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In recent decades Agravāl leaders have been promoting a centre for caste pilgrimage at Agroha, the supposed place of Agravāl origin, and an associated Agravāl origin myth. Analysis reveals that this origin myth belongs to a class of similar origin myths found among North Indian trading castes. The central element in these myths is the ancient rite of sacrifice. The origin myths of the Khandelvāl Vaiśyas. Māheśvarıs, and Khandelvāl Jains all attempt to show how the caste in question acquired its current identity and social persona because of an alienation from the sacrifice, followed by a restoration to the rite on a new basis (or in the case of the Jains, a shift to an alternative ritual order). Variants of the Agravāl origin myth being publicised currently are often presented in a context suggesting social and scientific modernity, but underlying contemporary retellings we find the same sacrificial symbolism seen in the myths of other trading castes.

Dalits constitute one-fifth of the total Indian population and, being located at the bottom of the caste hierarchy, suffer from the acute problem of discrimination and exclusion in every sphere of society. Despite various government affirmative actions and policies, Dalits experience discrimination, which in turn lead to inaccessibility of welfare services among them. Based on the author's engagement in field work for data collection,1 this article highlights that discrimination in welfare programme is not only caused by favouritism and corruption but also linked to the sociopolitical structure of the state and society. Through a dense analysis of the process of social exclusion in availability, accessibility and affordability of welfare programmes, this article examines the role of the state and society in the context of discrimination against Dalits in welfare programmes. This article deals with discrimination and exclusion of Dalits during the identification of beneficiaries and delivery of the state-sponsored welfare services. It specifically looks into the discriminatory mechanism in welfare programmes, particularly the programmes that are directly linked with poverty eradication and employment. This article uses the lens of social exclusion to examine caste discrimination in welfare programmes.

The question of how disability should be defined is fraught with political, ethical and philosophical complexities. The social model of disability, which posits that disability is socially and politically constructed and is characterised by systemic barriers, has enjoyed broad acceptance that is exemplified by the slow but steady progress in securing civil rights for persons with disabilities. Yet, there remains a palpable tension between disability studies scholars and activists and bioethicists. While philosophers and bioethicists should heed the theories developed from the standpoint of persons with disabilities, disability activists should acknowledge the possibility that philosophical theories about the basic reality of disease, illness, health, function and impairment offer a more steady foundation for social or political critiques of disability. I argue that naturalistic theories of function and dysfunction provide a valuable starting point to clarify questions about the broader concept of disability. A naturalist theory of function may serve as the core of the concept of disability and provide disability scholars and bioethicists alike a stronger set of arguments in analysing real or potential instances of disability.

The social work profession has adopted science and empirical evidence as the means of validating discovery. As the commitment to science has intensified, interest in the use of arts in practice has grown as a counterpoise and an effort to justify other forms of knowledge and human experience. A roundtable was held in summer 2017 to examine whether the arts have a distinctive place in social work practice. It has been acknowledged that the arts have played a role in the history of the profession, however, remained neglected and marginalized in social work education. Roundtable participants argued that creativity, necessary disruption, and transformation have been lost to the field as a result. It is possible that social work education might be reimagined with new underpinnings of science, social innovation, and the arts. It should not be assumed that outcome measurement is not possible; however, measures would have to be rethought.

This book explores the experiences of stigmatization from individuals who are currently, or have been, enrolled in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Positive social support is discussed to improve and cope with the feelings of stigma.

• Summary: Personal social networks are often crucial in understanding the generation of social problems and form the context for social work interventions. Revived attention to networks has been prompted by recent interest in ecological approaches to social work and to social capital. This paper reviews the theoretical and research underpinnings of a social network approach to social work assessment. It describes an exercise that provides students with a systematic network-based framework and gives them opportunities to apply this in placement and reflect on their learning and experiences in class.• Findings: Evaluations written by students and verbal reports made by the class were collected. These indicate that many students have not only applied to their practice the ideas and suggestions provided at the university, but have made imaginative choices, experimented and seen new ways of applying network ideas and assessment techniques.• Applications: The translation of learning from the class to direct work in the community is an essential component of professional education. Evidence about what is effective in promoting such a translation of learning to action is vital for educators, practice teachers and policy makers, in order to be able to enhance learning and practice both in respect of the use of social networks and also in respect of other elements of the professional curriculum.

