Suchergebnisse

Цель. Рассматривается внешнеполитическая деятельность большевистского руководства накануне открытия Парижской мирной конференции. Анализируются стратегия и тактика РКП(б) осенью – зимой 1918–1919 гг., попытка наладить отношения с враждебно настроенными к РСФСР великими державами, стремление Советской России занять свое место в создающейся новой Версальской системе. Разбираются способы достижения этой цели.Методологической основой работы являются принципы объективности, историзма, критического подхода к использованным источникам и всестороннего анализа поставленной проблемы.Результаты. Доказывается, что международная обстановка, рост революционного движения в Европе в 1918–1919 гг., объединение всех левых сил вокруг советского государства заставили лидеров Англии и США послать своего представителя для переговоров с большевиками. С другой стороны, большевистское руководство стремилось договориться с мировыми державами о признании советского правительства даже путем временного отказа от интернациональных задач, осуществление которых было передано созданному в марте 1919 г. Коммунистическому Интернационалу. Сохранение Советского государства большевики ставили выше идеи «мировой революции».Область применения результатов. Результаты работы могут быть использованы для дальнейших исследований в области истории и политологии, а также в ходе преподавания этих дисциплин в вузе. ; Purpose. The article examines the foreign policy activities of the Bolshevik leadership on the eve of the opening of the Paris Peace Conference. The strategy and tactics of the RCP (B) in the autumn-winter of 1918–1919 are analyzed, as well as the attempt to establish relations with the great powers hostile to the RSFSR, the striving of Soviet Russia to take its place in the new Versailles system. The ways to achieve this goal are exploring.The methodological basis of the article are the principles of objectivity, historicism, a critical approach to the sources used and a comprehensive analysis of the problem posed.Results: it is argued that the international situation, the growth of the revolutionary movement in Europe in 1918–1919, the unification of all left-wing forces around the Soviet state forced the leaders of Britain and the US to send their representative for talks with the Bolsheviks. On the other hand, the Bolshevik leadership sought to reach agreement with the world powers on recognizing the Soviet government, even by temporarily abandoning international goals, the implementation of these tasks was delegated to the Communist International created in March 1919. The preservation of the Soviet state was put by the Bolsheviks above the idea of a "world revolution".Scope of application of the results. The results of the work can be used for further research in the field of history and political science, as well as in the teaching of these disciplines in the university.

The world drug problem has become a vital subject in the political dialogue and cooperation between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean. International relations in this regard are based on the principle of shared responsibility, which has been enshrined on the most relevant international instruments, and its focus areas have been extending from approaches related to security to others such as alternative development and health and prevention social policies. The approaches and views of countries and actors involved have been converging, and they are also determined by multiple strategies that come from the United Nations and multilateral treaties, the OAS, anti-drug European strategies and sub-regional strategies that have been created in the Andean area and South America. Coordination of programs and operations is difficult since cooperation is very fragmented and also due to the existence of ideological approaches that either favor prohibition or argue for decriminalization and the total or partial regulation of its production and distribution. Such differences were visible in the UN General Assembly Special Session on Drugs that was held in April 2016, which hindered significant progress of the international agenda on drugs. ; El problema mundial de las drogas se ha convertido en un objeto destacado de diálogo político y cooperación en las relaciones entre la UE y América Latina y Caribe. Las relaciones en este ámbito se basan en el principio de responsabilidad compartida consagrado en los principales instrumentos internacionales y han ido ampliando sus áreas de trabajo, desde los enfoques vinculados a la Seguridad a otros que amplían su alcance al Desarrollo Alternativo y a las políticas sociales de prevención y de salud. Las visiones y enfoque de los diversos países y actores implicados se han ido aproximando, pero están además determinadas por las diferentes estrategias de la ONU y los tratados multilaterales, la OEA, las sucesivas estrategias Europeas contra las Drogas y las estrategias subregionales que se han creado en el área Andina y en América del Sur. Existen dificultades a la hora de coordinar las operaciones y programas debido a que la cooperación está muy fragmentada y a posicionamientos ideológicos que oscilan entre estrategias prohibicionistas y otras que defienden la despenalización y la regulación total o parcial de su producción y distribución. Esas diferencias se pusieron de manifiesto en la Sesión especial de las Naciones Unidas sobre las Drogas celebrada en abril de 2016 e impidieron avances significativos en la agenda internacional.

