Suchergebnisse

Transverse momentum spectra of charged pions, kaons, and protons are measured in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC. The particles, identified via their energy loss in the silicon tracker, are measured in the transverse momentum range of p(T) approximate to 0.1-1.7 GeV/c and rapidities vertical bar y vertical bar < 1. The pT spectra and integrated yields are compared to previous results at smaller ffiffiffi root s and to predictions of Monte Carlo event generators. The average pT increases with particle mass and charged particle multiplicity of the event. Comparisons with previous CMS results at root s = 0.9, 2.76, and 7 TeV show that the average pT and the ratios of hadron yields feature very similar dependences on the particle multiplicity in the event, independently of the center-of-mass energy of the pp collision. ; BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEPCenter, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA). Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and Horizon 2020 Grant, contract No. 675440 (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschapen Technologie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845. ; https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.112003 ; Publisher version

A search for new physics in energetic, high-multiplicity final states has been performed using proton-proton collision data collected with the CMS detector at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb(-1). The standard model background, dominated by multijet production, is determined exclusively from control regions in data. No statistically significant excess of events is observed. Model-independent limits on the product of the cross section and the acceptance of a new physics signal in these final states are set and further interpreted in terms of limits on the production of black holes. Semiclassical black holes and string balls with masses as high as 9.5 TeV, and quantum black holes with masses as high as 9.0 TeV are excluded by this search in the context of models with extra dimensions, thus significantly extending limits set at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV with the LHC Run 1 data. (c) 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. ; BMWFW and FWF (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES and CSF (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); SENESCYT (Ecuador); MoER, ERC IUT, and ERDF (Estonia); Academy of Finland, MEC, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NIH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); MSIP and NRF (Republic of Korea); LAS (Lithuania); MOE and UM (Malaysia); BUAP, CINVESTAV, CONACYT, LNS, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); MBIE (New Zealand); PAEC (Pakistan); MSHE and NSC (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Dubna); MON, RosAtom, RAS, RFBR and RAEP (Russia); MESTD (Serbia); SEIDI, CPAN, PCTI and FEDER (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); MST (Taipei); ThEP-Center, IPST, STAR, and NSTDA (Thailand); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); NASU and SFFR (Ukraine); STFC (United Kingdom); DOE and NSF (USA).r Individuals have received support from the Marie-Curie program and the European Research Council and EPLANET (European Union); the Leventis Foundation; the A. P. Sloan Foundation; the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office; the Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'lndustrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium); the Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technolo-gie (IWT-Belgium); the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic; the Council of Science and Industrial Research, India; the HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science, cofinanced from European Union, Regional Development Fund, the Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, the National Science Center (Poland), contracts Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428, Opus 2014/13/B/ST2/02543, 2014/15/B/ST2/03998, and 2015/19/B/ST2/02861, Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406; the National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund; the Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias; the Thalis and Aristeia programs cofinanced by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; the Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University and the Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand); and the Welch Foundation, contract C-1845, SCOAP3. ; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269317307657 ; Publisher version

This dissertation consists of three essays on subjective well-being. The first essay examines whether aggregate job satisfaction in a certain labor market environment can have an impact on individual-level job satisfaction. We seek an answer to this question using two different datasets from the United Kingdom characterizing two diferent labor market environments: Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS) at the workplace level (i.e., narrowly defined worker groups) and British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) at the local labor market level (i.e., larger worker groups defined in industry X region cells). Implementing an original empirical strategy to identify spillover effects, we find that one standard deviation increase in aggregate job satisfaction leads to a 0.42 standard deviation increase in individual-level job satisfaction at the workplace level and 0.15 standard deviation increase in individual-level job satisfaction at the local labor market level. These social interactions effects are sizable and should not be ignored in assessing the effectiveness of the policies designed to improve job satisfaction. Individuals tend to self-report higher subjective well-being levels on certain days of the weeks than they do on the remaining days, controlling for observed variation. The second essay tests whether this empirical observation suffers from selection bias by using the 2008 release of the British Household Panel Survey. In other words, we examine if subjective well-being is correlated with unobserved characteristics that lead the individuals to take the interview on specific days of the week. We focus on two distinct well-being measures: job satisfaction and happiness. We provide convincing evidence for both of these measures that the interviews are not randomly distributed across the days of the week. In other words, individuals with certain unobserved characteristics tend to take the interviews selectively. We conclude that a considerable part of the day-of-the-week patterns can be explained by a standard "non-random sorting on unobservables" argument rather than "mood fluctuations". This means that the day-of-the-week estimates reported in the literature are likely to be biased and should be treated cautiously. In Sub-Saharan Africa, some scholars identify ethnicity as a cause of instability and poor economic growth, which is due to worse public policies. Eifert, Miguel, and Posner (2010) show that ethnic identification is more prominent during competitive election periods in comparison to other identifying categories such as gender, religion, and class/occupation. The third essay utilizes data from 12 Sub-Saharan African countries and over 40,000 respondents taken from the Afrobarometer. It asks if individual subjective well-being changes in the run up to competitive elections. We find strong evidence that individual subjective well-being does change. It is positively related to the proximity to an election and this proximity effect depends on the competitiveness of the election. We further investigate the background mechanisms behind this positive relationship i.e.: to what extent does well-being of the individual change if the party that the individual supports wins the election, and is there a change in well-being of the individual before and after the election? In addition, we document that ethnic identification also has a positive impact on individual well-being after controlling for electoral cycle variables. Policy makers should internalize these positive externalities driven from politically-induced ethnic identification.