The United Kingdom is a unitary state, and social security benefits are some of the most centralised services in it. The powers of the Scottish Parliament in relation to benefits have been heavily restricted, to the point where they have fewer formal powers than an English local authority. Despite that, the Scottish Government has sought to use the limited authority it does have to mitigate the effect of UK welfare reforms. Following the independence referendum campaign, and the commitment of all UK parties to devolve greater powers, various options for devolution have been discussed, including powers over particular benefits. There are financial and administrative constraints to overcome, and potential problems wherever benefits interact with each other. The Smith Commission has recommended limited devolution, including a range of benefits relating to disability and elements of housing support, along with a power to create new benefits. This has to be done within a firmly hierarchical structure of authority, and there is scope for conflict as the detailed terms are negotiated and clarified.

This article examines the ideology and principles that inspired the privatization of social security in Chile during the Pinochet regime. The article highlights the role of the state in the establishment of a fully funded, defined contribution system, as well as the importance of the transmission of ideas from the halls of the University of Chicago to Chile's centers of power. In the case of Chile, the ideas of freedom espoused by Milton Friedman and Frederick von Hayek were applied by a repressive authoritarian regime that violated human and political rights. Furthermore, these ideas served to legitimize a political and economic system based on the deprivation of freedom. Although social security reform was a critical component of a revolution going on in Chile in the 1970s, the ultimate purpose of this article is to show that the effects of this reform are by no means limited to Chile. The Chilean reform has been adopted by countries in Latin America and other parts of the world, and it has critically affected those societies as well. The article shows that the establishment of the fully funded, defined contribution system has been very costly, both for the state and the insured, while coverage has dramatically declined. The article concludes that the market economic reforms have enhanced only the freedom of those who could take advantage of the new economy, and that few of the promises made during the Pinochet regime by the neoliberal economists came true.

The industrialized world is facing an ageing population. Sociology needs to focus on the social impact of demographic change, in particular, how seniors remain socially integrated and what this integration means. Gerontological research has focused on the role of seniors' centres in the US and Europe, but such research has been lacking in Australia. This article provides much-needed ethnographic research on a range of Australian seniors' groups which provide outlets for social participation. It develops a typology of seniors' groups through an exploration of organizational structures, funding models, and their impact on participation and sociality. It argues that because Australian groups prioritize leisure over service delivery, uneven divisions of volunteer labour emerge, which can lead to conflict. The article questions the current gerontological consensus that seniors' groups are sites of community, arguing that physical proximity does not equal intimate sociality. It addresses these challenges faced by seniors' groups and new ones posed by the mass-retirement of more 'active' baby-boomers.

Social exclusion, especially social exclusion in old age, represents an area of interest at European level, in the context of demographic transformations. At national level, studies and research on social exclusion in old age are scarce, although the older population is more likely to be at risk of social exclusion. The article presents the results of a quantitative research methodology based on a questionnaire applied to older people of age 65 years and over. The research was conducted during November - December 2021 and the survey was representative at national level with a margin of error of ±3.5%. The aim of this article is to analyse the perceptions of older persons regarding the access and quality of social and healthcare services accessed, and thus, to gain a better understanding on how these types of services could contribute to social inclusion. Data interpretation was made using techniques of descriptive statistical analysis. Results emphasize that access to social and healthcare services are essential in old age. Perceptions of older persons highlight the need for structural changes at national level, so that social and healthcare services could make a real contribution to reducing social exclusion.