Given the impact of global commercialization, this research focuses on the multinational corporations (MNCs) and their subsidiaries in the newly developing transition economy in China, on the different forms of foreign direct investment (FDI) and joint-venture companies (JVCs). The conceptual models on which this research is based show that, in terms of industrial relations (IRs) and human resources management (HRM), culture and languages, as invisible and forgotten factors, play important roles in promoting or hindering managerial efficiency. The research objective is to determine whether or not the linguistic and cultural barriers have a significant influence on the MNCs in particular, IRs and HRM. As China transforms its economy, MNCs play a strategic role and, in order to acquire international competitive advantages, search for efficient IRs and HRM systems and practices. The research has identified a conceptual model that allows a hypothesis to be formed. The model has the advantage of combining cultural and linguistic factors, a synthesis so far largely ignored by researchers. It is designed to explain the shape of industrial relations institutions in the fields of bargaining, the amount of federal and government involvement, the existence of works councils, the payment structure, etc. It is suggested that, in the light of what has been learned from empirical studies (Warner, 1993; Greif, 1994; Globe, 1994; Child, 2003; Feely, 2003; Black, 2005), the research will explore how cultural factors in different stratifications have had an impact on FDI and JVCs industrial relations and HRM strategies in China. The empirical work mentioned has demonstrated a deficit of research focusing on culture and language so this research will make a valuable contribution to the field. To answer what role culture/language play and how and why, both quantitative and qualitative research methods are deemed suitable. Two typical MNCs, one located in Shanghai, the Yangtze Delta Zone and the other in Canton, the Pearl River Delta Zone, are planned to be used as subjects of case studies. The research also includes a survey by using questionnaires focusing on the mass FDIs and JVCs in east and south China. We therefore have two goals: first, to build up theories of culture and language functions in international management and present evidence scientifically for further research; second, to provide references for practitioners dealing in international business, especially those who work as expatriates in transition economies. This research is expected to contribute to both theory and practice in IRs and HRM management for Anglo-Saxon culture based MNCs in China.

This thesis examines the present law and practice of Nigeria in relation to medical negligence litigation and makes proposals for reform. The present position is highly problematic. There are major shortages in medical resources in hospitals. There has been a ?brain drain? of doctors and nurses from Nigeria to richer countries. The cultural and religious attitudes in parts of Nigeria tend to weaken the assertion by patients of their rights. A further difficulty is the absence of reported case law and the very limited academic analysis of the subject. As a matter of both international human rights law and constitutional law, it is necessary that Nigerian law on medical negligence should be reconstituted and codified. For this reason, the thesis contains a Model Act, designed to reflect the best insights of lawyers throughout the world but, more particularly, to take account of the indigenous factors in Nigeria ? resource limitations, religious beliefs, cultural attitudes to gender and autonomy, for example ? so that the legislation will represent best practice for Nigeria rather than some theoretical model for reform. The thesis thus examines in considerable detail the constitutional and international human rights aspects of the protection of the right to health, as many of the deficiencies in the delivery of healthcare in Nigeria are attributable to failures at governmental level. The thesis seeks to provide a solution to the limits of private law claims by proposing a hybrid model whereby courts in medical negligence litigation should have some role in providing a remedy for egregious governmental failure to vindicate patients? right to health. Under the law in every common law jurisdiction, including Nigeria, the concept of the duty of care in negligence does not extend to matters falling within the proper remit of democratic resolution through the political process. Thus, it is not possible to sue the Minister of Health in negligence for having provided inadequate resources to healthcare. That is essentially a political question. Yet international human rights law and the Nigerian Constitution (less clearly) impose binding obligations in regard to the protection of the right to health. The Model Act proposes that courts in negligence litigation should be permitted to have some regard to this public law dimension and to award compensation to injured patients, in cases of neglect of the minimum core obligations to protect the patient?s right to health, exercising that jurisdiction in a restrained manner, respectful of the separation of powers.

