Suchergebnisse

This thesis covers the debate about the political outcomes of false information online. The dissertation is composed of three articles. The first article sets the theoretical basis for the empirical analysis and proposes a cross-disciplinary classification of studies in the field. I identify five main groups of studies: the first group collects studies examining the spreading patterns of false information online; the second investigates the cognitive mechanisms underlying individuals' information processing, which may lead to biased beliefs; the third covers analyses testing the efficacy of debunking in adjusting incorrect beliefs; the fourth encompasses studies aiming to identify successful automatic detection algorithms for false information; the last includes studies exploring the political outcomes of false information. The second article investigates how false information relates to the performances of the main parties across Italian provinces in the context of the 2018 political elections. I draw on geotagged Twitter data to build a measure of exposure to misleading contents and then match this information with other province-level data. Results suggest that false information played a role in the Italian political debate. I find that the index is positively and significantly associated with the performance of the Five Star Movement and negatively associated with the performance of the Democratic Party when the analysis is restricted to political disinformation or a subsample of pro-disinformation tweets. The third article investigates the impact of false information online on the 2019 European election in Italy. The first part of the paper carries out a cross-sectional analysis exploring how the exposure to false information on Twitter relates to the electoral outcomes. Results show a positive relationship with the performances of the Five Star Movement and the Democratic Party. In the second part of the paper, a First Difference analysis is performed exploiting data collected in the occasion of the 2018 political election, which confirms the association found for the Five Star Movement but not for the Democratic Party. I conclude arguing that these results are suggestive of the presence of online polarization and consistent with this literature.

Political players tend more and more to introduce themselves to their electors through narrative forms such as portraying or storytelling. The first goal of this work is to show how portraying and storytelling practices evolve in two different environments then how they are reunited in political communication. Considered in a broader set which is the "self-introduction", these two practices reveal particular issues for political and media players. Then we will see, through a corpus analysis, how two political players present themselves and how they are presented by the media in a specific context (the municipal elections in Paris in 2014). This analysis allows us to make a classification of the political players' portraits according what is mostly highlighted: their private life or their public life. At last, we will see that storytelling can be regarded as a complement of portraying by bringing a narrative frame. ; Les acteurs politiques ont de plus en plus tendance à se présenter à leurs électeurs à travers des mises en récit telles que la mise en portrait ou le storytelling. Ce travail a tout d'abord pour objectif de montrer comment la mise en portrait et le storytelling évoluent dans deux milieux différents puis sont réunis au sein de la communication politique. Envisagés au sein d'un ensemble plus large que constitue la "présentation de soi", ces deux pratiques révèlent des enjeux particuliers pour les acteurs politiques et médiatiques. Ensuite, nous verrons à travers une analyse de corpus comment deux acteurs politiques se présentent et sont présentés par les médias dans un contexte particulier (les élections municipales de Paris en 2014). Cette analyse nous permet de dresser une typologie des portraits d'acteurs politiques en fonction de ce qui est mis en avant, selon que ce soit la vie privée ou la vie publique des acteurs politiques qui domine dans le portrait. Enfin, nous verrons que le storytelling se donne à voir comme complémentaire de la mise en portrait en lui apportant un cadre narratif.

