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The Internet's liberative qualities have been hyped by a number of Zimbabwean scholars who argue, on the basis of the existence of online alternative media that carries political content, that democratisation can be technology-led. Given that the question of source selection is connected to the democratising potential of the Internet (Lecheler and Kruikemeier, 2016) by some scholars – this study interrogated the liberative potential of the Internet by tracing the social media sourcing patterns of four daily newspapers within Zimbabwe's polarised mainstream media. Using a mixed methods approach which deployed Actor-Network theory as a preliminary methodological tool, this study collected and evaluated empirical data drawn from 146 social media sourced political stories published over a 30-month period and the responses from semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled participants – to account for the human and non-human actors in the news production network. A social constructivist analytical lens was then used to appreciate the contexts in which social media sourcing was being adopted in newsrooms, which revealed how unique circumstances had triggered unprecedented reliance on social media as a political news source. Those unique circumstances involved an escalation of factional fighting within the ruling ZANU PF that morphed into a propaganda war, which was waged through The Herald newspaper by one faction and through social media by the other faction. The public feud, which played out on social media, forced political reporters to gather story ideas from social media and overly rely on a few tech savvy elite sources. In these circumstances, social media's influence on the political news agenda was overstated as it was conflated with the influence of a news event (ZANU PF factionalism) and the influence of social media users (high-ranking ZANU PF members) who could not be ignored. It is hoped that the findings of this study will contribute towards filling the lacuna in terms of scholarship demonstrating the influence of social media within Zimbabwe's political narratives.

The Elizabeth Thoman Archive at the Harrington School of Communication and Media, University of Rhode Island, has the last complete kit of one of the milestones in the early chronology of media literacy, the 1972 Media Now curriculum. This curriculum was the first of its kind, using self-contained lesson modules that were part of a larger series of kits, text references, and accompanying workbook. Its self-directed learning model gave students the opportunity to learn about the media, by doing, responding to, and reflecting on core concepts of media production. Using physical artifacts from the Media Now kit, historical documents, promotional materials, phone interviews with the founders and teachers of the curriculum, the authors were able to trace the development of Media Now from its historical and educational roots of the 1960s, to its full production, distribution, and training out of the facility at the Southwest Iowa Learning Resource Center (SILRC). The historical and educational impetus for creation of what started as a Title III innovation grant of the Elementary and Secondary Educational Act of 1965, matured to be a curriculum that was implemented in 600 schools across the U.S - a testament to both its need and its success. However, as times and politics changed, federal and local government cut funding for Media Now. As we reviewed its original approach to curriculum design and pedagogy, we found that the Media Now story calls for a new examination of the creative materials and techniques used in the 1970s, in light of the current need for media literacy education in and outside of the 21st century digital classroom.

Political frustration of the people often comes along with protest movements on the streets. The street democracy becomes most powerful when the political system loses the people's systemic trust. Therefore, we can see the street democracy as a symptom of the systemic political crisis. We have to be vigilant for political adventurism that exploits the people's discontent. However, considering the chronic fiscal deficits of governments, we cannot rely only on governments. We have to expand our view beyond politics and governments. We are facing various problems at local, national and global level. It is necessary to develop societal governance that mobilizes and organizes multi-functional resources to cope with the multi-level challenges. As J.N. Rosenau formulates, governance is an encompassing phenomenon that embraces governmental and non-governmental mechanisms. This paper reformulates the comprehensiveness of societal governance as multi-functionality and multi-levelness. It means that societal governance is an ecosystem of collaborative efforts that mobilizes multi-functional resources to cope with public problems across local, national and global levels. Innovations in media (especially, in the Internet) can contribute to creating fertile conditions for the efforts by advocating issues and connecting actors and resources. Media can make another step to a next stage of the development as liaison media in societal governance. Now we are witnessing the next step of the media's development towards "societal media".Political frustration of the people often comes along with protest movements on the streets. The street democracy becomes most powerful when the political system loses the people's systemic trust. Therefore, we can see the street democracy as a symptom of the systemic political crisis. We have to be vigilant for political adventurism that exploits the people's discontent. However, considering the chronic fiscal deficits of governments, we cannot rely only on governments. We have to expand our view beyond politics and governments. We are facing various problems at local, national and global level. It is necessary to develop societal governance that mobilizes and organizes multi-functional resources to cope with the multi-level challenges. As J.N. Rosenau formulates, governance is an encompassing phenomenon that embraces governmental and non-governmental mechanisms. This paper reformulates the comprehensiveness of societal governance as multi-functionality and multi-levelness. It means that societal governance is an ecosystem of collaborative efforts that mobilizes multi-functional resources to cope with public problems across local, national and global levels. Innovations in media (especially, in the Internet) can contribute to creating fertile conditions for the efforts by advocating issues and connecting actors and resources. Media can make another step to a next stage of the development as liaison media in societal governance. Now we are witnessing the next step of the media's development towards "societal media".

Limited puralism and "elite-captured" policies -- The field of media activism: organizations and demands -- Strategies -- Policy reforms -- Political opportunities -- Why transnational activism matters -- Policy implementation -- Conclusion: the contributions of media movements.

