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Qibla is defined as the building of the Ka'bah or the direction of Muslims in carrying out a worship, especially prayer, so we need a method that can be used as a guide in determining the direction of Qibla in worship. This study aims to determine the accuracy of the Qibla direction of mosques in Tanete Riattang and Tanete Riattang Barat Districts as measured using astronomy (Google Earth), and the study of Islamic law views the measurement of Qibla direction using astronomy. The method used in this study is a qualitative method, namely the method used to process ideas, reviews and views of experts, as well as descriptive qualitative data analysis methods, namely comparing theoretical studies and realities in the field. The results showed that the method of determining the Qibla direction used in this study using the Google Earth software is relatively easy, very accurate and efficient, but people prefer to determine the Qibla direction by using a compass and also by using the sun's shadow which is known to have quite a difference significant (less accurate). Therefore, the involvement and concern of the government, in this case the Ministry of Religion, as well as competent parties in the field of astrology (determination of the Qibla direction) are needed. Qibla is the direction of the Muslims in worship, therefore we must try our best to determine the direction of Qibla as accurately as possible, considering the growing development of intellectual civilization, especially in the field of astronomy. So that in the future uniformity of direction in worship can be achieved.

The difficulty with competition law is that so many aspects can influence its overall effectiveness. Sanctions in criminal law or the emergence of private enforcement, for example, may influence leniency policy. In turn, public enforcement, whilst protecting information, could also influence the effectiveness of antitrust damages actions. The author makes a comparison with the board game "Pisa". In this game, small figures have to be placed at different levels of the Leaning Tower of Pisa, with the aim of keeping the tower stable. When there are too many dolls on one side and not enough on the other, the balance is lost and the figures topple off the tower. Competition law enforcement is a leaning tower of Pisa. If the structure of a competition law policy is not sufficiently balanced between public and private enforcement, it will function less effectively than it could. With an upcoming private enforcement it is important to strike the right balance so that claimants are able to effectively claim damages on the one hand, but cartel infringers remain interested in applying for leniency on the other. The author analyzes the chosen systems of the EU, Germany and the Netherlands and uses the US system as inspiration. The author also discusses potential solutions for diverging approaches

The matter of expulsion is frequently evolving as much in national legal orders as in international legal systems. Internationalization of law, and more precisely the one concerning human rights, has changed the nature of the problems of expulsion and has allowed to develop more and more protective rules for the persons concerned. As a matter of fact, international law, and in particular european law, tend progressively to frame this highly political act. Thus, the grounds and the implementation of expulsion decisions must be associated with the individual rights and the fundamental freedoms. However, this conciliation seems to be unstable : the changes, essentially aimed at security, which have been noticed in national and Community laws since the attacks of september 11th in 2001 show that this matter is particularly sensitive to the evolutions of socio-political contexts. The phenomenon of expulsion is, by definition, transnational and drives to an increasing cooperation between the States. Consequently, the setting up of a minimal corpus of rights, matching with procedural safeguards allowing to secure its effectiveness, is all the more pressing necessity. The international organs of control, like the European Court of Human Rights, eventually try to interpret the conventions that apply to this subject in a favourable way so as to answer this requirement. Going beyond that initial approach, attached to the concept of nationality, seems necessary today. In this respect, the European Union could be an ideal legal framework to create a "virtual national" status and to make the notion of Union citizenship autonomous. ; La matière de l'expulsion évolue fréquemment tant dans les ordres juridiques nationaux qu'internationaux. L'internationalisation du droit, et plus particulièrement celle des droits de l'Homme, a modifié la nature de la problématique de l'expulsion et a permis le développement de règles de plus en plus protectrices des personnes expulsées. En effet, le droit international, et notamment le droit ...