From May 1, 2004 Lithuania became a member of the European Union, and in 2004, on the 29th of March joined NATO. In case of the EU, Lithuania has committed to harmonize its national legislation with Community law, and this has led to changes in the Lithuanian legal acts on human rights. Lithuania, as other Member States apply EU laws directly or transfer into national laws. The harmonization of legal acts in Lithuania also contributed to public policy-making in order to deal with various forms of discrimination. These changes had an impact on the struggle against hate crimes during the recent years. Furthermore, this type of crimes attracts more international attention. There is a great number of such crimes throughout the history and, unfortunately, victims are counted in millions. Hate crimes are crimes motivated by racial, ethnic or religious hatred or enmity. Reports of violence against certain ethnic groups are regularly appear on media sites. International organizations such as the UN (United Nations), the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) noted that hate crimes is a serious public safety problem. These crimes result not only in physical and mental sufferings of the victim or economic losses. Moreover, the outcome is the altering of relationship between different social groups, i.e. mistrust, suspicion and hostility. Such offences can lead to conflicts, resulting in a large mass of people forced to leave their homes and become refugees and asylum seekers. These people are the potential for radical extremism and terrorism. Western democracies develop laws that impose criminal penalties for hate crimes. The experience of countries such as the United States, Great Britain, Germany and etc in adoption and improvement of legislation in the struggle against such crimes, also the recommendations of various international organizations will contribute to the reduction of hate crime rate in Lithuania. ; Nuo 2004 m. gegužės 1 dienos Lietuva tapo Europos Sąjungos nare, o 2004 m. kovo 29 dieną įstojo į NATO. Įstojus į ES, Lietuva įsipareigojo suderinti savo nacionalinius teisės aktus su Bendrijos įstatymais ir tai lėmė pasikeitimus Lietuvos teisės aktuose sąryšyje su žmogaus teisėmis ir prisidėjo prie valstybės politikos formavimo, siekiant kovoti su įvairių formų diskriminacija. Lietuva, kaip ir kitos ES valstybės narės, taiko ES teisės aktus tiesiogiai ar perkelia jų nuostatas į savo nacionalinius įstatymus. Tokie pakeitimai padarė įtaką ir kovai su neapykantos nusikaltimais, nes pastaraisiais metais šio tipo nusikaltimai sulaukia vis daugiau tarptautinės bendruomenės dėmesio. Tokie nusikaltimai turi ilgą istoriją, o jų aukos skaičiuojamos milijonais. Neapykantos nusikaltimai – tai nusikaltimai motyvuoti rasinės, etninės ar religinės neapykantos ar priešiškumo. Pranešimai apie smurtą prieš tam tikras etnines grupes nuolat spausdinami žiniasklaidos puslapiuose. Tarptautinės organizacijos, pavyzdžiui JTO, ESBO, nuolat pabrėžia, kad neapykantos nusikaltimai yra rimta visuomenės saugumo problema. Tokių nusikaltimų žala yra ne tik fizinės ir psichinės kančios, ekonominiai nuostoliai. Jų pasekmė yra santykių tarp įvairių socialinių grupių pasikeitimas, nepasitikėjimo, įtarumo ir priešiškumo atsiradimas. Tokie nusikaltimai gali sukelti ir ginkluotus konfliktus, dėl ko daug žmonių bus priversti palikti savo namus ir prašyti prieglobsčio kitose valstybėse. Šių nusikaltimų aukų skaičiaus augimas yra dirva radikaliam ekstremizmui ir terorizmui plisti. Demokratinės vakarų valstybės tobulina įstatymus, kurie nustato baudžiamąją atsakomybę už neapykantos nusikaltimus. Tokių šalių kaip JAV, Didžiosios Britanijos, Vokietijos ir kitų patirtis rengiant, tobulinant teisės aktus, kovojant su tokiais nusikaltimais, bei tarptautinių organizacijų rekomendacijos, manytina prisidės prie sėkmingos kovos su tokio tipo nusikaltimais Lietuvoje.

