Suchergebnisse

For reasons of its geographical location, colonial legacies and cultural practices, the Savelugu-Nanton District is characterised by high illiteracy rate, poverty and low school attainments. The Savelugu-Nanton District was a beneficiary district during the five year piloting of the Ghana School Feeding Programme. The objectives of the study were to examine the effectiveness of the implementation processes of the GSFP and assess the effect of the policy on school attainments in the beneficiary schools and to suggest recommendations towards improving its management. The study employed triangulation. Survey instruments were administered on a study sample of 53 respondents selected purposively from the GSFP institutional set up and major stakeholders. Survey reports and content analysis of published records were used to examine the policy implementation processes. Four schools were selected through probability sampling and Analysis of Variance was used to compare intervention effects on school attainments. The study revealed irregular funding, poor collaboration and participation by the major stakeholders and the non compliance with the selection criteria for beneficiaries and an irregular school feeding. The programme produced no effect on enrolment and attendance except for drop-oat numbers. The study concluded that the implementation processes were not so effective and therefore, failed to achieve any influence on school attainments in the study area. The study recommended to government to involve key stakeholders to reformulate the policy through Parliament into a statute and set standards for management and stakeholder participation. The new statute must incorporate budgetary funding.

Harare City Council has both "processes" and "outputs" crises. The processes crisis includes waste, red tape, delay, mismanagement and corruption within the local authority. The outputs crisis involves failure to deliver what it should. Quality of service delivery is poor. E-governance contributes to poverty reduction through making communication easier and more affordable by enabling speedy and secure economic transactions. Participation is central to good governance and an important factor for sustainable development. Local authorities are closest to residents and thus in a better post to effectively drive participation. E-governance therefore means e-participation hence connecting residents of different social, academic, political and cultural backgrounds. The research explores the questions: how does e-governance improve service delivery and good governance such as responsiveness, transparency, accountability, effectiveness governance, improved participation, effectiveness and efficiency. The research findings indicate that the relationship between e-governance and participation is positive and strong. The findings are based on Harare City Council activities, analysis of key documents, views of key informant and content analysis. Recommendations proffered include the coming up with a shared e-governance strategy for Harare City Council by the Ministry of Local Government, Urban and Rural Development and Harare City Council. This must result in website creation. Residents' awareness must be conducted through workshops, seminars and conferences in order to explain the benefits of e-governance. Human development designed to empower residents with basic ICT skills must be embarked upon.

There is a positive relationship between the high woman representation in public and the success of corruption and poverty eradication. This means that the role of women becomes very strategic along with the increase of woman representation in public region. In Indonesia, the problem is that woman representation is very low in public region, and from time to time it tends to decline. The low woman representation indicates that the motivation of women to lead is lower than that of men. It is estimated that work-family conflicts and the ambition of women are the significant factors which cause the low motivation of women to lead in Indonesia. The population consists of the civil servants of local governments in "Gerbangkertosusilo" in East java. The data were collected by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Using complexity model and multiple measurement method applied to each concept in the research models, all the data were analyzed by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Correlation Analysis. Four relationship hypotheses were significantly proven. These significant hypotheses suggest that: 1) the motivation of women to lead is lower than that of men; 2) the higher the work-family conflict, the weaker the motivation of women to lead (in comparison with men); 3) the stronger the motivation of women to lead, the stronger the work-family conflicts; 4) the stronger the interaction between ambition and work-family conflict, the weaker the motivation of women to lead in comparison with that of men.Keywords: Work-family conflicts, Motivation to lead, Ambition

This study analysis developing country' experiences of the last three decades after many of these countries had adopted neoliberal economic policies. An attempt is being made to study their achievements in terms of reducing poverty and unemployment. Also explores neoliberalism and globalisation and its impact on the process and development of democracy in developing countries in the present framework of global capitalism. I find that despite the disastrous experiences of neoliberal polices, especially in Latin American and African countries, still the international institutions are imposing these policies on the developing countries. It seems that little lesson has been learned from the past. There is a gap in the literature regarding the critical analysis of these polices. In recent years a number of Latin American countries have abandoned neoliberalism and adopted polices to be suitable to their national interests rather than foreign capital. I intend to examine these developments in details. We will briefly analyse the international financial institutions policies such as IMF and World Bank and their close co-operation with World Trade Organisation (WTO). Neoliberal versions of the 'globalisation' thesis are challenged, and it is argued that national-level economic process remains central and that the international economy is far from ungovernable. The study also examines India's recent experiences of neoliberal policies, while in contrast to that Ecuador's attempt to opt out of neoliberal policies and chart out new economic policies aimed towards more national economic control of resources and with active state intervention in favour of under privileged classes in the country.