The research of this article is devoted to the study of borrowings in modern French discourse. The issue of borrowing elements from other language systems in the target language attracts the attention of modern linguists, because it helps to analyze the features and causes of language contacts. Connection with Latin, Greek, Italian, and German enriched the French vocabulary and gave rise to the term «borrowing».But today, linguists are not unanimous in defining borrowing. There are several interpretations and classifications of borrowings developed by scientists around the world. Borrowing is a broad and voluminous concept, so the author tried to clarify this concept from different points of view.Borrowing, as a linguistic phenomenon, illuminates the changes in society. Due to a number of social, political and economic factors, the English language has led to the penetration of its elements into the French vocabulary. Anglicism, as a type of borrowings, are the result of the political and technological dominance of the United States in the world. To keep up with the times and adapt to technical innovations, French borrows terms for naming the latest gadgets designed and released in the United States.There are enough arabisms in the modern French discourse. The entry of borrowings from Arabic into the lexical composition of French indicates the phenomenon of immigration from the former French colonies to the French mainland. Arabisms are used by immigrants to improve their social status, to preserve traditions and religion in everyday life. Native French people use arabisms to encode their messages, because they have a drastic difference from the French graphic and phonetic forms.Despite the conservative tendencies of the French government, borrowings change the French vocabulary, adapting this language to the needs of progress. You may face with borrowings in articles, newspapers and magazines, television programs, books by modern writers, on bright posters etc.The study of borrowings indicates their permanent status in French, although the vast majority of them replicate existing linguistic units. This fact raises the issues of their excessive nature and dangerous threat to the French vocabulary. ; L'investigation de cet article est consacrée à l'étude des emprunts dans le discours moderne. La question des emprunts dans la langue des éléments d'autres systèmes linguistiques attire l'attention des linguistes modernes pour analyser les particularités et les causes des contacts linguistiques. En raison d'un certain nombre de facteurs sociaux, politiques et économiques, certaines langues ont conditionné la pénétration de leurs éléments dans la langue française.L'emprunt , en tant que phénomène linguistique, signale des changements dans la société.Les anglicismes, comme un des types des emprunts, sont le résultat de la domination politique et technologique des États-Unis dans le monde. Pour suivre le rythme et pour s'adapter à l'innovation technique, le français emprunte des termes pour nommer les derniers gadgets qui sont produits aux États-Unis. L'apparition des arabismes dans la composition lexicale de la langue française, indique le phénomène de l'immigration des anciennes colonies françaises vers la partie continentale de la France. Les arabismes sont utilisés par les immigrants pour améliorer leur statut social, pour préserver les traditions et la religion. Les Français autochtones utilisent les arabismes pour coder leurs messages, car ils ont des différences graphiques et phonétiques cardinales de la langue française. Les emprunts pénétrant dans la langue par plusieurs voies (commerce, publicite, cinema, technologies etc). L'abondance des emprunts prévoit une nécessité de leur classification pour que les linguistes puissent s'orienter dans le flot d'emprunts.L'apparition de nouveaux inventions dans toutes les domaines de la vie mène à l'apparition de nouveaux mots dans la langue. Les mots passent un long chemin à travers plusieurs langues. L'assimilation des emprunts devient facile là où ces mots sont convénables pour cette langue.

The article is devoted to the theoretical aspects of the structure of budget expenditures. The current state of budget expenditures and their influence on macroeconomic proportion are estimated. The goal of the article is to determine the drawbacks and further steps to the effective distribution of the budget expenditures based on the analysis of the state and dynamics of the budget expenditures to provide economic growth. The expenditures of budget are classified by: the economical characteristic of the operations during which these expenditures are committed (economical classification of expenditures); the functions that are fulfilled by the expenditures (functional classification of expenditures); on economic content the expenditures of budget combine current and capital expenditures. The expenditures for economic activity, government management, science, social protection, social-cultural area, national defense, etc. belong to the functional structure. In Consolidated budget of Ukraine predominant part of the expenditures is taken by current expenditures around 86,0% up to 91,3%. Current expenditures take one third of GDP (32%).During 2006-2016 the part of the current expenditures in the budget in GDP was rapidly increasing. In return the part of the capital expenditures decreased over the same period of time. In the expenditures structure of the Consolidated budget of Ukraine all expenditures clauses are increasing by the functional feature over the researched period of time. The analysis of the expenditures by the economical and functional features showed the necessity of the future reinforcement of the social budget orientation and increase of expenditures especially for education and health care. The improvement of governmental system of financing the domestic science and culture should be set as the priority. The budget expenditures for retirement, judicial and administration reforms should be foreseen too. The existing system of use and distribution of the capital expenditures has to be revised too. ; У статті досліджено теоретичні аспекти структури бюджетних видатків. Подано оцінку сучасного стану бюджетних видатків, їх вплив на макроекономічні пропорції. Метою статті є визначення недоліків та подальших кроків ефективного розподілу видатків бюджету для забезпечення економічного зростання. Бюджетні видатки можна класифікувати за наступними ознаками: економічною характеристикою операцій, при проведені яких здійснюються ці видатки (економічна класифікація видатків); функціями, з використанням яких пов'язані видатки (функціональна класифікація видатків). За економічним змістом видатки бюджету поєднують: поточні видатки та капітальні видатки. До функціональної структури належать видатки, що здійснюються на економічну діяльність, державне управління, науку, соціальний захист населення, соціально-культурну сферу, національну оборону, правоохоронну діяльність і гарантування безпеки держави, ЖКГ, охорону навколишнього природного середовища, видатки цільових фондів, видатки на обслуговування державного боргу та інші видатки. Переважну частину видатків консолідованого бюджету біля 86,0-91,3% складають поточні видатки. Вони займають третину ВВП (32%). Впродовж 2006-2016 частка поточних видатків в бюджеті ВВП різко зростала. У той же час частка капітальних видатків зменшилася. У структурі видатків Зведеного бюджету України за функціональною ознакою за 2006-2016рр. спостерігається зростання всіх статей видатків. Динаміка основних статей Зведеного бюджету України за функціональною ознакою свідчить, що найвагомішими напрямками видатків є видатки держави на соціальний захист і соціальне забезпечення, оборону, освіту та видатки на виконання економічних функцій держави. Структура основних статей видатків Зведеного бюджету за економічною ознакою за 2006-2016рр. свідчить, що найбільшими статтями видатків бюджету є поточні трансферти населенню та оплата праці працівників бюджетних організацій. Аналіз структури видатків за економічними та функціональними ознаками показав необхідність подальшого посилення соціальної спрямованості бюджету, збільшення частки видатків на освіту, охорону здоров'я. Пріоритетним завданням повинно стати удосконалення системи державного фінансування розвитку вітчизняної науки та культури. Також потрібно передбачити бюджетні видатки на проведення пенсійної реформи, реформи охорони здоров'я, судової, адміністративної реформ.