Developing countries have spent billions of dollars during the last decade for construction, design activities and due to the deterioration of their roads for maintenance. In Ethiopia Funds for construction of roads are acquired from government (revenues), road user charges (vehicles owners), local communities and development partners. However, these funds were not adequate enough relative to the country's need for road infrastructure development, preservation and sustainability efforts. Another outstanding issue is the question of who should pay for the road? In this regard, it has been agreed by many developed countries that users should pay for roads. To pay for these infrastructures and services, governments collect revenues through a variety of taxes and fees from road users. By contrast, Ethiopia appears to be relatively backward, both in studying these issues. The present system of road user cost allocation is levy on fuel. But that is general and it appears to have very little justification in economic theory, as it does not seek to charge road users for the cost they cause. Recently there has been growing interest also in allocation of external costs of highway use and operation, including environmental, congestion, crash, and various other social costs to the urban road users. The purpose of this research is to determine the fair share that each class of road users should pay for the highway agency and non-agency costs of the city of Addis Ababa. The costs include: Agency cost and non-agency costs. In determining the fair cost allocation, a sample of road section from Ministry of Mines – Torhyloch Asphalt Concrete Road which has 8.72 km in length have been considered. The allocation of highway costs, both agency and external costs is based on Engineering Approaches using traffic measurement, Equity Based approach and Highway Management and Development Approaches. Additionally, in order to conduct detailed and realistic analysis, the Road User Cost (RUC) was estimated using HDM-4 Version 1.1. In addition it has been computed by collecting user related survey data by taking more than 50 samples per vehicle type through questionnaires.Statistical comparison between rational highway costs allocations and existing road user charges for considering highway agency costs showed there is a huge deficit between the revenues raised for the government and the cost needs for the road networks development supposed to fund. Based on sample road result, the existing road charging revenue in Ethiopia was found to be far less than what could have been collected depending on the case study of the road section from Ministry of Mines to Torhayloch (Coca Cola) Asphalt Concrete Road which has 8.72km length. And small vehicles like cars, pickups, minibuses and buses are currently paying 92. 86% beyond their responsibility to pay. Whereas Trucks and Truck trailers are paying only 43.47 % of that could have been paid. The Research recommends the government needs to highlight to key decision makers, the serious shortfall in revenues, compared to estimated expenditures, through a policy and the erosive effects from inflation (ever since the fuel levy was introduced in 1997) and at least request that the levy should be increased to counter this, start congestion charge in Addis Ababa and also revising the annual vehicle registration renewal charge on all vehicles in Ethiopia based on charges proportionate to the actual damage it causes to the road network.

Background: In 2006, 35% - 40% of the population in the EU aged > 65 years reported a longstanding health problem and one in four currently receives medical long-term treatment. In Catalonia, data from the 2011-2015 health plan reported that about 30% of the general population has at least one chronic disorder. It is widely accepted that this increasingly important group of the population may suffer frequent unexpected hospital admissions or emergency room visits because of clinical or social circumstances triggering adverse outcomes. Accordingly, the Complex Chronic Patient (CCP) is defined as a patient with at least one+ chronic diseases, comorbidities, frail (due to social, economic and/or clinical factors), usually elderly, and who consumes a very high level of health resources. Although CCPs comprise about 5% of the general population, their health care needs consume an estimated 40% plus of all hospital admissions. Methods: CONNECARE (H2020-PHC-2015-689802) aims to develop and evaluate a new organizational model to enable integrated care of CCPs, supported by technological solutions following an adaptive case management approach. From the CCP's perspective, different healthcare professionals are central to patients' care: the general practitioners, specialist doctors, other hospital staff, and social workers. Moreover, the carers, unpaid relatives or friends, who typically deliver the majority of care that CCPs require, are indispensable. The CONNECARE integrated care organizational model will facilitate collaboration and communication among healthcare professionals, patients and their carers through integrated technological solutions in which the patients play a central role. CONNECARE will also support and empower patients for self-management, by providing them recommendations and suggestions according to continuous monitoring of their activities. CONNECARE will be deployed in three regions: Catalonia (Spain), Israel, and Groningen (the Netherlands). Results: The CONNECARE integrated care solution is built upon the experience of on-going large-scale deployment programs in each of the participating sites and the inclusion of the main stakeholders in the process (healthcare professionals, patients, carers, insurance companies, and policy makers). Therefore, a co-design methodology has been established to capture the feed-back of all actors in the integrated care process. Three clinical studies have been defined for field-testing the CONNECARE solution that will then be performed and evaluated (October 2016 to March 2019) in the three regions: community-based management of CCP, and integrated management of patients undergoing surgical procedures with a specific use case for pre-habilitation of high risk candidates for complex abdominal surgical procedures –which will only be performed and evaluated in Barcelona. The purposes of the clinical studies are: (i) assessing health value generation of the CONNECARE solution; (ii) enabling its refinement and fine tuning during the last six-month period; and (iii) generating guidelines for transferability of CONNECARE achievements to other sites. Conclusions: The ambition of CONNECARE is to co-design, develop, deploy, and evaluate a novel integrated care services model supported by a smart and adaptive case management system for better care coordination and self-management of CCPs. Pragmatic clinical trials will be held in the three sites to assess the health value generation of the CONNECARE solution. Guidelines for the transferability of CONNECARE achievements to other sites will be developed. This will save European healthcare organizations huge sums whilst improving patient outcomes.