The Central Bank of Madagascar identifies now twelve regional institutions, seven financial institutions ans twenty nine microfinance institutions. Madagascar has in all two hundred and twenty bank branches throughout the country. Thus this sector is booming. The study will emphasize the analysis of the operations that the established credit institutions in Madagascar carry out and at the same time it is related to what is being applied in other countries like France and Madagascar would likely follow. That way, we will study both the actual cases, that is to say, the Malagash Banking practice and meanwhile we will try to anticipate some cases considered necessary. All this will be implemented due to a thorough study of the current situation in Madagascar and in order to point out the specificity and the gaps of the Malagasy banking law. Moreover, we will manage to show in a comparative study the gap between the banking law in Madagascar and the banking law in the developed countries like France. Indeed, it is no easy to describe a legal rule without thinking, at least incidentally, in favor of no matter what the better solution inspired by the teaching of comparative law or a more realistic consideration of the needs of practice. Conversely, it is difficult to argue in favour of any legislative reform without first making a status report as accurate and complete as possible. Therefore, this thesis makes a point of mentioning a picture of the most possible detailed cases of the civil liability of the banker likely to interest Malagasy law. ; La banque centrale de Madagascar recense aujourd'hui douze banques territoriales, sept établissements financiers et vingt-neuf institutions de microfinance. Madagascar a en tout deux cent vingt agences de banques sur tout le territoire. C'est ainsi un secteur qui est en pleine expansion. L'étude se portera sur l'analyse des opérations que les établissements de crédit établis à Madagascar effectuent, tout en s'attachant à ce qui se pratique déjà dans d'autres pays comme la ...

The first stock exchange in China, the Shanghai Stock Exchange, opened n December 1990. Since then, China's securities market has been a journey of unprecedented development. However, the fledgling securities market is troubled by rampant securities fraud, evidence by Chinese officials' open admission that investment in China's securities market is very risky because of fraud and corruption. After a tortuous six-year drafting process, on December 29, 1998, the Chinese parliament passed the country's first national Securities Law ("the Chinese Securities Law"), hoping to regulate the overwhelming fraud and corruption in China's securities market. The Chinese Securities Law devoted one entire section of the Chapter "Securities Trade," entitled "Prohibited Trading Activities," to regulate securities fraud.

"Serial no. 72." ; Shipping list no.: 93-0121-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Mode of access: Internet.

AbstractCorporate law shapes the fundamental business environment and affects various stakeholders. It is possible to determine the behaviour of various stakeholders by examining the politics of the reform process of corporate law. In order to understand the process, this paper uses the notice-and-comment procedure (public-comment procedure). Under this procedure, people submit comments to the Ministry of Justice; some of the comments are reflected in the final Bill, while others are not. The paper performs a quantitative analysis of a hand-collected dataset from two recent public-comment procedures on corporate law reform. The results showed that the bureaucrats are rigid and not willing to take public comments seriously. However, on some technical issues, legal academics, and legal professionals influence the behaviour of the bureaucrats. In addition, the bureaucrats employed these comments to honour the technical views of professionals. In other cases, corporate managers significantly influence the reform process.

The article discusses inter-correlations between conditions of democratic legitimation of modern law and discursive competencies of citizens as also individuals. The basic premises, on which the claim to the democratic legitimation of modern law is erected, are synthetically elaborated. On this basis discursive competencies are listed in short and their significance articulated with regard to so called weak – and strong public spheres. Crucially, the most fundamental change of basic premises on which democratic legitimation of modern law is contemporary thought of is clearly indicated.

The federal governments role in supporting higher education touches nearly every aspect of the work performed by American colleges and universities. Federal authorities control an immense amount of public resources that are used to strategically exert influence across a complex and differentiated postsecondary system.This report is intended to introduce faculty and administrators within that system to key domains of federal higher education law. The aim is to raise awareness about issues that are likely to receive attention under the current presidential administration and the 114th Congress, especially in light of the HEAs impending reauthorization. In the report, the authors explain key provisions of the Higher Education Act (HEA) and Title IX and make selected policy recommendations. ; Pullias Center for Higher Education University of Southern California