The economic interests of business entities in agriculture are constantly being transformed, becoming more complicated when external and internal factors and conditions change. It predetermines the urgency of their additional identification and classification. The duality of interests of various business agricultural entities is noted depending on their role in this or that social group. The duality of interests is determined not only by property relations, but also by the level of corporate social responsibility of agricultural organizations, the expectations of the local community, the place of permanent residence of direct participants of agricultural production. The system of classification of features of economic interests is supplemented by the signs allowing taking into account the sphere of employment and sources of the main income of stakeholders, their place of residence, expectations from participation in agricultural production. Economic interests are grouped for the main groups of interest: employees of the organization, management personnel of the organization, owners of land/capital, the state in the person of government bodies, society - their inconsistency is found out. Macroeconomic results of the violation of the parity of interests of the main stakeholders in agriculture are the hidden employment of some rural residents, the removal of a part of the gross added value from the legal turnover. The resolution of contradictions depends on the policy of intraeconomic relations carried out by the heads of agricultural enterprises (owners). In general, managers of agricultural enterprises are not only intermediaries in the organizational process of relations of economic interests carriers, but also by their active participants. The main conditions for more fully satisfying the personal, collective and public interests of the main stakeholders are identified in the article: attracting and retaining highly skilled workers, matching the growth of productivity and wages, improving the quality of products, reducing the disparity of prices among partners in the agribusiness system, improving relationships with financial institutions, improvement of the state's social policy within the framework of sustainable development of rural areas. ; Экономические интересы субъектов хозяйствования в сельском хозяйстве постоянно трансформируются, усложняются при изменении внешних и внутренних факторов, условий, что предопределяет актуальность их дополнительной идентификации и классификации. Отмечена двойственность интересов различных субъектов сельскохозяйственной деятельности в зависимости от их ролевой позиции в той или иной социальной группе. Двойственность интересов определяется не только отношениями собственности, но и уровнем корпоративной социальной ответственности сельскохозяйственных организаций, ожиданиями местного сообщества, местом постоянного жительства непосредственных участников аграрного производства. Система классификационных признаков экономических интересов дополнена признаками, позволяющими учесть сферу занятости и источники основных доходов стейкхолдеров, место их жительства, ожидания от участия в сельскохозяйственном производстве. Экономические интересы сгруппированы для основных заинтересованных групп (работники организации, управленческий персонал организации, собственники земли/капитала, государство в лице органов государственного управления, общество), выявлена их противоречивость. Макроэкономическими результатами нарушения паритета интересов основных стейкхолдеров в сельском хозяйстве являются скрытая занятость части сельских жителей, выведение части валовой добавленной стоимости из легального оборота. Разрешение противоречий зависит от осуществляемой руководителями сельскохозяйственных предприятий (собственников) политики внутрихозяйственных отношений. В целом работники управления сельскохозяйственных предприятий являются не только посредниками при организации отношений носителей экономических интересов, но и активными их участниками. Выявлены основные условия более полного удовлетворения личных, коллективных и общественных интересов основных стейкхолдеров: привлечение и удержание высококвалифицированных работников, приведение в соответствие темпов роста производительности и оплаты труда, повышение качества производимой продукции, снижение диспаритета цен между партнерами в системе АПК, совершенствование взаимоотношений с финансовыми организациями, совершенствование социальной политики государства в рамках устойчивого развития сельских территорий.