Introduction. Joining Ukraine into European educational space demands the knowledge of the processes going in the sphere of education, in higher education in particular.Higher education is one of the fundamental factors that plays an increasingly important role in the modern world and defines the framework of mankind economic and social progress as a whole and as individual states and peoples. International educational links today are an important and prospective direction of foreign policy of the United States, France, Britain, Germany etc. The special role of education in the modern world is reinforced by the fact that the economic, political and cultural success of the country, the standard of its citizens living depends on the availability of highly qualified specialists.Purpose. To define the role of international educational links in world higher education system development; to characterize their major trends and specific character; to highlight the most significant funds of international cooperation and student exchange programs.Results. International educational links have the following features:1. World higher education includes many interrelated elements of different levels and nature: these include educational institutions, establishing strong links with foreign partners and organizations, producing a common strategy for the world under the auspices of UNESCO. 2. In the world the higher education has signs of integrity, autonomy in relation to economic, political and other world social systems. The basis for these processes are universal standards of academic freedom and democracy. 3. Well balanced commodity of global system of higher education has a sign assuming the continues development of the higher education system and its adaptation. An important role in this process belongs to an international cooperation and such organizations as UNESCO in particular. International education cooperation has various forms: it may be based on interstate treaties, on the basis of interdepartmental, inter-university disseminated agreements and individual relations. The most common forms of academic exchanges are various mobility programs, scholarships and grants.There is a large number of regional programs, adopted by the UNESCO, EU and other international organizations. Many student exchange programs are currently realized within the European Union (Erasmus Mundus, Socrates).Along with the European student exchange programs there is a large number of academic exchange programmers provided by the United States. The most well-known is the Fulbright program, the FSA program. The most prestigious scholarship program of the UK is Chevening programme (British Chevening Awards). It operates in 150 countries. The British Council supervises the program. It provides an opportunity to obtain a high-quality education in a university of Great Britain, which is chosen by the applicant. It operates in three areas – master's degree, research, communication experience in a multinational environment.The important role is given to informational and educational agencies.One of the first such organizations was DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service). This self-governing organization unites all German universities and promotes academic cooperation through the exchange of students and scholars. The main DAAD goal is the development of international relations of a higher school of Germany with foreign countries through students and scientists exchange. Conclusion. Ukraine actively participates in international cooperation in the field of education. Nowadays Ukraine has a network of international educational funds which offer additional financing to implement a variety of educational and scientific needs both individual and joint.

This study assesses the impact that public spending on irrigation has on households in the Peruvian highlands that hold cultivable land and practice agriculture on an independent basis. To this end, we calculated the budget executed for irrigation by central, regional, and local government between 2008 and 2010, which entailed crosschecking the Integrated Financial Administration (System de Administración Financiera, SIAF) database and the National Public Investment Project Bank (Banco de Proyectos del Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública, SNIP) to adequately identify this expenditure. We applied the differences-in-differences method with control covariates, for which we constructed a pool of households taken from the National Household Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Hogares, Enaho) conducted by the National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INEI), using the cut-off years of 2007 and 2017 as the baseline and 2012 and 2013 for follow-up. We segmented the sample into two groups based on the incidence of monetary policy by district, per the 2007 Poverty Map: households in poor districts, and households in nonpoor districts. This segmentation allowed us to isolate the endogenous effect of the treatment of using the poverty line calculated for each household in the Enaho. The impacts estimated evince a positive effect on the non-poor households assessed, in the form of an increase in agricultural nonwage income (independent production) and in non-agricultural wage income (non-agricultural dependent activities). In the poor households, the effect on primary and secondary net income and on net agricultural income is statistically equal to zero. ; La presente investigación evalúa el impacto del gasto público en riego en los hogares de la Sierra del Perú que practican la agricultura de manera independiente y que cuentan con tierras de cultivo. Para dicho fin, se calculó el presupuesto ejecutado en riego por el gobierno nacional, regional y local entre los años 2008 y 2010, lo cual implicó el cruce de la base de datos del Sistema Integrado de Administración Financiera(SIAF) y el Banco de Proyectos del Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública (SNIP) para una adecuada identificación de dicho gasto. Se aplicó la metodología de Diferencias en Diferencias con control en covariables. Para esto se construyó un pool de hogares a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares (Enaho) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INEI) tomando como línea de base los cortes de los años 2007 y 2008 y como seguimiento los años 2012 y 2013. La muestra se segmentó en dos grupos según la incidencia de la pobreza monetaria del distrito, de acuerdo al Mapa de Pobreza del año 2007: hogares en distritos pobres y hogares en distritos no pobres. Dicha segmentación permite aislar el efecto endógeno al tratamiento de utilizar la línea de pobreza calculada para cada hogar en la Enaho. Los impactos estimados muestran un efecto positivo en los hogares no pobres evaluados, a través de un incremento del ingreso no salarial agropecuario (producción independiente) y del ingreso salarial no agropecuario (actividades dependientes no agropecuarias). En los hogares pobres el efecto en el ingreso neto principal más secundario y en el ingreso neto agropecuario es estadísticamente igual a cero.