Summary This study analyses, from a comparative approach, criminal proceedings in Spanish-English law in the medieval period. The activation of criminal proceedings and their prosecution in these two legal cultures (Hispana and English) form the basis of this article. In the English context, the transition from popular justice from outlawry and private justice (blood feud) to justice in the King is analysed. It also examines the progress of the procedure limited to the compurgatory oath in the High Middle Ages (subject to rigid formalism in which only the jury of the parties and witnesses may be handed down) to the trial by jury with investigative powers in the Lower Middle Ages. In the Hispania visigoda, on the other hand, the study focuses on the procedural typology laid down in the Liber Iudiciorum, in the Upper Middle Ages, a legal text which retains its validity, adapted to local customs, in the municipal fueros of the territories that have been reconstituted in the transition to the Lower Middle Ages. Following the receipt of Roman and canonical law, the indictment process and the inquisitorial process are examined and how both give rise to a mixed procedural model that combines rituary elements of these two procedural models. ; Resumen En este estudio se analiza, desde un enfoque comparativo, el proceso penal en los derechos hispano e inglés en la época medieval. La activación de la acción penal y su enjuiciamiento en estas dos culturas jurídicas (hispana e inglesa) constituyen el fundamento de este artículo. En el contexto inglés, se analiza la transición de la justicia popular del proceso de outlawry y la justicia privada (blood feud) a la justicia del rey. Se examina también la evolución del proceso circunscrito al juramento compurgatorio en la Alta Edad Media (sujeto a un rígido formalismo en el que solo cabe el pronunciamiento jurado de las partes judiciales y testigos de parte) al enjuiciamiento por jurado con potestad instructora en la Baja Edad Media. En la Hispania visigoda, en cambio, el estudio ...

Front Cover -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One: The interaction between social and communication skills in individuals with intellectual disability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The interdependence between social interaction and communication -- 2.1 What are social and communication skills? -- 2.2 Theoretical framework from neurotypical development: Social information processing -- 2.3 Applications to ID: Developmental cascades -- 3 Social cognition: Examples from development and approaches to assessment -- 3.1 Joint attention -- 3.1.1 Defining joint attention through assessment -- 3.1.2 Implications for research on ID -- 3.2 Theory of mind and perspective-taking -- 3.2.1 Defining theory of mind through assessment -- 3.2.2 Implications for research on ID -- 3.3 Pragmatic language -- 3.3.1 Defining pragmatic language through assessment -- 3.3.2 Implications for research on ID -- 4 Broader measures of social and communicative functioning -- 4.1 Implications for research on ID -- 5 Recommendations for researchers: Challenges and opportunities -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Two: Novel approaches for characterizing social communication and language development of young children with neurogenetic syndromesSocial communication and language development -- 1 The trajectory of communication development -- 2 Communication development in neurogenetic syndrome populations -- 3 The importance of appropriate communication assessment tools -- 4 Limitations of existing communication assessment tools -- 5 Advancing communication assessment for young children with neurogenetic syndromes -- 6 Novel approaches for adapting existing communication assessment tools -- 7 Novel communication assessment methods-remote naturalistic assessment -- 7.1 Remote assessments -- 7.2 Naturalistic assessments.

ABSTRACTSevere mental illnesses (SMIs) can affect parents' ability to provide an adequate environment for their children. Little has been written about the different factors that affect these abilities in individuals with SMI. In this study, we explored a number of relationships that have been found in the literature to be related to parenting styles. Our main hypotheses were that the participants' secure attachment with their parents is positively correlated with high levels of social support; social support is positively correlated with the experience of having good parental competency; lack of parental competency is negatively correlated with problematic parenting styles. This correlational and cross‐sectional study was conducted with 60 mothers with SMI. Results suggest a strong relationship between parental style, sense of parental competency, social support and attachment style of the parent. Negative parental styles were found to be negatively correlated with parental competence. Overactive and hostile parenting styles were found to be correlated with the interviewees' parental overprotecting attachment style. Positive correlations were found between parental competence and high social support. The results of the study may help in developing future multidimensional interventions for parents with SMI, to improve their parenting skills and reduce any negative influence on their offspring.