Dataset for the article: Oliver J. Robinson, Adam Tewkesbury, Simon Kemp, Ian D. Williams, Towards a universal carbon footprint standard: A case study of carbon management at universities, Journal of Cleaner Production, Available online 22 February 2017, ISSN 0959-6526, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.147. Organisations of all types are significant contributors to international greenhouse gas emissions. The business case for supporting low-carbon practices is gathering pace, alongside the regulatory demands imposed through carbon emission compliance reporting. Despite this, guidance for generating carbon footprints through hybrid environmentally extended input-output analysis is under-developed and under-researched. Higher Education Institutions are key components of education systems across the globe, transcending international borders, socio-political regimes and economic systems. As an internationally significant sector beginning to address climate issues through carbon reduction policies on and off the estate, very few research articles have been published that document emissions arising from all directly and indirectly attributable activities. This study outlines a number of key elements to standardise the organisational carbon footprinting process by reconciling and evaluating the methodological steps in six selected internationally reputable guidelines (published by the Global Reporting Initiative, the Carbon Disclosure Project, the United Kingdom's Government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, the International Standardisation Organisation and the Higher Education Funding Council for England). A systematic review is undertaken which relates the four principles of carbon footprinting (boundary-setting, identification of activities, collecting of data and reporting/verification) to the academic literature. Then, via consultation with university environment managers, a number of recommendations are made to address and improve i) the potential to avoid double-counting, ii) the financial and resource cost of carbon footprinting and iii) the reliability and comparability of data compiled by institutions. We introduce a methodology for a universal, standardised footprinting standard for higher education (that could also apply to all organisations regardless of sector or region) with cut-off criteria that excludes paid-for products and services typically included in the 'Scope 3' proportion of the footprint. In proposing this methodology, carbon footprinting is made more applicable to higher education institutions (since existing standards are designed for generality and for profit-driven organisations) and the practical issues, associated with externally owned data and non-expert staff, are broadly overcome.

The aim of this thesis is to study how cannabis is constructed in contemporary Sweden, which policy responses are promoted as rational, and how international cannabis trends are received in this context. The four papers are the result of analyzing empirical material from three different sub-studies: 1) a qualitative study of online discussions about cannabis and drug policy, 2) a qualitative and comparative study of print media articles from 2002 and 2012, and 3) a qualitative study of oral presentations from cannabis information symposia. All papers are based on a social constructionist approach. A point of departure is that attitudes and regulations on cannabis have changed in large parts of the Western world. In Sweden, however, strict prohibition of cannabis is still central in the national drug laws. Some of the main findings can thus be gathered in discussions on continuity and change. In Swedish online discussions, there seems to be a strong desire to change the national cannabis policy in line with international developments. This discussion propagates alternative views on cannabis, in which comparisons to alcohol become vital and more liberal cannabis policies become logical. These discussions are also characterized by continuity, as many arguments for liberal cannabis policies seem to be based on traditional social democratic values and prohibitionist "scaremongering" arguments. Continuity is also what seems to characterize traditional print media, where cannabis is generally portrayed as a potent and illegal drug producing social problems. However, this arena also shows signs of change, as the material from 2012 includes stories on cannabis as an economic asset as well as a recreational substance. Both traditional print media and cannabis information symposia focus on youth consumers, who are seen as particularly vulnerable to cannabis effects. Such constructions seem important for protecting prohibition from international influences and for a continuous discourse centered on the dangers of cannabis. It is concluded that cannabis appears to be able to represent almost anything. As such it can be "used" for any purpose to promote a whole set of ideas related to policy often based on what is considered as scientific evidence. Depending on the context, it thus seems possible that cannabis is medicinal, recreational, harmful, and addictive. If so, and if all of these constructions are in some way "real," then it is suggested that cannabis necessitates a much more tailored and nuanced response than that which prohibition can offer.