La duda y temor es común en el comunicador social, entre voceros y diseñadores de políticas públicas, esto ha generado un cisma que sólo afecta a las políticas públicas y con ello al público objetivo. En una sociedad colmada de información y vacía en contenido, urge tener voceros que den la cara y expliquen las acciones del gobierno. A la par, apremia que los diseñadores de las PP descubran lo útil que pueden ser los medios de comunicación a sus diseños y los tomen como herramientas de posicionamiento. Las malas noticias siempre llegan antes que los boletines informativos y en los últimos años se percibe un vacío de información que se ha llenado con disputas electorales o bien, con rumores. Las cifras sobre las acciones en seguridad, educación y pobreza, por ejemplo, se pierden en cuestión de horas; hay una carencia de una estrategia de comunicación; tal pareciera que el lenguaje entre comunicadores y diseñadores es desigual y nada tuvieran que ver. Ante casos mediáticos los funcionarios salen a defenderse y no a explicar con claridad los hechos no hay acciones a largo plazo. El presente texto muestra la necesidad por incluir la comunicación social en las fases de Políticas Públicas. En el "Programa 3x1 para migrantes" – tomado como ejemplo para esta investigación y cuya razón de ser es la inversión de las remesas en obras públicas–, los recursos destinados en materia de comunicación es casi nula, lo que muestra un desinterés de los gobiernos por informar sobre el destino de los recursos de los paisanos. Informar valida el trabajo de los servidores públicos, dejarlo de hacer sustenta la duda y daña a los gobiernos. ; The doubt and fear is common in the social communicator, between spokesmen and designers of public policies, this has generated a schism that only affects public policies and with that the target public. In a society full of information and empty of content, it is urgent to have spokespeople who come face to face and explain the actions of the government. At the same time, it urges that the designers of the PP discover how useful the media can be to their designs and take them as positioning tools. The bad news always arrives before the news bulletins and in the last years is perceived a void of information that has been filled with electoral disputes or, with rumors. The figures on actions in security, education and poverty, for example, are lost in a matter of hours; There is a lack of a communication strategy; It would seem that the language between communicators and designers is unequal and had nothing to do with it. In media cases officials go out to defend themselves and not to clearly explain the facts there are no long-term actions. The present text shows the need to include social communication in the Public Policy phases. In the ""3x1 program for migrants"" - taken as an example for this research and whose rationale is the investment of remittances in public works -, the resources allocated in the field of communication is almost nil, which shows a disinterest of governments For informing about the destination of the resources of the countrymen. Inform valid the work of public servants, stop doing it supports the doubt and harms governments.

Soğuk Savaş, iki taraf arasındaki ilişkilerde blokların ve üyelerin davranışlarına yönelik her iki tarafça da kabullenilmemiş, kurallardan uzak ve ilişkilerde bütünüyle zorla üstünlük kurma mücadelesinin benimsendiği bir dönem olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu dönemde her iki güç tarafından diplomatik yöntemler bir kenara bırakılmış ve anlaşma kurallarının görmezden gelindiği bir ortam meydana gelmiştir. İkinci Dünya Savaşının yıkıcı etkisi sonucunda hem Avrupa hem de Avrupa diplomasisi derin bir çöküntü yaşamıştır. Bu siyasi güçsüzlük ABD ve SSCB'nin Avrupa ve beraberinde dünyanın kaderine yön verecek bir kutuplaşmaya zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu dönemde bu iki uluslararası aktör ülke siyasetlerine ve pakt anlayışlarına şekil vermiş, artan bir ivmeyle güç mücadelesini sürdürmüşlerdir. Bu atmosferde ulus-devlet ve pakt anlaşmaları çerçevesinde dünyanın her bölgesinde yaşayan bir standart kutuplaşmış dünya düzeni bulunmaktaydı. 1989'da Berlin Duvarı'nın yıkılmasıyla birlikte meydana gelen siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri olaylarda Varşova Paktı dağılmış ve birçok yeni devlet oluşmuştur. 1990 yılıyla birlikte başta teknolojik atılımlarla beraber "küresellik" düşüncesiyle Yeni Dünya Düzeni oluşmaya başlamıştır. Çalışmanın amacı Yeni Dünya Düzeni olarak adlandırılan bu dönemde ortaya çıkan tehdit algılamalarını ortaya çıkarmak ve Türk Kamu Yönetimi açısından bir değerlendirme yapmaktır. Türkiye'nin tehditlere karşı izleyebileceği siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik politikaları kamusal ve siyasal anlamda değerlendirmek Türk kamusal düzeninin geleceğine yön verebilmesi açısından önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. ; The Cold War, as a period of struggle to establish the rule adopted in remote and relationship emerges. It can be seen that the block in relations between the two sides and both parties for the behavior of its members not accepted, the rules in force in its entirety. This period has been set aside by both power and diplomatic methods which has occurred in an environment that ignore the rules of the agreement. As a result of the devastating effects of World War II in both Europe and the European diplomacy has experienced a deep depression. During this period, it gave way to the two international pacts and understanding the country's political actors have continued to struggle for power with an increasing acceleration. The atmosphere in the nation-state and the pact there were a standard polarized world order, living in all regions of the world within the framework of agreements. With the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 caused political, economic and military events in the Warsaw Pact which was dissolved and formed many new states. Together with the first technological breakthrough in 1990 "globalization" idea began to be formed as the New World Order. The study aims to uncover the threat perceptions that arise during this period called the New World Order and make an assessment in terms of Turkey. Political threats which can be watched by Turkey holds an important place in terms of social and economic policies to give direction to the political will evaluate Turkish public and political sense.We can say that this region is a priority for the American foreign policy. Therefore, it is important that the state policies toward the region, which has an influence on many states such as the USA do not only influence Middle East policies but also world policies. The USA's target to dominate on the energy resources of Middle East has not changed from the beginning. However, its politics toward the region has changed depending on the periodic conditions. In our study, we have systematically examined the final aims of the USA in the Middle East by taking this periodic conditions into account.