Since this is the First Memorial Lecture in honour of Professor Yogendra Singh, the author has briefly reflected on the persona of Singh. Certainly, his outstanding contributions in reshaping of Indian sociology are the main focus of this article. Professor Singh was quite distinct from sociologists and social scientists of his times, as a human being, and as a teacher, researcher and author. In the 1960s, he attempted a systematic analysis of Indian sociology. Over a period of half a century, Professor Singh conducted studies on a wide range of themes, such as village life, social stratification, youth, culture, urbanization, nonviolence and peace, professions, social movements, tradition and modernity, globalization, and social conditioning of Indian sociology. Of all this, Singh's main contribution lies in his ability to conceptualise empirical studies and narratives and examine the relevance of pre-given concepts and theories at the ground level. Based on his vast knowledge of sociological concepts, theories and thoughts, he was often mentioned as 'an incurable theorist'. His books, such as Modernization of Indian Tradition (1973), Concepts and Theories of Social Change (1974a), Image of Man: Ideology and Theory in Indian Sociology (1984c) and Indian Sociology: Social Conditioning and Emerging Concerns (1986b) speak of Singh's concern for reshaping of Indian sociology. Singh was a liberal social scientist, a centrist, as he followed a middle path, as reflected in his pragmatic eclecticism. Singh has attempted constructive criticisms of culturological studies, while providing a review of paradigms and theoretic orientations and periodization in Indian sociology. He states that there is no succession of paradigms and theoretic orientations. There is co-existence of competing paradigms and orientations. There are no master theories. Singh discusses Indian sociology ranging from being 'consensual to dialectical-historical' to 'critical' and symbolic-phenomenological orientations. In this context, he talks of a world view of sociology and the challenge of post-modernity, and challenges to globalization, identity and economic development. Regarding social change, Singh refers to a three-fold classification of approaches, namely, evolutionary, cultural and structural approaches. In addition to these, Singh also emphasises on cognitive-historical and institutional approaches. In regard to the study of social change and development, Singh reflects on issues, such as a quality of life for citizens, levels of social justice, economic security, harmony among social groups, nation-state, uneven incomes, disintegration, and crises and impediments in Indian society. Author concludes Professor Singh's seminal contributions in terms of his liberal thinking and all-inclusive approach. Singh had an open mind, without an ideological or statist command. He developed his own unique method of understanding, interpretation, analysis and conceptualisation. He has written with passion on Indian sociology. Singh has analysed ideology, theory and method in Indian sociology from the 1950s till the second decade of the 21st century. Singh has made a search for 'social', 'social relations' and 'society'. He has connected 'form' with 'substance', and vice-a-versa. Singh had no camouflage or the smoke screen of jargon and no hidden agenda.

The article provides a more detailed discussion of a tentative categorization of various types of work flexibility in Slovenia on the basis of the survey from the international Households, Work & Flexibility project. It shows that there are statistically significant differences between selected flexibility categories in the ('objective') characteristics related to work, but practically no significant differences in the ('subjective') opinions on possible work/family conflicts or agreements about various household issues. In comparison with the candidate countries, the Netherlands, Sweden, & the UK reveal a much higher share of atypical forms of employment, but also greater satisfaction with various aspects of work. These large differences are influenced not only by institutional & policy choices, but also by general factors such as the level of development, economic structure, lifestyles, & preferences. The results arising out of the 'supply side' of work show that flexible forms of employment can be both more or less favorable than typical, full-time, permanent employment with a regular schedule & one economic activity. The answer to this depends both on objective & subjective criteria. Such empirical research can be an important element in contributing to the process of building a social consensus around how to balance the benefits & costs of flexible forms for all stakeholders.

Cet article comprend un ensemble de documents et analyses qui sous des perspectives différentes, traitent un même objet : la philosophie sociale aujourd'hui dominante dans le champ du pouvoir. Cette nouvelle "idéologie dominante" est saisie en même temps en tant que produit et en tant que mode de production.

1) L'encyclopédie des idées reçues

On trouve présentés ici, sous la forme d'une encyclopédie ou d'un dictionnaire, les lieux communs en usage dans les lieux du pouvoir : chaque entrée correspondant à l'un des mots clefs de cette idéologie, comporte une ou plusieurs citations empruntées à l'un ou l'autre des ouvrages, individuels ou collectifs, analysés. (Le corpus des ouvrages utilisés a été consti tué selon une procédure tenant compte à la fois de l'appartenance des auteurs à certaines instances officielles et de la fréquence des intercitations).

