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The approach taken by authorities in the oversight and supervision of FMIs is important in promoting and maintaining financial stability in Moldova. While well-functioning FMIs can greatly improve the efficiency, transparency, and safety of financial systems, they can also concentrate systemic risk, which requires effective oversight and supervision to achieve public policy objectives. In the context of Moldova, the authorities are confronted with a national decision to create a single CSD that has good governance, robust risk management practices, and financial soundness. Vulnerabilities in FMIs could potentially undermine the implementation of monetary policy, or generate systemic disruptions in the financial markets, and more widely across the economy. A problem may be initiated by the inability of a participant to settle its obligations, or by operational failures of the system as a whole. The resulting default may be passed on to other participants, and get transmitted across financial systems and markets, threatening their stability. This note reviews the oversight and supervisory framework for FMIs in Moldova. In this note, FMIs cover payment systems, central securities depositories, and securities settlement systems. Payment systems were assessed in the 2008 Republic of Moldova FSAP Update and are not covered in this note. Securities registrars, which play a key role in the capital markets, are not FMIs and are assessed under principle 11 on CSDs of the PFMIs. The analysis was based on the authorities' answers to the IMF's questionnaire, IMF and World Bank technical assistance reports, and background documentation. The mission met with representatives from the NBM, NCFM, MSE, NSD, and independent registrars. This note was prepared based on the information available in February 2014. The note includes (i) an overview of the FMIs and description of past and ongoing reforms, and (ii) an assessment of the main issues at stake.

This Discussion Paper presents a normative concept of green industrial policy, which is defined as encompassing any policy measure aimed at aligning the structure of a country's economy with the needs of sustainable development within established planetary boundaries. The paper elaborates on the rationale of a green industrial policy, how it differs from conventional industrial policy, why it is faced with significantly bigger challenges, and how these can be met. Production and consumption patterns today are largely shaped by markets. However, markets fail to solve many of the environmental challenges the world is facing. Therefore, governments have to intervene, thus reclaiming the primacy of public policy in setting and implementing societal objectives. While safeguarding the sustainability of human life on our planet makes green industrial policy a highly normative undertaking, there is also a strong economic case for green industrial policy – the success stories of such 'green' frontrunners as Germany and Denmark demonstrate the competitiveness potential of the new technologies. However, as shown by decades of discussion on industrial policy, government intervention almost invariably brings about risks of political capture and government failure. Green industrial policy is thus not only governed by ethical norms, but also by politics. The risks of failure are magnified by the urgency and scale of today's global environmental challenges, requiring particularly bold, comprehensive and well-orchestrated government intervention under high uncertainty. By highlighting lessons learned from practical cases of both success and failure, this paper shows how these risks can be, and have been, managed. This involves both the disruption of old pathways (with locked-in technologies and infrastructure as well as stranded assets) and the creation of new pathways responding to sustainability imperatives. The paper argues that a broad-based social vision needs to be forged – supported by change coalitions and coupled with policy process safeguards, openness to policy learning, and an alignment of green industrial policies with market mechanisms.