The suspension of Zimbabwe from the IMF's Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) in 2001 has been justified as resulting from loan repayment arrears and failed macroeconomic policies. This dissertation argues that these justifications oversimplify the relationship between the Fund and Zimbabwe in the 2000s. As such, three factors are essential for a more comprehensive analysis into the country's foreign policy- the state type, the impact of bargaining between factions of different ideological underpinnings (internationalists vs. nationalists), and land reform. The socio-economic context of neocolonialism and the negative impact of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) on the domestic level, and comprehensive economic sanctions on the international sphere forged a radicalised state. The Land Reform and Resettlement Programme (LRRP) became the conduit through which economic redistribution occurred and the structural cleavages it created were significant in defining the political 'rules of the game'. We argue that foreign policy analysis of a radicalised state specifically necessitates a closer look at the symbiotic synergies between domestic bargaining and international negotiation. Through the lens of Putnam's Two Level games hypothesis, we conclude that there were four main factors that determined the country's foreign policy towards the IMF and the failure of the negotiations- there was a prioritisation of domestic political considerations over external conditionalities; there was an incompatibility of 'win-sets' between the IMF and Zimbabwe; that comprehensive sanctions reduced the IMF's bargaining space; and domestic ideological divergence between neoliberal 'internationalists and radical 'nationalists' undermined the negotiations.

The post-election crisis of January 2008 brought Kenya close to collapse and the status of a failed state. Following the abrupt proclamation of Mwai Kibaki, the incumbent president, as victor in a highly contentious presidential election, peace was disrupted by severe ethnic violence between supporters of the opposition Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) and the Party of National Unity (PNU). This saw up to 2,000 people killed and as many as 300,000 displaced from their homes. This analysis locates the origin of the crisis in, variously, a background of population growth and extensive poverty; and ethnic disputes relating to land going back to colonial times (notably between Kalenjin and Kikuyu in the Rift Valley). More immediately, what stoked the conflict is the construction of political coalitions around Kenya's 42 ethnic groups, although the 2007 election campaign was critically shaped by ODM's rhetoric of '41 against one' (the Kikuyu); and not least, this survey records the diffusion of violence as a result of elite manipulation of armed militias which, since 1992, have steadily eroded the state's monopoly of violence. While summarising how external mediation and the elite interest in political stability prevented the country falling apart, and led to the formation of a power-sharing government, the analysis proposes that a reluctance by the Grand Coalition partners to undertake fundamental reform of the constitution means that Kenya remains a 'democracy at risk', and faces a real possibility of slipping into state failure. Adapted from the source document.

This thesis is a collection of research papers examining global economic integration, technology diffusion and climate change and their interactions and policy implications. Chapter 1 theoretically analyzes the effect of changes in regional production costs on the inter-regional allocation of intermediate good production in case of Cournot competition. Chapter 2 shows the possibility of a poverty trap with respect to North-South capital mobility and technology diffusion by setting up a theoretical dynamic macro model. Chapter 3 indicates according to an econometric analysis that energy savings via foreign direct investment in developing countries are statistically not robust and significant. Chapter 4 suggests based on a computational general equilibrium analysis that carbon based import tariffs are more effective as a menace towards China than for saving CO2 emissions. Chapter 5 estimates based on an interdisciplinary assessment that health risks and costs due to heat stress might strongly increase in the absence of effective mitigation and adaptation measures until 2100 in Germany. ; Diese Dissertation ist eine Zusammenstellung von Forschungsartikeln über globale ökonomische Integration, Technologiediffusion und Klimawandel und deren Interaktionen und Politikimplikationen. Kapitel 1 analysiert in einem theoretischen Modell mit Cournot-Wettbewerb die Auswirkungen von Veränderungen regionaler Produktionskosten auf die interregionale Allokation der Zwischenproduktfertigung. Kapitel 2 zeigt die Möglichkeit einer Armutsfalle im Zusammenhang mit internationaler Kapitalmobilität und Technologiediffusion mit Hilfe eines theoretischen dynamischen Modells. Kapitel 3 zufolge führen ausländische Direktinvestitionen in Entwicklungsländern ökonometrisch betrachtet nicht zu statistisch robusten und signifikanten Energieeinsparungen. Kapitel 4 kommt basierend auf einem numerischen allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodell zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich CO2-basierte Zölle womöglich eher als Drohung gegenüber China als zur Einsparung von CO2-Emissionen eignen. Kapitel 5 weist im Rahmen einer interdisziplinären Schätzung darauf hin, dass es ohne geeignete Vermeidungs- und Anpassungsmaßnahmen zu einem deutlichen Anstieg der hitzebedingten Gesundheitsrisiken und -kosten bis 2100 in Deutschland kommen kann.