2) La science royale et le fatalisme du probable

L'analyse de ces textes permet de dégager les principaux schèmes partir desquels s'engendre le discours dominant : opposition entre le "passé" et l' "avenir", le "bloqué" et l' "ouvert", le "petit" et le "grand", l' "immobile" et le "mobile", la "stagnation" et la "croissance", etc. Chacune de ces oppositions fondamentales évoque, plus ou moins directement, toutes les autres et le schème evolutionniste qu'elles expriment peut s'appliquer à tout, depuis la reconversion des viticulteurs du midi à la recherche en sciences sociales. Mais effet le plus directement politique de opposition cardinale se révèle lorsque, appliquant à l'opposition entre la droite et la gauche le nouveau système de classification, on tient que cette opposition fondamentale de l'espace politique est "dépassée" : selon ce mode de pensée le "socialisme" ou le "syndicalisme" sont du côté de l' "immobile" et du "bloqué". Ce sont des "archaïsme" ; ils appartiennent au "passé" tout comme, symétriquement, le "fascisme" et le "parlementarisme". L'evolutionnisme optimiste du conservatisme reconverti (dont on trouve également des variantes universitaires) est le produit du même schème que le pessimisme du conservatisme déclaré dont il inverse seulement la hiérarchie. Contre la philosophie pessimiste des fractions déclinantes de la bourgeoisie, la nouvelle philosophie sociale affirme sa foi dans l'avenir et d'abord dans l'avenir de la science et de la technique. Elle sacrifie les vieilles idéologies fixistes à l'idéologie ouverte qui convient à un univers social en expansion. Combinaison en apparence contradictoire, le conservatisme progressiste est le fait d'une fraction de la classe dominante qui se donne pour loi objective ce qui constitue la loi objective de sa perpétuation, à savoir de changer pour conserver. Le conservatisme reconverti se sépare du conservatisme ancien en ce qu'il veut l'inévitable ; l'inévitable, c' est d'une part ce qui, dans les avenirs objectivement inscrits dans les structures, correspond aux intérêts de la classe dominante et que l'on contribue à faire advenir en le présentant comme inévitable et, d'autre part, ce qu'il faut lâcher en tout cas pour éviter ce qui doit être à tout prix évité, la subversion de ordre établi dont la possibilité est aussi inscrite dans les lois de l'évolution historique. La nouvelle fraction dirigeante est instruite et avant tout de son histoire : elle invoque les précédents historiques et les leçons du passé, non comme instruments de légitimation, mais pour éviter les erreurs anciennes. L'histoire des régimes fonctionne comme méthode de perception et d'action politiques. C'est ainsi qu'un schème purement rhétorique comme celui qui consiste, selon l'enseignement explicite de "sciences po", à opposer deux positions extrêmes (dirigisme et libéralisme, parlementarisme et fascisme, etc.) pour les dépasser en "élevant le débat" fonctionne comme une matrice de discours et d'actions universellement conformes parce il reproduit la double exclusion de arrière-garde conservatrice et de avant-garde progressiste qui définit synchroniquement le conservatisme éclairé. La rhétorique enferme une politique parce qu'elle enferme une histoire. Mais la plus importante leçon de histoire est la découverte que l'on ne peut plus rien attendre de l'histoire : l'univers des régimes politiques (modes de domination possibles) est fini. Le fatalisme qu'enferme l'idéologie de la fin des idéologies est la condition cachée d'un usage scientiste de la prévision statistique et de l'analyse économique. Ni science ni phantasme le discours dominant est une politique, c'est-à-dire un discours puissant, non pas vrai, mais capable de se rendre vrai : il ne suffit pas de parle"d'idéologie dominante" pour échapper à l'idéalisme ; l'analyse doit suivre les métamorphoses qui transforment le discours dominant en mécanisme agissant. Le discours dominant est que l'accompagnement une politique, prophétie qui contribue sa propre réalisation parce que ceux qui la produisent ont intérêt à sa vérité et qu'ils ont les moyens de la rendre vraie.

JEL Classification: O15, L29 ; The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between leader member exchange (LMX), LMX differentiation and perceptions of organizational politics in performance appraisal(OPPA). Data were collected by students enrolled in Master of Human Resource Management and administered a self-reported questionnaire to employees working in different sectors of diverse countries (N=99). The measurement of LMX differentiation is relative LMX (RLMX) and LMX variance (LMXD) By analyzing the data from subordinates, it was found that LMX is negatively correlated with perceptions of OPPA, and RLMX moderates this relationship. LMXD as direct effect is also negatively related to perceptions of OPPA, however, it does not moderate the relation between LMX and perceptions of OPPA. Limitations, future research perspectives and practical implications are further discussed. ; O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as relações entre a troca líder-membro (leader-member exchange; LMX), a diferenciação em LMX e as percepções das polítics organizacional em avaliação de desempenho (OPPA). Os dados foram coletados por estudantes enrolados num Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos Humanos que administraram questionários em auto-relação a trabalhadores em diferentes sectores de diversos países (N = 99). A diferenciação em LMX foi medida como LMX Relativa (RLMX) bem como variância em LMX (LMXD). Ao analisar os dados dos trabalhadores, foi descoberto que LMX está negativamente correlacionado com a percepção de OPPA, e RLMX modera esta relação. O LMX como efeito direto também está negativament erelacionado com a percepçãodas OPPA, no entanto, ele não modera a relação entre LMX e percepções de OPPA. As limitações, as perspectivas para as pesquisas futuras e as implicações práticas são discutidas.