Abstract: The loss of teeth can be caused by various diseases such as caries and periodontal diseases. This tooth loss can lead to disruption of the speech function, mastication, and aesthetics. Dentures for replacing the missing teeth are important to avoid such impacts. This study aimed to describe the determinants of people's behavior in the utilization of dental services in the manufacture of artisan removable denture in rural districts Kauditan Treman. This was a descriptive study. Taro Yamane formula was used to determine the number of samples. The method of sampling was purposive sampling by using questionnaires to 52 people. The results showed that the primary external factor determinant in the community toward dental service of false teeth makers was the economic factor (the cost of maintenance), meanwhile the internal factor determinant was perception. It is suggested that the government provides more affordable oral health care by adding health personnels, especially the dentists .Keywords: determinants, people's behavior, false teeth makers, removable dentureAbstrak: Kehilangan gigi dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai penyakit seperti karies dan penyakit periodontal yang dapat berakibat terganggunya fungsi bicara, pengunyahan, dan estetika. Pembuatan gigi tiruan untuk menggantikan gigi yang hilang penting dilakukan agar dapat menghindari akibat tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran determinan perilaku masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan jasa tukang gigi pada pembuatan gigi tiruan lepasan di desa Treman kecamatan Kauditan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan rumus Taro Yamane, dan metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling dengan membagikan kuesioner pada sampel yang berjumlah 52 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa determinan penentu utama faktor eksternal masyarakat dalam pemanfaatan jasa tukang gigi untuk pembuatan gigi tiruan lepasan yakni faktor ekonomi, dalam hal ini biaya perawatan; sedangkan determinan penentu faktor internal yakni persepsi. Disarankan pada pemerintah agar dapat menyediakan pelayanan kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang lebih terjangkau oleh masyarakat dengan menambah tenaga kesehatan, khususnya dokter gigi.Kata kunci: determinan, perilaku masyarakat, tukang gigi, gigi tiruan lepasan

Mestrado em Toxicologia e Ecotoxicologia ; Organotins (OTs) are organometallic compounds. Despite of the multiple applications of the OTs, the notoriety of these compounds is due to tributyltin (TBT), a potent biocide used in antifouling paints since the 60s to prevent biofouling on submerged surfaces, including the hulls of ships. Despite of the extreme effectiveness of these paints in combating biofouling, they are also extremely toxic to non-target organisms, therefore several legislative measures restricting their use were implemented in several countries worldwide. TBT causes a huge variety of adverse effects on non-target species (sublethal / lethal) of different taxonomic groups (from bacteria to mammals). The first evidence of adverse effects induced by TBT on non-target species emerged in the 70s in oysters of the species Crassostrea gigas in the Bay of Arcachon, France. Their shells have suffered thickening with consequent decrease in the volume of edible portion, reducing its commercial value. In the same decade was verified the occurrence of male sexual characteristics in female prosobranch gastropods (formation of a penis and / or development of a vas deferens), by exposure to TBT. This phenomenon was coined as "imposex" by Smith in 1971. The imposex is the best known example of endocrine disruption caused by a pollutant being used as a biomarker to monitoring the environmental pollution by TBT. The gastropods are used globally for monitoring environmental pollution by TBT. In the present work we studied how gastropods have been used to track the course of TBT pollution worldwide during the last decade (2003-2013), and the main results obtained. We searched for the number of published articles by year / continent and country regarding the bioindicator species most used in biomonitoring TBT pollution in function of their geographical location; we evaluated the efficacy of the AFS Convention in reducing TBT pollution worldwide; we evaluated the temporal evolution (2003-2013) of the levels of imposex ...

The early 21st century has seen vigorous scientific interest in the Asian monsoon and significant development of paleo-proxies of monsoon strength. These include the Monsoon Asian Drought Atlas – a 700-year, gridded reconstruction of hydroclimate derived from 327 tree ring records – and several long speleothem records from China and India. Similar progress has been made on the study of monsoon climate dynamics through re-analysis data products and General Circulation Model diagnostics. The story has emerged of a variable monsoon over the latter Holocene, with extended droughts and anomalously wet episodes that occasionally and profoundly influenced the course of human history. We focus on Southeast Asia where an anomalous period of unstable climate coincided with the demise of the capital of the Khmer Empire at Angkor between the 14th and the 16th centuries, and we suggest that protracted periods of drought and deluge rain events, the latter of which damaged Angkor's extensive water management systems, may have been a significant factor in the subsequent transfer of the political capital away from Angkor. The late 16th and early 17th century experienced climate instability and the collapse of the Ming Dynasty in China under a period of drought, while Tonkin experienced floods and droughts throughout the 17th century. The 18th century was a period of great turmoil across Southeast Asia, when all of the region's polities saw great unrest and rapid realignment during one of the most extended periods of drought of the past millennium. New paleo-proxy records and the incorporation of historical documentation will improve future analyses of the interaction between climate extremes, social behavior and the collapse or disruption of regional societies, a subject of increasing concern given the uncertainties surrounding projections for future climate.