South Africa finds itself at a development cross road: optimism for "high road" development is bisected by a wasteland of poverty and overpopulation. Intervention policies are largely "faith-based", even in the face of rising uncertainties surrounding population growth, HIV/Aids and resource availability. Added to this are the complexities of disparate spatial development and social scenarios, mass urbanization and immigration. In order to confront these threats, decision makers need analytical tools that can be used to explore potential intervention policies for their efficacy, desirability and inadvertent consequences in non-target sectors. Such tools should adequately address uneven spatial development across environmental, economic and social sectors over intermediate time scales. In this study, an object-oriented modelling approach was used to allow the analysis of magisterial districts [local government regimes] individually, without compromising functional interdependence between districts. Since development trends could not be modelled for individual districts due to a lack of adequate data, a trans-disciplinary dynamic system model of national development was constructed, and the equations derived for this model (LORAX 1.0) were down scaled to represent development at a district level. Agentised modelling was introduced: 1) to facilitate synchronous communication and resource exchanges between districts during analysis, and 2) to implement hypothetical intervention policies [abstracted from likely government actions], in districts where they are called for. This version of LORAX (2.0) provides a useful platform for 1) understanding sub-national trends in development and 2) for testing the consequence of likely policy interventions in a co-evolved human society.

ABSTRACTThis article takes a step toward unifying normative and empirical policy analysis by examining the convergence of societal metatheories, public policy models, and empirical data on consumers. It begins with the premise that policies rest on a foundation of normative beliefs or metatheories that, in turn, put boundaries around the possible and give social meaning to the policies and programs that flow from them. The interaction of social metatheories about poverty and existing policies to deal with people with utility payment problems is examined. The article continues with the idea that good policy arguments are supported with empirical data and factual evidence. An empirical cluster analysis of a representative sample of consumers provides a basis for identifying the extent to which the empirical clusters conform to any or all of the metatheory‐policy linkages. The ultimate message is that theory and practice ought to demarcate where they are deductively metaphysical, based on beliefs about a subject, where they are inductively empirical, based on objective measurements relevant to the situation to which applied, and where a mixed approach is used. Linkage of the three types of information allows policy research to identify options in light of the values and metatheories on which they are based and the objective characteristics and effects on their objects of action. The implications are that when policies are based on beliefs that reflect only a part of empirical reality, implementation may fail or be inefficient and ineffective.

Freedom in nations can affect the happiness of citizens both positively and negatively. This study takes stock of the balance of effects. It considers 1) whether there is a positive net-effect at all, 2) which freedom variants contribute most to happiness 3) in what conditions. Freedom is conceived as chance to choose, requiring 'opportunity' to choose, and 'capability' to choose. Opportunity to choose is measured by absence of restrictions in economic, political and personal life. Capability to choose is measured by information and inclination to go one's own way. Happiness is conceived as the overall appreciation of ones life as a whole. Average happiness in nations is measured by responses to questions on the matter in representative surveys. Data on both freedom and happiness is available for 46 nations in the early 1990's. Analysis shows first of all positive correlations between freedom and happiness. Yet closer analysis reveals that freedom and happiness do not always concur.Freedom is positively related to happiness among rich nations, but not among poor nations. Apparently freedom does not pay in poverty. Further, freedom is related to happiness only when 'opportunity' and 'capability' coincide.A notable exception is economic freedom. Opportunity for free trade is positively related to happiness in poor nations, but not in rich nations. Similarly, the relation between economic freedom and happiness is strongest in nations where capability to choose is lowest. The findings show that freedom does not always breed happiness, and suggest that economic freedom deserves priority.