1 recurso en línea (páginas 295-330). ; This article presents a periodization of the Cold War in Colombia, the confrontation between the powers and power blocks transferred to different countries, creating a problem of relations inside each of them. The study shows the existance of three great periods, coinciding in some points with periodizations of the international conlict, but also possessing particularities that respond to the political development of the country. Based on the fact that the Cold War was an international war of ideas that assumed the interior of different nations as its scenery, its periodization must equally take into account the particularities of the different cases, and the conlicts between the different forces struggling internally for power. As a confrontation for societal projects, this study is framed in political history and its documentary sources are the different actions, events, and policies that explain the historical development of the country, from the perspectve of its different actors. Nevertheless, as part of an international conlict, it also uses documents that narrate and describe the principal actions promoted by the United States speciically for the Colombian case and in general for the whole continent. ; El artículo presenta una periodización del desarrolló la Guerra Fría en Colombia, el enfrentamiento entre potencias y bloques de poder que se trasladó al interior de los países e hizo del conflicto un problema de relaciones al interior de cada uno. Muestra la existencia de tres grandes periodos que si bien tienen puntos de encuentro con las periodizaciones del conflicto internacional, tiene sus particularidades que responden al devenir político del país. Siendo la guerra fría una guerra internacional de ideas que asume como escenario el interior de cada estado, su periodización se hace igualmente particular y toma como fundamento los conflictos entre las diferentes fuerzas que luchan internamente por el poder. Como confrontación por proyectos societales, el texto se ubica dentro de la historia política y se desarrolla tomando como fuentes los documentos que dan cuenta de las principales acciones, sucesos y políticas que desde los diversos actores explican el devenir histórico del país. Pero como es parte de un conlicto internacional también se toman como fuentes los documentos que relatan y describen las principales acciones orientadas desde los Estados Unidos para el caso colombiano y en general para el continente. ; Bibliografía y webgrafía: 326-330. ; Artículo derivado de la investigación «Guerra Fría y discurso político en la formación del imaginario anticomunista en Colombia: 1948-1958. ; Artículo de investigación revisado por pares académicos.

The notion "socio-pedagogical conditions of internationalization of education" is defined from the viewpoint of the system analysis. Historical and philosophical, psychological and pedagogical aspects of the notion "condition" are studed. The attention to the types of pedagogical conditions is paid. The notion "socio-pedagogical conditions" is specified. Such conditions are considered as determined by mental, religious, psychological, territorial, economic and political factors. The relevance of this notion consideration in the context of internationalization of higher vocational education is connected with the process of globalization. Socio-pedagogical conditions are understood as a number of pedagogical norms of socio-cultural adaptation of higher education system to the internationalization process. Internationalization of education is understood as an integrative process of the international educational standards implementation in universities activity (the development of joint educational programs), the competence approach (the training of the international level staff accompanied by the changes in the complex of competences), the axiological approach (the educational culture development on the basis of values), the strategic approach (the development of internationalization not only in the academic sphere, but also in the sphere of management of education and in implementation of the international standards of measurement of educational services quality). The author defines the socio-pedagogical conditions which have to be the basis for internationalization of Russian education: the reliance on tradition, increasing academic mobility of students and teachers, etc. ; Определяется понятие «социально-педагогические условия интернационализации образования» с позиции системного анализа. Исследуются историко-философские, психолого-педагогические признаки понятия «условие». Уделяется внимание видам педагогических условий. Уточняется понятие «социально-педагогические условия». Такие условия рассматриваются как детерминированные ментальными, религиозными, психологическими, территориальными, экономическими и политическими факторами. Актуальность рассмотрения этого понятия в контексте интернационализации высшего профессионального образования связывается с процессом глобализации. Под социально-педагогическими условиями понимается совокупность педагогических норм социально-культурной адаптации системы высшего профессионального образования к процессу интернационализации. Интернационализация образования понимается как интегративный процесс внедрения международных образовательных стандартов в деятельность университетов (развитие совместных образовательных программ), компетентностного подхода (подготовка кадров международного уровня, сопровождаемая изменениями комплекса компетенций), аксиологического подхода (развитие культуры образования на основе ценностей), стратегического подхода (развитие интернационализации не только в академической сфере, но и в сфере управления образованием, во внедрении международных стандартов измерения качества образовательных услуг). Автор определяет социально-педагогические условия, которые должны быть положены в основу интернационализации российского образования: опора на традиции, повышение уровня академической мобильности студентов и преподавателей и др.

