility of backroom separate negotiations with Russia, but until the fall of 1917, those attempts had been unsuccessful. The Russian leadership had to comply strictly with the commitments on its allies in the Entente, recorded in the relevant international instruments. The author concludes that German propaganda's efforts played a certain role in the Soviet Russia'swithdrawalfrom the war and its signing of the heavy and unfair Brest peace.

Шестакова Л.А. Реализация концепции ювенальной юстиции в производстве по делам несовершеннолетних в Российской Федерации: монография. М.: Юрлитинформ, 2016. 280 с. Аннотация. Рецензия подготовлена на монографическое исследование Л.А. Шестаковой, в котором предложена нормативная модель формирования ювенальной юстиции в Российской Федерации. Отмечается, что автор монографии, не ограничиваясь задачей модернизации действующего закона, серьезно рассматривает перспективы внедрения в практику производства по делам несовершеннолетних компромиссных и восстановительных процедур, которые позволили бы сформировать в России наиболее совершенную модель ювенальной юстиции модель восстановительного типа. Данная модель позволяет сочетать привлечение несовершеннолетнего к уголовной ответственности с обязательным возмещением вреда потерпевшему и работой с несовершеннолетним педагогов, психологов, медиаторов, социальных работников. В то же время обращается внимание на некоторые спорные предложения, носящие дискуссионный характер и свидетельствующие о творческом характере исследования, его новизне и актуальности. ; The monographic study of L.A. Shestakova, proposing a normative model for the formation of juvenile justice in the Russian Federation, is reviewed. It is noted that the author of the monograph does not limit her research by the task of modernizing the current legislation. The author seriously considers the prospects of introducing compromise and restoration procedures to the proceedings concerning the cases of minors, which would allow to create in Russia the most perfect model of juvenile justice the model of restorative type. This model allows to combine bringing the minors to criminal liability with the obligatory compensation of harm to the victim, as well as involving teachers, psychologists, mediators and social workers to work with minors. At the same time special attention is paid to some controversial proposals of the author, which are of debatable character and which indicate the creative nature of research, its novelty and relevance.

Svrha ovoga rada je ustanoviti temeljni razlog Platonove izjave da je filozofija najveća muzika. Smatrajući da je glavni uzrok pretpostavljenoj nejasnoći te tvrdnje drugačije poimanje muzike i filozofije kod Platona u odnosu na današnje, autor najprije izlaže izvorni grčki pojam muzike uspoređujući ga sa suvremenim. U drugom dijelu istražuje Platonov odnos prema muzici, ispitujući kakvu joj je ulogu dodijelio u svojoj filozofiji. Pokazuje se kako je uvriježena predodžba o Platonovu omalovažavanju pjesništva pogrešna. Svoje viđenje slo­ženijeg i pozitivnijeg Platonova odnosa prema muzici autor povezuje s njegovim političkim favoriziranjem frigijskog modusa, otkrivajući u tome slabo zapažen dionizijski aspekt kod Platona. Zaključuje se da tek uz brižljivu kulturološku kontekstualizaciju grčke filozofije postaje jasno zašto je ona za Platona bila najveća muzika. ; The purpose of this paper is to establish a fundamental reason for Plato's claim that philosophy is the greatest music. Holding that the main reason for its supposed unclearness is in fact a discrepancy in understanding of music and philosophy in Plato in respect to modern meaning, author firstly elaborates on the original Greek notion on music and compares it with the contemporary one. In the second part of the paper, author explored Plato's relationship with music, examining what role did he give to the music in his philosophy. It turns out that the traditional view of Plato's negative attitude towards music is false. Author provides a reader with a more complex analysis of the problem and offers a positive view on music in respect to Plato, which he then links to Plato's political preference of Phrygian mode, pointing towards rarely observed Dionysian aspect in Plato's thought. Only a proper cultural contextualization of Greek philosophy can get us closer to understanding why, for Plato, philosophy was greatest kind of music.

Introduction: according to the author of the article, the principle of freedom of contract, secured among fundamental principles of civil legislation of the Republic of Belarus, is not fully implemented in the current legislation. Purpose: to identify legal rules incoherent with the requirements of the principle of freedom of contract and to work out proposals for their correction. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on a set of universal, general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition. For the purposes of this research, the leading role is assigned to analytical, critical and systemic methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization. Results: the author proves that the principle of freedom of contract is not confined within the scope of law of obligation. Being a fundamental principle of civil legislation, it extends to its whole array, its manifestations being found in all branches of civil law. One should not limit the principle of freedom of contract to the freedom of entering into a contract only because freedom of contract manifests itself at all stages of contractual relations until termination thereof. So far as the principle offreedom of contract is a base for civil law regulation in relation to rules of contract law, including the regulation on freedom of contract, the author suggests distinguishing between restriction of freedom of contract as a principle and restriction of certain elements of freedom of contracting parties. Conclusion: freedom of contract, as any freedom, should obtain guarantees. That is why it is essential for its limits to be set under the law only providing private and public interests are balanced.