This book is a comprehensive analysis of farmers' movements in
India with a focus on the movements in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Punjab
and Karnatka. It examines the economic, social and political aspects of
the farmers' struggle for a better deal within regional and national
perspectives and evaluates the potential impact of these struggles on
economic development in general, and on rural development, in
particular. In a most competent way the author has presented the current
state of the debate on the subject. He deals exhaustively with the
subject of agricultural price policy and argues against the proposition
that favourable price-setting for farm products is adequate to alleviate
rural poverty. A better way to tackle this problem is to improve the per
capita output in the rural sector, since the root cause of the problem
is not unfavourable terms of trade but the increasing proportion of land
holdings, which are economically not viable. Agricultural price policy
is analyzed within the context of class relations, which enables to
establish a link between the economic and political demands of the
farmers. This analysis leads the author to conclude, that in contrast
with the peasants' movements in India, which helped to break up the
feudal agrarian set-up, the recent farmers' movements, with a few
exceptions, have little revolutionary content. Their leadership has been
appropriated by the rich landowners, who have transformed the movements
into a lobby for advancing their own interests, within the existing
power structure, to the neglect of the poorer peasantry.

Using case studies from six Asian countries, this paper (a) assesses the relevance of underlying rationales for public intervention in foodgrain markets, (b) documents the existing policies and regulations that support operation of grain parastatals, (c) provides estimates of benefits and costs of parastatals, and (d) compares experiences of countries that liberalized (or reduced intervention) with the ones that continue to have significant presence of parastatals. Our results suggest that conditions in the region have improved significantly over the past thirty years; and none of the four commonly agreed rationales—that is, poorly integrated domestic markets, thin and volatile world market, promoting modern technology and the scarcity of foreign exchange reserves—for public intervention in foodgrain markets are now persuasive. Domestic foodgrain markets are integrated, international markets for both wheat and rice are significantly more robust than they were thirty years ago, High-Yielding Varieties (HYV) now cover practically all of the high potential area sown to wheat and rice; and foreign currency reserves have increased dramatically in all countries in recent years. However, although rationales have lost their significance, many countries continue to practice old policies and provide regulatory supports to parastatals, including monopoly control over international trade, preferential access to transportation, restrictions on movement of foodgrains, and cheap or interest-free credit. Relative to the private sector, the costs of the grain parastatals have been high and are increasing, as special interests and rent- seeking are increasingly dictating their operation. This is being manifested in various forms, such as excessive public stocks in India, vacillating import policies in Indonesia and Pakistan, questionable government foodgrain import decisions in the Philippines, and politically-determined ceiling and floor prices in India. On the other hand, the experiences of Bangladesh and Vietnam, both of which have implemented extensive reforms over the last fifteen years, suggest that reduced government intervention can promote competition in the domestic markets, reduce subsidies, and release funds for development and anti-poverty programs without jeopardizing price stability. The paper concludes that reforms are overdue and the delay in changing the old ways of doing price stabilization will be increasingly wasteful. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; GRP2; Theme 2 ; MTID