Taiwan has experienced a number of party splits and attempted mergers since democratization. These have played a critical role in the development of the country's party system. While a number of studies have looked at the emergence of Taiwan's splinter parties, party mergers have not received academic attention. This study aims to systematically examine the process of party mergers and takeovers. We examine four cases of attempted mergers and takeovers. In each case, we focus the analysis around three core questions: (1) How should we best classify the actual outcomes? (2) How we can best explain the variation in outcomes? (3) How can we assess the success of merger/takeover attempts? Unlike earlier studies, we examine a variety of merger outcomes rather than just successful cases. In addition to mergers, we propose the terms negotiated takeovers and hostile takeovers. Our classification scheme is based on relative party power and the inter-party relationship. To explain the variation in outcome, we applied a framework stressing the interplay of contextual, inter-party and inner-party factors. We found key contextual variables were electoral results, relative party sizes and the electoral system. The most important inter-party variables were ideological proximity and inter-party trust following successful cooperation. Lastly, the inner-party balance of power was also critical, particularly, the strength of leaders with favorable attitudes toward the merger project. We assess the success and failure of merger/takeover attempts with reference to election results, post-merger party unity and whether the post-takeover relationship was cooperative.

Literature suggests that drug abuse is one of the major health and social problems in today's society. Croatia is no exception in this respect, although it belongs among the European countries with medium drug use prevalence. Consequently, the importance of evaluating public drug policy is growing. Public expenditures on combating drug problems are recognised as a very useful indicator of government efforts in this regard. This paper contains the results of the first research on drug-related public expenditures conducted in Croatia for the period between 2009 and 2012. Total drug-related public expenditures, including both labelled and unlabelled expenditures, are estimated and expenditures analysed according to the purpose for which these expenditures are intended. The estimation of drug-related public expenditures is based on data collected by means of a survey conducted among principal stakeholders in the field of combating drug abuse in Croatia. Also, the paper analyses expenditures according to the functional classification so as to gain an insight into more detailed purposes for which these expenditures are intended. The results show that the largest part of total public expenditures relates to the public function of public order and safety, while smaller drug-related expenditures are used for health, social protection and education. ; Literatura navodi da je suzbijanje zlouporabe droga vodeći zdravstveni i društveni problem današnjega društva. Hrvatska u tome nije iznimka, iako pripada zemljama Europske unije sa srednjim stupnjem ovisnosti. Sve je veća važnost vrednovanja javnih politika na području suzbijanja zlouporabe droga. Javni izdaci predstavljaju važan indikator državnih napora u suzbijanju zlouporabe droga. Ovaj članak sadrži rezultate prvog istraživanja javnih rashoda u Hrvatskoj od 2009. do 2012. godine. U radu su procijenjeni ukupni javni rashodi, specificirani i nespecificirani, koji se odnose na suzbijanje zlouporabe droga. Procjena se temelji na podacima koji su prikupljeni anketnim ispitivanjem glavnih dionika na području suzbijanja zlouporabe droga u Hrvatskoj. U članku se analiziraju i javni rashodi prema funkcijskoj klasifikaciji, kako bi se stekao uvid u njihovu krajnju namjenu. Rezultati upućuju na to da se najveći dio ukupnih javnih rashoda odnosi na javnu funkciju javnog reda i sigurnosti, dok se manji dio odnosi na zdravstvo, socijalnu zaštitu i obrazovanje.