This study aims, first, to analyze the application of the principles of Maqashid Sharia as a principle of human rights protection against the Rohingya Muslim minority. Second, assess the extent of regional efforts (ASEAN) to protect the Rohingya Muslim minority is based on the principles of Maqashid Sharia. This study is normative juridical, i.e basic research study is conceived as legal norms or rules which apply, both contained Islamic Law and International Law. Further, legal materials collected in the process were analyzed based approach to the law (statute approach) and qualitative approach. The results showed, first, the principle of Maqashid sharia are the fundamental principles that are in line with international human rights principles set forth in the Universal Declaration Human Rights of 1948, the ASEAN Charter and the international conventions that have been globally accepted. Its application carries its own moral responsibility for the ASEAN region, to encourage its member countries (particularly Indonesia and Malaysia) obligations responsibility to protect (R2P) to the ethnic Rohingya. When referring to the ASEAN charter alone, especially member states Indonesia and Malaysia will be very limited in giving aid directly to the territory of the Rohingya, given in addition to avoiding any intervention factor that arises, as well as the government of Myanmar has declared the anti-Islamic rule in the territories of its constitution. This is the regional challenges, especially for Indonesia and Malaysia as member states that embrace the principles of Islamic law once the state of the organization with Myanmar. Secondly, efforts should be made Indonesia and Malaysia are fulfilling rights Rohingya people merely when they became refugees or asylum seeker in the country. The rights can be met as a complement of the principle maqashid sharia, among others: a) freedom of religion, the right to life and freedom from fear (maintenance of soul) in this case Indonesia has established the Integrated Community Shelter (ICS) as a residence of Rohingya refugees and build mosques or places worship for Muslims Rohingya named mosque Arakan, b) fulfill the safety assurance, guarantee of human dignity (maintenance of breath), c) custody of ethnic or tribal, the right to marriage to the breeding (maintenance of descent), d) the right to education (maintenance sense), e) the right to receive a decent living by being given the opportunity to earn a living (maintenance of property).

Den høje danske dimittendalder har været et tilbagevendende indslag på den politiske dagsorden i de sidste 10 år. Forskningsmæssigt ved vi dog ikke så meget om årsagerne, og især sammenhængen mellem social baggrund og de studerendes alder er underbelyst i en dansk kontekst. I internationale undersøgelser peger resultaterne på, at der er en mindre socialt skæv rekruttering blandt ældre end yngre studerende. Denne artikel undersøger, om dette også er gældende for danske forhold. Ved at skelne mellem dimittendalder og sabbat byder artiklen på ny viden om, hvor i uddannelsesforløbet betydningen af social baggrund er størst. Desuden analyseres studerendes egne begrundelser for at holde pauser mellem uddannelser, hvilket normalt ikke indgår i de internationale undersøgelser på feltet. Resultaterne viser, at der er en sammenhæng mellem social baggrund og dimittendalder. Unge med højtuddannede, højtlønnede gifte/samlevende forældre bosat i storbyer har markant lavere dimittendalder end unge med lavtuddannede, lavtlønnede enlige forældre bosat på landet. I forhold til sabbat efter gymnasietiden lader der derimod til at være en homogenitet blandt de unge, da varigheden af pauser ikke varierer nævneværdig med social baggrund. Der er heller ingen signifikante forskelle mellem studerende med forskellig social oprindelse i begrundelserne for sabbat.