[spa] La presente tesis doctoral aborda el tema rural en el estado de Tamaulipas, México. Estudia los casos de dos municipios: Casas y Güémez. Analiza los factores que son inhibidos por el sistema ejidal para alcanzar el desarrollo de las familias ejidatarias. Tiene como su centro de análisis al Ejido, como fenómeno político agrario y mediante una metodología deductiva, a lo largo de siete capítulos, describe y explica la presencia de agentes internos y externos en la compleja problemática que enfrenta el campesino ejidatario. Para ello hace uso de la cartografía existente sobre la tenencia de tierra en México y en Tamaulipas. Al mismo tiempo, con el uso de estadísticas oficiales y otras recabadas en campo se procede a estudiar aquellos factores que inhiben la posibilidad de acceder al desarrollo integral de los productores ejidatarios. La tesis, puede describirse en dos grandes planos, uno teórico-conceptual que se aborda en cuatro capítulos, abordando los estudios, los conceptos, la legislación histórica y actual de los ejidos. La relación de los ejidatarios con la pobreza, la marginación y el desarrollo desde una perspectiva oficial. Y la otra parte, práctico-analítica, que profundiza en el estudio de la geografía, la economía, educación, salud, vivienda, ingreso, política y legislación del ejido en un contexto estatal, municipal y ejidal. En conclusión, el ejido continúa como objeto de estudio desde diversas ópticas, ésta tesis las integra y las discute para convocar al diseño de políticas rurales que respondan a las demandas particulares de la regiones. Estudiando más desde adentro hacia fuera; la tesis redunda en la participación importante del ejidatario en conseguir el desarrollo, como él la ha pensado. El abordaje de los agentes centrales, nos ha permitido saber que la calidad es su estructura primordial, que no se trata de contar con servicios o derechohabiencias cuya calidad no cumple con la demanda requerida. ; [eng] The following doctoral dissertation deals with the rural topic in Tamaulipas, México. It studies the cases of two town councils: Casas and Güémez. It has as its core analysis the Cooperative land, as an agrarian political phenomenon and by means of a deductive methodology. Throughout seven chapters, it describes and explains the presence of inner and external agents in the complex issues that the cooperative countryman faces. To achieve this, it makes use of the existent cartography over the tendency of land in Mexico and in Tamaulipas. At the same time, with the use of official statistics and some other gathered in field, it proceeds to study those factors that inhibit the possibility to access the integral development of the cooperative producers. This dissertation can be described in two aspects, one theoretical-conceptual that is developed in four chapters as follows: getting into the studies, the concept, the historical and current legislation of the cooperative land. The previous aspects have an impact on the relationship of the cooperative members with poverty, marginalization and development from an official perspective. On the other, it presents a practical-analytical perspective, which analyzes in depth the study of the geography, the economy, education, health, housing, income, policies and legislation of the cooperative land in the state, town council and cooperative contexts. In conclusion, the cooperative land continues as an object of study from different perspectives, which are discussed in order to design rural policies that satisfy the particular demands of the region. This study was carried out from the inside to the outside, and the results have shown that the important participation of the members of cooperative in achieving the development, as it has been thought. In this research it was found out that the main participants, cared about quality as its main structure.