The dissertation primarily focuses on rethinking contemporary philosophical problems in relation to the new social perspective emerged within the neurodiversity movement. More specifically, the dissertation explores the philosophical perspectives of autism through three philosophical disciplines and three related fundamental issues. The first topic is derived our everyday socio-epistemic practices of testimonial exchange and trust assessment. In the process of attributing the credibility to epistemic subjects, unjustified stereotypes and prejudices related to certain social groups, their social status, and their (in) abilities, are often being key elements in the assessment. Cases of epistemic injustices that are at the center of the occupation of the doctoral thesis are those in which informers are subject to epistemic injustice based on their medical conditions - Autism Spectrum Disorder. The injustices manifests, above all, in the neglection of the significant cognitive potentials of autistic persons, stigmatization, and epistemic silencing. The consequences of such treatment are primarily epistemic, in a manner of loss of epistemic courage and deprivation of new (autistic) insights, but they also delve into practices of political decisions and policy-making. Persistent epistemic discrimination of autistic persons is related with the wrong attribution of values of autistic lives, as the neglect of epistemic potential of autistics causes some discrimination of the eugenic type and influences reproductive decisions and practices of genetic selection. Further, epistemic injustice caused by negative stereotypes and prejudices is tied to corrupt moral attitudes society holds on autistic individuals, which makes these practices inseparable from ethical discussions about the well being of the individual. Notably, autistic well-being is affected by said epistemic treatment, as advocated by proponents of the neurodiversity movement. At the core of the movement is the thought of autism as neurological diversity, which ...

The COVID-19 pandemic bifurcated and disrupted the 2019 and 2020 academic years. Moving forward it seems clear that we will delineate our time in terms of "before the pandemic" and "after the pandemic." This distinction resonates with faculty and alumni of the University of Iowa's (UI) Liberal Arts Beyond Bars (LABB) college in prison program for reasons beyond the COVID-19 virus. On March 9, 2020, the Iowa Department of Corrections suspended all in-person volunteer activity and family visits for people incarcerated in the state of Iowa. Additionally, in May of 2020 new leadership was installed at the Iowa Medical and Classification Center (IMCC) prison. Under the prior warden the UI LABB program had access to a computer lab where students could log on to the browser-based University of Iowa Learning Management System (called ICON — Iowa Classes On-Line) and interact with their coursework, faculty, and LABB staff. This system of communication kept us connected, even when we could not be in the same physical space. This personal narrative exchange arises from themes mined from that specific correspondence between the authors from March 10, 2020, the first day after all visitors and volunteers were locked out due to COVID protocols, and August 18, 2020, when the college program's computer lab was dismantled, and communication severed. Themes within this correspondence speak to the difficulties of communicating from a prison, especially during a global pandemic, as well as to the ways racism manifests in higher education in prison programs. Additional discussions about the challenges of maintaining mental health under the care of prison health providers and during the exacerbation of isolation and tension unique to quarantine are also presented [TRIGGER WARNING – this article contains references to suicide, trauma, and other issues of mental health and wellness.]

Political violence is common in Africa. Nevertheless, conflict resolution in this continent has been for long a matter of international actors. The Ivorian crisis appears as a challenge for African mediations, notably Ecowas and African Union. This paper emphasizes on their efficiency from 2002 to 2006. The author focuses on their classification, strategies and tactics, merits and limits. Furthermore, the presence of International mediations during the period considered is questioned in order to analyse their interactions with African mediations in the sense of complementarities or conflict. ; L'Afrique est l'un des continents qui connaissent le mieux le phénomène de la violence politique. Paradoxalement, les solutions aux crises, conflits, guerres civiles, ou génocides qui jonchent son quotidien, ont toujours été fortement imprégnées d'extranéité. Champ opérationnel des médiations africaines, la crise ivoirienne a été l'occasion pour la diplomatie intergouvernementale africaine de se déployer. Deux principales médiations vont traduire dans les faits ce constat : celle de l'Union Africaine et celle de la CEDEAO. La présente contribution vise à mettre en lumière les facteurs de leur insuccès de 2002 à 2006. En les typifiant et en procédant à une exégèse de leurs instrumentaux, leurs acquis, et leurs limites, nous tentons en outre de prolonger le débat relatif à la présence des médiateurs internationaux, comme adjuvants, ou a contrario, témoins de l'efficacité relative des médiations continentales.