The objective of this paper is to explore the initiatives and practices of different countries in truth seeking. Many countries during the post-conflict, colonial, slavery, anarchical and cultural genocide periods establish the Truth Commissions to respond to the past human wrongdoings: crimes and crimes against humanity. Enforced Disappearances (ED), killings, rapes and inhumane tortures are wrongdoings. Truth Commission applies the method of recovering silences from the victims for structured testimonies. The paper is prepared based on the victim-centric approach. The purpose reveals the piecemeal fact-findings to heal the past, reconcile the present and protect the future. The study covers more than 50 Commissions in a chronological order: beginning from Uganda in 1974 and concluding to Nepal in February 2015. Two Commissions in Uruguay were formed to find-out enforced disappearances. Colombian and Rwandan Commissions have established permanent bodies. The Liberian TRC threatened the government to submit its findings to the ICC if the government failed to establish an international tribunal. The Commissions of Bolivia, Ecuador, Haiti, former Yugoslavia and Zimbabwe were disbanded, and consequently, their reports could not be produced. No public hearings were conducted in Argentina and former Yugoslavia. It is noted that only 8 public hearings in Ghana, 8 national hearings in East-Timor and 15 in Brazil were conducted. Moroccan Commission held public hearings after signing the bond paper for not to disclose the names of the perpetrators whereas Guatemala did not include the perpetrators' names in the report. The Shining Path's activists are serving sentences based on civil-anti-terrorist court, but Alberto Fujimori is convicted for 25 years. Chadian Commission worked even against illicit narcotics trafficking. The UN established its Commissions in Sierra Leon, El Salvador and East-Timor, but failed to restore normalcy in Kosovo. Haiti prosecuted 50 perpetrators whereas Guatemala prosecuted its former military dictator. The Philippines' Commission had limited investigation jurisdiction over army, but treated the insurgents differently. In El Salvador, the State security forces were responsible for 85 percent and the non-state actors for 15 percent similar to CIEDP, Nepal. The TRCs of Argentina, East-Timor, Guatemala, Morocco, Peru and South Africa partially succeeded. Large numbers of victims have failed to register the complaints fearing of possible actions. All perpetrators were controversially granted amnesty despite the TRC recommendation in South Africa. The victims and people still blamed Mandela that he sold out black people's struggle. Ironically, the perpetrators have received justice, but the victims are further victimized. As perpetrator-centric Government prioritizes cronyism, most of the Commissioners defend their respective institution and individuals. Besides, perpetrators influence Governments on the formation of Truth Commission for 'forgetting the victims to forgive the perpetrators'. A commission is a Court-liked judicial and non-judicial processes body, but without binding authority except Sierra Leone. Transitional Justice body exists with a five-pillar policy: truth, justice, healing, prosecution and reparation. It has a long neglected history owing to anarchical roles of the perpetrators and weak-poor nature of the victims. Almost all TRCs worked in low budget, lack of officials, inadequate laws and regulations, insufficient infrastructures and constraints of moral supports including Liberia, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Uganda and Nepal. The perpetrators controlled Governments ordered to destroy documents, evidences and testimonies in their chain of command that could have proven guilty to them.