ENGELSK ABSTRACT:

Rolf Lyneborg Lund and Trond Beldo Klausen:
A Long Way to Go: Social Background and Students' Age at Danish Universities

The high age at graduation of Danish university students has been on the political agenda during the last decade. International research has shown that mature students are a less socially selected group than younger students, but virtually nothing is known about social origin and students' age in Denmark. This article investigates the association between social origin and students' age based on data from administrative registers. This data allows us to differentiate between graduation age and gap years. A framework of social inequality is used to analyze students' own reasons for choosing gap years, which is contrary to most research in this field. The results show a fairly strong association between social origin and graduation age. Descendants of urban living highly educated married parents with high earnings are more likely to attain a master's degree at a younger age than decedents of rural living single parents with low education and low earnings. However, there is virtually no significant association between social origin and gap years, and the reasons for choosing to have one or more gap years do not vary between students of different social origin.

Keywords: graduation age, gap years, higher education, social inequality, social class.

258 páginas y anexos ; La falta de un marco eficaz de lineamientos que coordine y articule las políticas, programas y proyectos de la Cooperación Internacional, con las prioridades de desarrollo local del gobierno departamental del Meta, genera fragmentación y dispersión de las acciones y lleva a que la ayuda internacional no opere satisfactoriamente. Además, conlleva a que se frustren procesos con poblaciones involucradas y se debilite la cohesión institucional. Actualmente, el país enfrenta importantes retos que requieren del apoyo de los cooperantes y de acciones gubernamentales coordinadas de manera acertada que sienten las bases de un país en paz. Los nuevos desafíos del país implican coordinar las agendas con énfasis en lo territorial, ante la necesidad de priorizar las necesidades locales en la superación de los conflictos territoriales, el ejercicio de las políticas públicas y la toma de decisiones. En esta investigación se proponen lineamientos de política orientados a la coordinación interinstitucional entre la gobernación del Meta y la Cooperación Internacional encaminados a la construcción de paz territorial en aspectos estratégicos, programáticos y funcionales. El periodo del estudio comprende del 2006 hasta mediados de 2016. La investigación es pertinente y oportuna a los retos que enfrentan los territorios en la construcción de paz. ; The lack of an effective framework of guidelines that coordinates and articulates the policies, programs and projects of the international cooperation with the local development priorities of the departmental government of Meta, generates fragmentation and dispersion of the actions and causes that the international aid does not operate satisfactorily. lt also leads to the frustration of development processes with populations involved and weak institutional cohesion. The country is currently facing significant challenges that require the support of donors and coordinated government actions that lay the foundations of a peaceful country. The new challenges of the country involve coordinating the agendas with a territorial emphasis given the need to prioritize local needs in overcoming territorial conflicts, the exercise of public policies and decision-making. This research proposes policy guidelines oriented towards inter-institutional coordination between the governance of Meta and international cooperation aimed at building territorial peace in strategic, programmatic and functional aspects. The study period ranges from 2006 to mid-2016. Research is timely and pertinent to the challenges facing peacebuilding-territories in Colombia. ; Magíster en Gobierno y Políticas Públicas ; Maestría