В статье реконструируется обычно-правовое регулирование наследственных отношений у донских казаков во второй половине XIX в. В качестве источников использованы ранее неизвестные документы, хранящиеся в Государственном архиве Ростовской области, и материалы казачьей периодической печати. Впервые автор приводит классификацию способов противодействия донских казаков нормам законов Российской империи при регулировании наследственных отношений. Приводя конкретные примеры, автор подразделяет эти способы на два вида: активное противоборство и пассивное противостояние. Автор приходит к выводу, что нормы законодательства Российской империи («писанный закон») в регулировании наследственных отношений у донских казаков во второй половине XIX в. отнюдь не господствовали. В действительности существовали различные способы противодействия применению норм законодательства, которые практиковали донские казачьи общины ради сохранения норм обычного казачьего права в своих собственных интересах и в соответствии со своими собственными представлениями о законности и справедливости. ; The article reconstructs usual legal regulation of the Don Cossacks' inheritance relations in the latter half of the 19th century. The sources used in the article are previously unknown documents from the State Archive of the Rostov Region and some materials from Cossack periodical press. The author offers an original classification of the Don Cossacks' methods counteracting the legislation of the Russian Empire regulating inheritance relations. The author subdivides these methods into two types: active confrontation and passive opposition, with concrete examples to illustrate them. The author comes to the conclusion that the statutory regulations current in the Russian Empire in regulating inheritance relations were not dominant among the Don Cossacks. In fact, there were various methods to counter the statutory regulations which the Don Cossack communities practiced aiming to preserve the regulations of the common Cossack law in their own interests and according to their own understanding of legitimacy and justice.

The article summarizes the key scientific approaches to the study of terror in the contemporary world focusing on the concepts of (de)modernization, (de)civilization, and the revival of religious movements with rational economic aims under the slogans of "just war" or "cosmic war" with the forces of evil. The author starts from Norbert Elias' work on the civilization process and the formation of the modern state as a pacified society to underline that the problem of violence lies outside Elias' scope, and demonstrate the existing approaches to supplementing his theory with (a) the definition of decivilization trends and the criteria for the identification of decivilization processes; (b) the description of the role and place of brutal violence in modern society; (c) a comprehensive but also heterogeneous picture of terrorism, especially suicide terrorism, i.e. its causes, manifestations and consequences. The author agrees with S.P. Huntington, that we live in a world with an increased risk of conflicts between civilizations and cultural strains rooting in the religious tradition (the re-politicization of religion and religious nationalism are considered attempts to fuse traditional religion with modern politics). Thus, the author concludes that the contemporary terrorism and especially its suicidal form is not only a specific form of (political) struggle, but also metaphorically speaking a "slap in the face" of the civilized Western world, an effort to challenge, shake and undermine the stability and the patterns of life in modern society. However, terrorism wants to influence not only the power system of society, but also the collective psyche of large groups and parts of the population to create a sort of theatre of horror with the rationally designed, staged and performed means of violence.

The paper explores the constitutional legislation of Ukraine regarding the legalstatus of religious associations, formulating proposals for its improvement inaccordance with international legal standards.The legal status of religious associations and their correlation within and withthe state are bound to the recognition and implementation of freedom of conscience.While consolidating the principle of freedom of conscience constitutions of moderndemocracies do not define the scope of this principle's legal regulation. Thus creatingartificial complications when defining the substance of the legal status of religiousassociations, built on the foundation that is freedom of religion. Therefore, thedesignation of ways and approaches to the constitutional regulation of freedom ofconscience and association are both theoretically and practically important researchdirections in the theory of law.The article focuses on the analysis of methodological development principlesof national constitutional law on religious associations. The author reveals theconstitutional model of church-state relations in Ukraine, which is a prerequisite tothe analysis of the current state of constitutional recognition of freedom of conscienceand the right of association in Ukraine. The author also dwells on the issue ofestablishing legal grounds for the restriction of freedom of religion, and the analysisof Ukrainian citizens' complications when exercising the right of alternative servicefor religious or other reasons.As an outcome of the research, the author defines and analyzes the mainapproaches to the improvement of the constitutional legislation of Ukraine in terms ofregulation of freedom of conscience and activity of religious associations inaccordance with European legal standards. ; Проанализировано конституционное законодательство Украины, регулирующее правовой статус религиозных объединений, сформулированы предложения по его совершенствованию в соответствии с международно-правовыми стандартами ; Досліджено конституційне законодавство України, що регулює правовий статус релігійних об'єднань, сформульовано пропозиції щодо його вдосконалення відповідно до міжнародно-правових стандартів

The paper explores the constitutional legislation of Ukraine regarding the legalstatus of religious associations, formulating proposals for its improvement inaccordance with international legal standards.The legal status of religious associations and their correlation within and withthe state are bound to the recognition and implementation of freedom of conscience.While consolidating the principle of freedom of conscience constitutions of moderndemocracies do not define the scope of this principle's legal regulation. Thus creatingartificial complications when defining the substance of the legal status of religiousassociations, built on the foundation that is freedom of religion. Therefore, thedesignation of ways and approaches to the constitutional regulation of freedom ofconscience and association are both theoretically and practically important researchdirections in the theory of law.The article focuses on the analysis of methodological development principlesof national constitutional law on religious associations. The author reveals theconstitutional model of church-state relations in Ukraine, which is a prerequisite tothe analysis of the current state of constitutional recognition of freedom of conscienceand the right of association in Ukraine. The author also dwells on the issue ofestablishing legal grounds for the restriction of freedom of religion, and the analysisof Ukrainian citizens' complications when exercising the right of alternative servicefor religious or other reasons.As an outcome of the research, the author defines and analyzes the mainapproaches to the improvement of the constitutional legislation of Ukraine in terms ofregulation of freedom of conscience and activity of religious associations inaccordance with European legal standards. ; Проанализировано конституционное законодательство Украины, регулирующее правовой статус религиозных объединений, сформулированы предложения по его совершенствованию в соответствии с международно-правовыми стандартами ; Досліджено конституційне законодавство України, що регулює правовий статус релігійних об'єднань, сформульовано пропозиції щодо його вдосконалення відповідно до міжнародно-правових стандартів