L'obiettivo della presente tesi è quello di indagare e analizzare i principali profili di criticità connessi alla ricerca medica sull'uomo dal punto di vista giuridico. Partendo da una analisi delle principali fonti normative e bibliografiche in materia (dal Codice di Norimberga del 1946 sino al recentissimo Regolamento UE n. 536/2014) si è provveduto a enucleare le criticità principali legate alla presentazione di progetti di ricerca avanti ai Comitati Etici all'interno di una griglia di valutazione nella quale, accanto alla tipologia di studio analizzato (sperimentale, osservazionale, tissutale, di dispositivo medico), si è provveduto a indicare l'esito della presentazione del progetto (positivo, positivo con richiesta di integrazioni, sospensivo e negativo) e, suddivise per categorie, le principali problematiche riscontrate. Sulla base di detta griglia si è proceduto alla campionatura e all'analisi statistica dei 739 pareri resi dal Comitato Etico Indipendente istituito presso il Policlinico Universitario Sant'Orsola Malpighi di Bologna nel corso delle annualità 2014 e 2015. Da detta analisi, condotta secondo le metodiche sopra descritte, è emerso come le principali criticità attengano alla modulistica informativa e di consenso per la partecipazione al progetto di ricerca, alla modulistica informativa e di consenso relativa al trattamento dei dati del soggetto che partecipa al progetto, agli accordi economici fra Promotore/Centro di Sperimentazione e Sponsor, alla polizza assicurativa da stipulare a copertura dei rischi derivanti dal protocollo di ricerca. Con riferimento a ciascuno di detti gruppi si è, infine, provveduto a indicare quali sono le caratteristiche e i contenuti normativamente previsti e, dunque, in tal senso, a fornire alcuni suggerimenti di carattere operativo a Promotori e Sperimentatori, nell'ottica di agevolare una più fluida ed efficace sottoposizione dei protocolli di ricerca ai Comitati Etici competenti. ; This dissertation investigates and analyses the main legal issues arising in connection with medical research on humans. An analysis was conducted of the main legal sources and literature (from the 1946 Nuremberg Code to the recent EU Regulation 536/2014), and on this basis the main problems have been identified that come up when medical research projects are submitted to ethics committees, to this end using an evaluative framework organized under three headings: types research project (experimental, observational, on human tissue, and involving medical devices), types of opinion issued by the ethics committee (accept, accept subject to minor revision, on hold subject to major revision, reject), and types of issues. Proceeding from this evaluative framework, a sampling and statistical analysis was carried out on the 739 opinions issued in 2014 and 2015 by Independent Ethics Committee set up at the Policlinico Universitario Sant'Orsola Malpighi di Bologna. Four main classes of issues have been identified: the personal information and consent forms for participating in medical research projects, the personal information and consent forms for the processing of personal information, economic agreements between the research sponsor and its promoter or the research centre, and the insurance policy covering the risks attached to the project. For each of these issues, the legal standards to be met have been identified with the aim of providing promoters and researchers with the practical guidance needed for them to streamline the submission of their research projects to an ethics committee.

This thesis analysis the planning process for large-scale wind power development in Finland, Norway and Sweden. The aim is to explore the emerging power relations and socio-economic dynamics of the negotiation, planning and realization of this new development. The thesis employs an energy justice framework to capture the opportunities different stakeholders have to take part in and influence wind power development processes ('procedural justice'), and how the potential benefits and burdens of wind power development are divided between stakeholders ('distributional justice'). The study's setup is an embedded sequential mixed methods research design, which includes analysis of policy documents, in-dept interviews, observations, as well as register based population data. The thesis shows how power relations on both a structural level and an actor level are used to exert power and influence over the planning process for wind power development. On a structural level, the results indicate that transformations in EU directives and national planning laws and guidelines in Finland, Norway and Sweden in recent years have been more focused on speed and efficiency in planning processes than on legitimacy issues. The changes that have been implemented seem to point to diminishing opportunities for broad participation and debate in wind power planning processes, in favour of more top-down processes with a specific, sectoral focus on developing wind power. On the actor level, perceived improper behaviour by different actors within the planning process can further limit the possibilities for participation. People refrain from participating in planning processes, for instance, if they feel that they are treated disrespectfully or if there have occurred procedural errors that undermine the legitimacy of the formal planning process. However, participation in formal planning processes is not the only way to influence planning processes. There are a number of more informal channels, such as using the media or the Internet, lobbying, or rallying local support, that can and have been used by stakeholders to tap into the formal planning process to try to affect its outcomes. Such informal activities have a considerable spatial and scalar reach, the importance of which is that stakeholders utilizing such measures have the possibility to affect not only the local wind power project under debate, but also developments in other places and attitudes towards wind power more generally. As concerns distributional issues, the results of the thesis show that the evidence of distributional inequality concerning wind power development on the national scale in Sweden is not very strong; but if such inequalities exist, there are possibilities to redistribute the benefits from wind power to those who are burdened by the developments. Distributional injustice related to wind power development is thus not an evident problem, generally speaking, in Sweden today. However, if this state is to remain, procedural aspects related to the continued development of wind power need to be kept in mind, as procedural and distributional inequalities are intimately related. Of specific concern is the need to address formal and informal procedures that marginalize stakeholder participation in planning processes, but it is equally important to also consider who is to be included in or excluded from negotiations and the distribution of local economic benefits connected to specific wind power projects.