Mediennutzungsverhalten bestimmter Zielgruppen.

Themen: Häufigkeit des Lesens von Zeitungen; Häufigkeit des Lesens
bestimmter deutscher Tageszeitungen und Wochenzeitungen; Gründe für das
regelmäßige Lesen bestimmter Zeitungen; Übereinstimmung von Zeitungen
mit der eigenen Meinung; Empfehlung bestimmter Zeitungen; Häufigkeit des
Lesens bestimmter ausländischer Zeitungen; Gründe für das Lesen
bestimmter ausländischer Zeitungen; Häufigkeit des Lesens bestimmter
deutscher Magazine; Gründe für das Lesen bestimmter deutscher Magazine;
Häufigkeit des Lesens bestimmter ausländischer Magazine; Gründe für das
Lesen bestimmter ausländischer Magazine; Häufigkeit der Fernsehnutzung;
Nutzung bestimmter Fernsehsender; Tageszeit der Fernsehnutzung an
Werktagen und am Wochenende; Häufigkeit des Sehens von
Fernsehnachrichten; Sehen bestimmter Nachrichtensendungen; Häufigkeit
des Sehens bestimmter Fernsehsendungen; Beurteilung bestimmter
Fernsehsendungen; Häufigkeit der Radionutzung; Tageszeit der
Radionutzung an Werktagen und am Wochenende; Nutzung bestimmter
deutscher Radiosender; Häufigkeit des Hörens von Nachrichtensendungen im
Radio; Hören bestimmter Nachrichtensendungen; Häufigkeit der Nutzung
bestimmter ausländischer Radiosender; Gründe der Nutzung bestimmter
Radiosender; Tageszeit der Nutzung bestimmter Radiosender an Werktagen
und am Wochenende; Hören oder Lesen bestimmter deutscher
Politikkommentatoren; Häufigkeit des Hörens oder Lesens politischer
Kommentatoren; Häufigkeit der Meinungsübereinstimmung mit bestimmten
deutschen Politikkommentatoren; Beurteilung des Einflusses bestimmter
deutscher Politikkommentatoren; Häufigkeit von Kino-Besuchen; Nutzung
und Beurteilung bestimmter Kino- und Fernsehfilme; Häufigkeit der
Nutzung ausländischer Informationsangebote in Deutschland; Art der
Nutzung ausländischer Institute; Erhalt von Publikationen oder von
Werbung ausländischer Institutionen; Inhalt und Beurteilung des Inhalts
der Publikationen bestimmter Institutionen; hauptsächliche
Informationsquelle über inländische Angelegenheiten; Glaubwürdigkeit von
Informationsquellen über inländische Angelegenheiten; hauptsächliche
Informationsquelle über ausländische Angelegenheiten; Glaubwürdigkeit
dieser Informationsquellen; gemeinsame Interessen Deutschlands mit
Frankreich, Großbritannien, den USA und der UdSSR.

Demographie: Alter; Bildung; Auslandsstudium; Auslandsaufenthalt;
Fremdsprachenkenntnisse; Parteimitgliedschaft; Spezifizierung der
aktuellen Tätigkeit.

Literaturangaben

Abstract
What is the relationship between religion and modern media? Are the media in
essence anti-religion and a means to remove religion? Or are they a neutral
means that can also be in the service of religion? Such questions fall under
the category of the relationship between religion, modernization, and the
nature of modernization, about which there can be found a rich literature in
Iran. As far as the relationship between religion and modernization is
concerned, two related approaches can be followed: 1) an
historical-sociological approach and 2) a philosophical approach. Under the
influence of either approach one would face a spectrum of opinions which, on
the one hand, lead to "technological dogmatism" and, on the other, lead to
"instrumentalization". To decide which of these opinions to accept depends
upon our historical situation (our destiny) and our definition of
dichotomous sides (religion and media), as well as on our
historical-sociological and philosophical reasoning in this matter. This
article deals with these points. Since the national media attempts to act
upon the implications expected by modern media within the framework of moral
criteria and religious recommendation, then we will turn to this fundamental
question: How can religious matters be addressed in the public media, so as
to be able to involve a passive audience that is supposedly not the
addressee of the message, and turn him or her into an active audience? In
this regard, taken from the media experiences both in Iran and around the
world, first the characteristics of "religious media" will be offered. Then
a pattern for media rituals will be introduced and experimentally (as a case
study) studied through some examples in Iranian society, and next the need
for a more exact planning will be tapped. Finally the necessary conditions
to develop such rituals in the national media will be dealt with.

"Mass media are defind as media which have their proper program and constitute their own audience. Mass media research, accordingly, deals with the production of programs and the consumption of the audience. For both perspectives, research topics are justified, data sources are introduced, and recommendation for the research infrastructure are given. As for media production, the establishment of a central media content archive is recommended where content analytic time series of public agencies as well as of individual researchers are collected. Furthermore, the development of a unified content analytical system and the promotion of cross-national comparisons are recommended. As for media consumption, the provision of privately funded data for the scientific community, the promotion of cross-national comparisons and the linkage of programs and audience data are recommended." (author's abstract)