This Degree to supervise doctoral researches is presented in two volumes: the first is a summary note (322 pages, with notional and proper name indexes); the second brings together various articles, book chapters, statistical data and content analysis (215 pages). The first volume is itself divided into two parts: "Of Music and Poor's: synthesis and main results (1981-2007)", from pages 8 to 168, and "Anthropology of anger: grids of analysis, prospective reflection", from pages 170 to 269. A bibliography, classified into themes, has been deliberately made dense in references. Three chapters make up the first part of volume 1: "Prehistory of research and professional career", "The observation of underground musical phenomena and Identity minorities"; "Poor, poverty and social representations". Three others structure the following one: "The theorization of becoming an active minority"; "Cultures of resentment and current forms of mysticism" and "Conclusion: representations of poverty and work". As in any exercise of this kind, this synthesis of research (part 1) has been carried out with the aim of enriching the subject matter developed in already published writings, by drawing on new reading and by adding more precise notes or analyses, both for the work on popular music and for the work on social representations. In Chapter 1, a kind of professional autobiography is presented, which is related to the psychosocial and administrative issues of legitimation in research laboratories where a professional is a representative of a minority discipline (psychosociology). Since the end of the 1980s, we have been witnessing a complete reorganisation of the modes of professional integration and recognition of researchers. The obligation to join a single team, whatever the case, leads to an asymptotic career, especially if one is the bearer of a non-compliant research problem (monographic approach on a research object considered marginal in social psychology). Moreover, when the researcher does not belong to any of the dominant research disciplines of a university, one is faced with aporias and formidable professional and intellectual difficulties. In the end, this type of researcher is forced either into intra-organisational scientific marginality, by developing an invisible college of correspondents external to his or her working institution, or into the position of leadership or manager, by joining the pedagogical, administrative or scientific boards of his or her institution.The first chapter is devoted to the consequences of these structural constraints. A synthetic approach to surveys of popular music and a critical commentary on the vogue for ethno-methodological and apologetic research on these phenomena are then proposed (Chapter 2). This is because much has been written and published, both in France and abroad, on these "objects" of work, and we now find ourselves at a point where we are commenting on monographic empirical data and distancing ourselves from the work of certain researchers, activators of a fascinated theorising of these practices. A good part of this chapter is organised around this critical questioning and in defence of the so-called "acid state" model constructed during the thesis (1980-1986). Chapter 3 presents the complete data of a work, not yet published in a reference journal, of qualitative-quantitative research on the social representations of poverty. The approach to the 'poverty' subject is based on semi-directive interviews (80 subjects).An analysis of thematic content and lexicon, generated by an associative test, is also presented. Various elements are to be noted: the cognitive monopolisation effect of the terms "hunger" and "money" by poor subjects and the upper middle classes when asked to define the term "poverty" and the construction of the central core of poverty around the prototype of the homeless person, in the Paris region (implying a reduction in so-called "social" poverty and associated with modest socio-economic categories: immigrants, workers, employees, inhabitants of sensitive neighbourhoods). In chapter 4, a common theoretical and pragmatic distinction on the forms of seeking social recognition is formulated: socialisation through "identity" and socialisation through the elaboration of a work or "vocational achievement". A study model based on this elementary distinction, aiming to make this comparison operational and referring to highly differentiated social and political movements, would make it possible to better understand the evolution of contemporary societies with regard to the problems of managing cultural identifications and therefore of social integration and the construction of individuality. A study of the emergence of a constellation of heterodox and anomic behaviours is formulated. In chapter 5, the nature and form of mystical states during this historical and contemporary, strange phase of postmodernity are questioned. Trance, rage, social representations of the self, modified states of consciousness, ritualisations and aesthetics of violence, blasphemy and protest are all keys to entry and analysis to apprehend a teeming cultural reality. We then question the meaning of the invention of polymorphic collective emotions, by taking up a classic theme of research on the consequences of moral and communicational deregulation (on the Durkheimian and Mertonian anomie) in European societies. Chapter 6, of a conclusive type, focuses on the exposition of two research perspectives: the social representations of work and those of poverty. A few final comments on the importance of user-friendly and institutionalised interdisciplinarity punctuate the book. In this volume of HDR, the aim is to propose various lines of work and directions for reflection in a research design, confronted with various organisational and contemporary demands and focused on societal and current issues. The importance of the psycho-sociological analysis of interactions and behaviours has been affirmed throughout this professional biography and this prospective synthesis. ; L'habilitation à diriger les recherches se présente en deux tomes : le premier correspond à une note de synthèse (322 pages, avec index notionnels et de noms propres) ; le second rassemble divers articles, chapitre d'ouvrages, données statistiques et d'analyse de contenu (215 pages). Le