Objective: This paper is to identify key areas where healthy living may be improved in India, and the converse, through cultivating connections at government, community, and at individual levels. Methods and Materials: Key healthy living issues for India were selected and relevant evidence obtained from internet sources together with personal experience over decades of multi- and inter-disciplinary international research activities. Approach: Key activities of connectivity in the development of Indian healthcare arising from "Methods and Materials" were evaluated. These included, the UN Millennium Development Goals, government-private interaction for healthcare benefit, family planning, Modicare 2015, women in society, business and clinical strategies, infrastructure, building "families", fish stocks preservation, ecological epidemiology, NCDs, and transgenesis. Results: In a nutritional context, "education for all" leading to connectivity and a pragmatic inspirational approach to understanding complex issues of population dynamics is essential. Of importance are scientific endeavours in agriculture and aquaculture, water utilization, food manufacture, complex issues of supply and demand at an economic eco-friendly and sustainable level, chemoprevention and treatment of diseases (where nutritionally applicable) such as with functional foods: all of which are so vital if one is to raise standards for healthy living in this century and beyond. Developing-India could be a test-bed for other countries to follow, having both the problems and professional understanding of issues raised. By 2025, the UK's Department for International Development programme in India aims to promote secondary school education for young girls, i.e., extending the age of marriage, and interventions that will lead to better health and nutrition, family planning, and developing skills for employment; and supporting India's "Right to Education Act". The outcome may result in smaller better-nourished higher-income families. Computer school networks at Nosegay Public School in Moradabad and the municipal authorities, there, aim to reduce the consumption of unhealthy foodstuff dictated by personal convenience, media influence, and urban retail outlets and promotions. The Tsim Tsoum Institute has advocated the adoption of the Mediterranean/Palaeolithic diet with its high omega-3: omega-6 fatty acid ratio aimed at an improvement in global health due to an expected reduction in the epidemic of pre-metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease [1,2]. Tomorrow, low-cost computer apps are advocated as a driving force in the selection of healthy foods, grown/produced under environmentally safe conditions, within retail outlets for use by mothers with limited budgets that may lead to a revolution in retail management and policy. Chemo-preventive prospective strategies such as those involving polyphenols, lignans, (found in fruits, vegetables, and soya) and other natural phytochemical products, and functional foods, which balance benefit and risk of disease, need to be continually developed, especially to reduce breast and prostate cancer. Conclusion: There is an opportunity to make nutrition a central part of the post-2015 sustainable human and agricultural development agenda for the The Expert Panel for the UN 2030 programme to consider. Solutions for cultivating connections and inspiring solutions for healthy living in India have included all the above issues and this swathe of actions, some within the Nagoya protocol, has been presented for the purpose of contributing towards the health of India.

There is increasing legislative and policy emphasis on the importance of effective management of the marine environment as a shared resource, with aspirations to maximise environmental, economic, and social benefits, also termed the ecosystem approach to management. As extensive and long-term users of the marine environment, fisheries and the integration of fisheries management into a wider marine management system, play a major role in achieving these objectives as well as helping to ensure the long-term sustainability and existence of the sector. There are many examples of managing fisheries interactions within the UK and globally. Many of these are related to a single interaction. Many Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been shown to have a positive effect on fisheries when the MPAs have been integrated within fisheries management measures outside of the MPA area. While seeking to achieve the UK management objectives of increased economic prosperity by growing economic use, particularly of emerging industries such as marine renewables, coupled with increased protection through a network of MPAs, fisheries are being subject to increased spatial conflicts which need to be understood and effectively managed. Due to the nature of these interactions, the majority of conflicts occur relatively close to shore and have a greater effect on the inshore fisheries. The report addresses three main areas covering conflicts (Section 2), available data (Section 3), and example case studies (Section 4). There are a number of marine management measures that have been trialled and/or implemented around the world to tackle a range of spatial and temporal use conflicts. Spatial and temporal management measures were considered under three main topics of fisheries management measures (Section 2.1), marine conservation management (e.g. MPAs, Section 2.2), and licencing mitigation and management measures (e.g. safety zones during marine developments, Section 2.3). Understanding what data is available, its accessibility, limitations, and at what spatial and temporal scale would be appropriate for management decision making is an important but complex task for any manager (Section 3). However, without such knowledge, management decisions may be questioned by stakeholders and governance structures may be weak or difficult to enforce. This section outlines some of these issues, highlights alternate data sources which are freely available, discusses how the data can be used with its limitations, and how it can be enhanced through stakeholder/fisher engagement. Six case study areas (Section 4) were identified with aspects of their management and management tools being highlighted. Case studies covered multiple geographic scales from local through to international management strategies. The use of spatial planning, voluntary codes of practice, stakeholder engagement, and more detailed fishing information were key factors in several of the areas. Finally, the information was pooled together to outline some key recommendations for managers (fisheries and marine) and recommendations for the use of data (Section 5.1). Recommendations for managers included a better understanding of how scale can influence decisions, stakeholder engagement, establishing trust through open dialogue, and the consideration of temporal impacts of developments. Data recommendations included fisheries data, socio-economic data, availability of data in online databases, and the use of predictive habitat maps and what information should accompany them.