Since its establishment in 2012, the Spanish Network of Smart Cities (RECI) has worked towards the ultimate objective of making Spanish cities an international reference within the global 'smart' panorama. This network, originally empowered by the individual experience of many Spanish cities with presence in international smart city projects for over 10 years, has adopted a form of governance based on complex networks, including its own particular network coordination and management mechanisms. From this point of view, in first place this work tries to answer the question 'can these coordination mechanisms contribute to the success of the governance network?' To provide an answer network performance in the framework of cities is studied focusing on the existing network coordination mechanisms and the abilities of the network manager. From its original 25 funding members, RECI has progressively increased its number of members to 65 by the beginning of 2016. On the management and coordination side, RECI is formed by a president, three vice-presidents, one secretary, and one representative from each founding member. From the work point of view, RECI'S ecosystem is divided into five working groups addressing local concerns. This structure has favoured a sharing environment where all cities can learn from others' experiences and adopt the best practices that better adapt to their local needs and strategic plans. The sharing-based environment is empowered by a Content Management System (CMS) which acts as a common document repository. Overall, this environment can be considered a fast track to learning in matters of smart cities governance and projects implementation. Ultimately, as a consequence of this environment, an important positive impact is produced in the smart governance of these cities. The final objective of this work focuses on providing a full picture of the overall impact of RECI on the Spanish smart cities based on a Political, Economic, Social and Technological (PEST) analysis. Apart from the information gathered in related literature, this analysis is supported by the answers provided by a sample group of RECI's members to a consultation where a series of questions in relation to their opinion about RECI's impact on their local governments were made. Lastly, the conclusions of the study show the important role that RECI has played in the recent development of Spain as an international reference in the field of smart cities, both at a network level, with RECI's mentoring activities to other networks; and individually for Spanish cities.

Le préambule de la Constitution de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) met de l'avant une conception de la santé comme droit humain de tous les peuples, et adopte ainsi une perspective de droit à la santé plutôt que de droit de la santé. Ce texte vise à comparer les pouvoirs normatifs dont dispose l'OMS pour réaliser un objectif de droit à la santé dans un contexte d'inégalités flagrantes et inacceptables, avec l'état actuel de son corpus normatif. L'auteure constate que la santé publique est sous-légalisée au sein de l'OMS et, inspirée des Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL), elle soutient que l'OMS n'assume pas pleinement ses capacités normatives afin de pallier les inégalités mondiales en matière de droit à la santé. Elle analyse cette sous-légalisation et les inégalités de mise en œuvre du droit à la santé sous l'angle d'une dualité souvent attribuée aux organisations internationales qui n'ont pas une fonction directement politique : celle de la technicité et de la politisation. Elle propose une réflexion sur l'identité technocrate de l'OMS, qui contribue à son tour à la réflexion plus large sur la disparité constatée. En guise de réflexion sur les pistes de solution, l'auteure présente le mouvement pour une convention-cadre sur la santé publique, tout en évitant de faire l'apologie de la légalisation. ; Abstract : The preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) espouses the view that health is a universal human right. This article describes the potentiality and the limits of the WHO, not only with regard to legislative initiatives and its normative corpus, but also with a view to promoting a fundamental right to health in a world in which inequities are rampant. The writer asserts that the WHO has failed to fulfill its function regarding the promotion of a worldwide right to health. She points out the disparities between WHO's mission based on its normative powers of promoting a universal right to health and the inconsistent implementation of this right, attributable to the inherent vulnerability of international organizations which are not endowed with a direct political function, and thus subject to technicity and to politicization. The technocratic nature of the WHO is conducive to the disparities observed. Without opting for the enactment of laws as the sole solution, the writer discusses measures such as the adoption of a Framework Convention on Public Health.