premier volume est lui-même divisé en deux parties : « De la musique et des pauvres : bilan et principaux résultats (1981-2007) », de la page 8 à 168, et « Socio-anthropologie de la rage : grilles d'analyse, réflexion prospective », de la page 170 à 269. Une bibliographie, classée en thèmes, a été volontairement rendue dense en références. Trois chapitres composent la première partie du tome 1 : « Préhistoire de la recherche et parcours professionnel », « L'observation des phénomènes musicaux underground » et « Des minorités identitaires : pauvres, pauvreté et représentations sociales ». Trois autres structurent la suivante : « La théorisation du « devenir minorité active », « Cultures du ressentiment et formes actuelles du mysticisme » et « Conclusion : représentations de la pauvreté et du travail ». Comme dans tout exercice de ce genre, cette synthèse des recherches (partie 1) a été faite avec le souci d'enrichir le propos développé dans des écrits déjà publiés, en puisant dans de nouvelles lectures et par l'ajout de notes ou d'analyses plus précises, tant pour les travaux concernant les musiques populaires que pour ceux qui ont trait aux représentations sociales. Dans le chapitre 1, on se livre à une sorte d'autobiographie professionnelle, mise en rapport avec les enjeux psychosociaux et administratifs de légitimation dans des laboratoires de recherche où un professionnel est représentant d'une discipline minoritaire (psychosociologie). On assiste, en effet, depuis la fin des années 1980 à une réorganisation complète des modes d'insertion et de reconnaissance professionnels des chercheurs. L'obligation d'intégrer une seule équipe, quel que soit le cas de figure, conduit à suivre une carrière asymptotique surtout si l'on est porteur d'une problématique de recherche non conforme (approche monographique sur un objet de recherche jugé marginal en psychologie sociale). De plus, quand le chercheur n'appartient à aucune des disciplines de recherche dominantes d'une université, on se retrouve devant des apories et des difficultés professionnelles et intellectuelles redoutables. Ce type de chercheur est, d'une certaine manière, acculé soit à la marginalité scientifique intra-organisationnelle, en développant un collège invisible de correspondants externes à son institution de travail, soit à la position de leadership ou de manager, en entrant dans les conseils d'administration pédagogiques, administratifs ou scientifiques de son établissement. C'est aux conséquences de ces contraintes structurales qu'est consacré le premier chapitre. On propose ensuite (chapitre 2) une approche synthétique des enquêtes effectuées sur les musiques populaires et un commentaire critique de la vogue des recherches ethnométhodologiques et apologétiques sur ces phénomènes. C'est parce qu'on a beaucoup écrit et publié, tant en France qu'à l'étranger, sur ces « objets » de travail et que l'on se retrouve désormais à un moment de commentaire des données empiriques monographiques et de prise de distance par rapport aux travaux de certains chercheurs, activateurs d'une théorisation fascinée de ces pratiques. Une bonne partie de ce chapitre est organisé autour de ce questionnement critique et à la défense du modèle dit de l' « état acide » construit lors de la thèse (1980-1986). Dans le chapitre 3, il s'agit de présenter les données complètes d'un travail, non encore publié dans une revue de référence, d'une recherche qualitative-quantitative sur les représentations sociales de la pauvreté. L'approche de l'objet « pauvreté » est faite par entretiens semi-directifs (80 sujets). Une analyse de contenu thématique et du lexique, généré par un test associatif, est aussi présentée. Différents éléments sont à noter : l'effet d'accaparement cognitif des termes « faim » et « argent » par les sujets pauvres et les classes moyennes supérieures quand on leur demande de définir le terme « pauvreté » et la construction du noyau central de la pauvreté autour du prototype du sans-abri, en région parisienne (impliquant une minoration de la pauvreté dite « sociale » et associées aux catégories socio-économiques modestes : immigrés, ouvriers, employés, habitants des quartiers sensibles). Dans le chapitre 4, une distinction théorique et pragmatique courante sur les formes de recherche de reconnaissance sociale est formulée : la socialisation par l'« identité » et celle par l'élaboration d'une œuvre ou d'un « accomplissement vocationnel ». Un modèle d'étude fondé sur cette distinction élémentaire, visant à rendre opérationnelle cette comparaison et renvoyant à des mouvements sociaux et politiques très différenciés, permettrait de mieux appréhender l'évolution des sociétés contemporaines quant aux problématiques de gestion des identifications culturelles et donc d'intégration sociale et de construction de l'individualité. Une problématique d'étude de l'émergence d'une constellation de conduites hétérodoxes et anomiques est formulée. Au chapitre 5, c'est la nature et la forme des états mystiques, durant cette phase historique et contemporaine, étrange de postmodernité, qui sont questionnées. Transe, rage, représentations sociales du soi, états modifiés de la conscience, ritualisations et esthétiques de la violence, des blasphèmes et de la contestation, sont autant de clés d'entrée et d'analyse pour appréhender une foisonnante réalité culturelle. On questionne alors le sens de l'invention d'émotions collectives polymorphes, en reprenant une thématique classique de recherche sur les conséquences de la dérégulation morale et communicationnelle (notamment sur l'anomie durkheimienne et mertonienne) dans les sociétés européennes. Le chapitre 6, de type conclusif, est axé sur l'exposition de deux perspectives de recherche : les représentations sociales du travail et celles de la pauvreté. Quelques commentaires finaux sur l'importance d'une interdisciplinarité conviviale et institutionnalisée ponctuent l'ouvrage. Dans ce volume d'HDR, il s'agit de proposer diverses pistes de travail et orientations de réflexion dans un design de recherche, confronté à divers exigences organisationnelles et contemporaines et centré sur des problématiques sociétales et actuelles. L'importance de l'analyse psychosociologique des interactions et des conduites a été affirmée tout au long de cette biographie professionnelle et de cet écrit de synthèse prospective.