Para el catastro colombiano, el avalúo catastral es la determinación del valor de los predios a partir de la valoración independiente de los terrenos (valor unitario por metro cuadrado o por hectárea) y construcciones (valor unitario por metro cuadrado construido) sobre ellos comprendidos; es obtenido mediante métodos de valoración masiva a partir de la investigación y el análisis estadístico del mercado inmobiliario (Decreto-3496, 1983). Este valor puede encontrarse por encima 60% del avalúo comercial (Ley-1450, 2011), sin que en ningún caso lo supere. Para determinar los valores unitarios de terreno, se realiza en primera instancia, un estudio sobre el territorio por medio del cual se delimitan Zonas Homogéneas Físicas, o espacios geográficos que cuentan con condiciones similares en cuanto a productividad, clima, uso del suelo, vías, abastecimiento de aguas para la producción (Resolución-70, 2011), estas características propias del entorno, ayudan a soportar, definir y diferenciar los valores para los terrenos de los predios en un municipio, a los cuales se llega mediante la realización de una investigación del mercado inmobiliario, que definirá la delimitación de las Zonas Homogéneas Geoeconómicas. Colombia requiere contar con información precisa, confiable, completa, actualizada pertinente y de calidad con un enfoque multipropósito, por lo que es imperativo el desarrollo de métodos más efectivos y el uso de herramientas modernas, como respuesta a las políticas y los desafíos diarios del gobierno, que buscan mejorar la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos. La investigación presenta una propuesta metodológica para la clasificación física de los terrenos de predios rurales en Colombia, orientado a la determinación de valores catastrales en el contexto de un catastro multipropósito; propuesta, orientada a mejorar el método de elaboración de Zonas Homogéneas Físicas, implementado actualmente en los procesos catastrales, para ello, se proponen algunas nuevas variables, y se modifican procedimientos, a fin de incrementar su eficiencia, disminuir la subjetividad en la obtención información y mejorar su calidad, cobertura y actualidad, para potenciar el uso de este producto. Esta metodología se enfatiza en la utilización de herramientas geomáticas, para el procesamiento y análisis de fuentes de información oficial, promoviendo la interoperabilidad entre sistemas de información y ofreciendo información relevante y de conocimiento del territorio con fines multipropósito. La metodología propuesta se basa en variables dinámicas como son la accesibilidad, conectividad, aprovechamientos de fuentes hídricas, obtenidas a través de análisis espacial y métodos de teledetección, entrando a reemplazar variables utilizadas en los métodos tradicionales como la influencia de vías, suficiencia de aguas superficiales, uso actual del suelo. Estas variables permiten caracterizar y diferencial áreas de terrenos de predios con el fin de soportar su valor. De esta forma, se obtuvo una metodología de clasificación física automatizada, la cual fue aplicada sobre la información catastral predial de la zona rural del municipio de San Francisco Cundinamarca, evidenciando por una parte, la disminución de tiempos de procesamiento e interpretación, y por otra, la metodología permitió clasificar los terrenos de predio rural del municipio y categorizarlos en función de sus variables particulares, con una alta aproximación a la realidad, por lo que esta información de carácter estratégico puede ser utilizada con fines multipropósito. Los resultados obtenidos fueron confrontados con los resultados del estudio de Zonas Homogéneas Físicas obtenidos por el IGAC para el municipio durante su proceso de actualización catastral puesto en vigencia en el año 2010 y comprobados en terreno. ; Abstract: For Colombian cadastre, the cadastral valuation is carried out determining values for land (unit value per square meter or per hectare) and for constructions (unit value per square meter built) on them included; This value is obtained through mass valuation methods, based on research and statistical analysis of the real estate market (Decreto-3496, 1983). This value can be calculated above 60% of the commercial value (Ley-1450, 2011), without exceeding it in any case. In order to determine unitary values of land, the Physical Homogeneous Zones study (geographical spaces that have similar conditions in terms of productivity, climate, land use, roads, water supply for production (Resolución-70, 2011)), is carried out, its characteristics are the support for the valuation of land properties in a municipality, through the research of the real estate market, from which will define the delimitation of Geo-economics Homogeneous Zones. Colombia requires accurate, reliable, complete, update and high quality information for decision making in territorial management. Develop of more effective methods and use of modern tools is imperative, as response to the policies and daily government challenges, which seek to improve the living conditions of citizens. This research work presents a methodology for the physical characterization of rural lands in Colombia, oriented to a multipurpose cadastre, in order to improve the method of Physical Homogeneous Zones currently implemented. This methodology is oriented to a cadastral valuation, providing relevant information and knowledge of the territory for multipurpose. The variables in the proposed classification methodology, are obtained from the use of geospatial tools and processed information from official sources, in order to enhance their use as a fundamental and interoperable data. For classification of the physical characteristics of the municipality, variables such as: slope analysis; connectivity and accessibility analysis; use of water resources; and use and coverage of rural land, were used. These variables allow to characterize and differentiate, land areas in order to support their valuation. In this way, an automated physical classification methodology was obtained, which was applied to the cadastral information in rural area of San Francisco Cundinamarca municipality, evidencing, on the one hand, the reduction of processing and interpretation times, and, on the other hand, the methodology allowed to classify the rural lands of the municipality and categorize them according to their particular variables, with a high approximation to reality. This strategic information could be used for multipurpose purposes. The results obtained were compared with the results of the study of Physical Homogeneous Zones, obtained by the IGAC on this municipality, during the cadastral update process in 2010, and also was verified in field. ; Maestría