RESUMEN: Este texto pretende compilar algunas herramientas que permita entender un poco más sobre gobernanza en salud dentro del ámbito internacional y nacional; definiciones, actores y, posiciones de algunos escritores. Contiene elementos que ayudan al análisis de la gobernanza dentro de los países y como su concepción aplicada ayuda al desarrollo de los países y a la planificación en salud. Nos muestra como desde el accionar internacional, nacional y la interdisciplinariedad por medio del trabajo intersectorial entre gobiernos y organizaciones definen los rumbos de las acciones e implementación de programas que ayudan a mejorar las condiciones de salud de las comunidades. Tiene elementos que nos permiten en visualizar un poco el accionar de los gobiernos por medio de acuerdos y decisiones en favor de la salud pública mundial y ejemplos de cómo el ejercicio de la gobernanza es fundamental para la toma de decisiones, nos muestra también algunos resultados del accionar en salud a nivel internacional y local. Este texto nos menciona condiciones favorables y dificultades, como también de las alianzas que realizan los diferentes actores que intervienen para lograr impacto en salud a escala mundial o regional. Responsabilidades y compromisos de los actores, además de obstáculos y desafíos que enfrentan para que el ejercicio de la gobernanza en salud sea más efectivo y su accionar lleguen a las poblaciones más vulnerables. ; ABSTRACT: This text aims to compile some tools for understanding a little more about health governance within the international and national levels; definitions, actors and writers positions. It contains elements that help the analysis of governance within countries and applied as conception development aid to countries and health planning. It shows how from international action, national and interdisciplinarity through intersectoral collaboration between governments and organizations define the directions of actions and implementation of programs that help improve the health conditions of communities. It has elements that allow us to visualize a little the actions of governments through agreements and decisions for global public health and examples of how the exercise of governance is essential for decision-making, also shows some results health actions at international and local level. This text mentions us favorable conditions and difficulties, as well as alliances made by the different actors involved to achieve health impact on a global or regional scale. Responsibilities and commitments of the actors, along with obstacles and challenges they face in the exercise of health governance more effective and their actions reach the most vulnerable populations.

This study aims to analyze inter-stakeholders' interactions, destination governance, reverse innovation and the tasks of central government within Turkish medical tourism market. The investigation's objective is to shed lights on scientists and practitioners regarding to what extent medical tourism is affected by stakeholders. Likewise, the originality of this investigation is that this study is the first attempt that links up reverse innovation and stakeholder approach as a holistic strategy and competitive advantage tool in medical tourism. The statistical evidences of Turkey also support the fact that the incline of medical tourism incomes and benefits is tightly bound on key inter-stakeholders' collaborations, marketing tools, specific strategies, effective governance mechanism and cooperation with civil society organizations. This study is a thematic case that comprises particular research fields and formulates advanced arguments that are embedded in enriched relevant literature review and the highlights of the 7th International Health Tourism Congress. ; The authors are grateful to the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health for supporting them by means of sharing the 2013-2014 statistical datasets. Likewise, they are indebted to the Organizing Committee of the 7th International Health Tourism Congress for their collaboration. Furthermore, the authors would like to express their sincere thanks to Istanbul Commerce University for ensuring them institutional opportunities. A previous version of this research was presented as a proceeding at the 7th International Health Tourism Congress which is organized every year by Health Tourism Association of Turkey. The congress was held on 18-21st November 2015 in Silence Istanbul Hotel & Convention Center (Istanbul / TURKEY). Likewise, this investigation was written in the framework of a large-scale practical research project (Project Code: ICU-DUPA/2015-EUP-01) that is conducted at Istanbul Commerce University, Research and Project Development Academy (DUPA). ; Bu calismanin amaci; Türk medikal turizm piyasasinda merkezi yönetimin görevleri, tersine inovasyon, destinasyon yönetisimi ve paydaslar arasi etkilesimleri analiz etmektir. Arastırmanin hedefi; bilim insanlarina ve sektördeki profesyonellere / uygulayicilara medikal turizmin paydaslar tarafindan ne dereceye kadar etkilendigi hakkinda isik tutmaktir. Ayrica, bu arastirmanin özgünlügü medikal turizmde rekabet avantaji araci ve bütünsel strateji olarak paydas yaklasimi ile tersine inovasyon arasinda baglanti kuran ilk girisim olmasidir. Türkiye'nin istatistiksel verileri de medikal turizmdeki yükselis trendinin ve faydalarinin sivil toplum kuruluslari ile isbirligi, efektif yönetisim mekanizmasi, spesifik stratejiler, pazarlama araclari ve kilit paydaslar arasi isbirliklerine sikica bagli oldugunu desteklemektedir. Bu calisma tematik bir örnek olay olup, 7. Uluslararasi Saglik Turizmi Kongresi'nde vurgulanan hususlar ile iliskilendirilmis literatür taramasina dayali olarak formüle edilmis gelismis argümanlar ve spesifik arastirma alanlarini icermektedir.