This review identifies understudied areas of emerging contaminant (EC) research in wastewaters and the environment, and recommends direction for future monitoring. Non-regulated trace organic ECs including pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs and personal care products are focused on due to ongoing policy initiatives and the expectant broadening of environmental legislation. These ECs are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment, mainly derived from the discharge of municipal wastewater effluents. Their presence is of concern due to the possible ecological impact (e.g., endocrine disruption) to biota within the environment. To better understand their fate in wastewaters and in the environment, a standardised approach to sampling is needed. This ensures representative data is attained and facilitates a better understanding of spatial and temporal trends of EC occurrence. During wastewater treatment, there is a lack of suspended particulate matter analysis due to further preparation requirements and a lack of good analytical approaches. This results in the under-reporting of several ECs entering wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) and the aquatic environment. Also, sludge can act as a concentrating medium for some chemicals during wastewater treatment. The majority of treated sludge is applied directly to agricultural land without analysis for ECs. As a result there is a paucity of information on the fate of ECs in soils and consequently, there has been no driver to investigate the toxicity to exposed terrestrial organisms. Therefore a more holistic approach to environmental monitoring is required, such that the fate and impact of ECs in all exposed environmental compartments are studied. The traditional analytical approach of applying targeted screening with low resolution mass spectrometry (e.g., triple quadrupoles) results in numerous chemicals such as transformation products going undetected. These can exhibit similar toxicity to the parent EC, demonstrating the necessity of using an integrated analytical approach which ...

Дана характеристика показателей развития промышленности и сельскохозяйственного производства Тамбовской губернии в предвоенные и военные годы (1913 1917 гг.). Рассмотрено влияние войны на состояние промышленности, сельского хозяйства и положение рабочего класса и крестьянства. Отмечено, что многие предприятия были переведены на обслуживание армии, в то же время нехватка сырья и топлива привели к закрытию их большого числа. Проанализированы причины усиления спекуляции, роста рыночных цен на хлеб, показано, что их таксировка вела к дезорганизации рынка. По мере ухудшения экономической ситуации в стране все больше усиливалось вмешательство государства в хозяйственную жизнь, однако вместе с ним росла неуправляемость экономических процессов. Отмечено, что из-за ухудшения положения с хлебозаготовками властями применялась угроза реквизиций как устрашающий фактор. В результате неудовлетворительного хода хлебозаготовительной кампании в стране нарастал продовольственный кризис, который свидетельствовал о несостоятельной продовольственной политике властей. ; The paper presents the characteristics of indicators of industrial and agricultural production in Tambov province in the prewar and war years (1913 1917). The effect of war on the state of the industry, agriculture and the position of the working class and the peasantry are considered. It is noted that many enterprises were transferred to support the army e, at the same time, the shortage of raw materials and fuel led to the closure of a large number of enterprises. The reasons for the increasing speculation, rising market prices for bread were analyzed. It is shown that taxing led to market disruption. It is emphasized that, with the deterioration of the economic situation in the country the government increased its interference in the economic life, but along with that the uncontrollability of economic processes grew. It is noted that due to the deterioration in the grain procurements the authorities used the threat of requisitions as an intimidating factor. It is concluded that the unsatisfactory grain procurement campaign in the country led to the growth of the food crisis, which confirmed the failure of the food policy in the country.

Paper Session - Local Modernisms ; The Conference program's website is located at http://acsa-arch.org/programs-events/conferences/annual-meeting/102nd-annual-meeting ; Conference Theme: Globalizing Architecture: Flows and Disruptions ; This short paper traces the formative influences that led to new avant-garde positions and theories of Singapore architect and theorist William S.W. Lim. Under the tutelage of the London County Council architects at the London AA in the 50s, most notably under Bill Howe, John Killick and John Partridge, and later at the GSD, under Josep Lluís Sert, Jaqueline Tyrwhitt and Kevin Lynch, one could argue Lim had an education that blended a potent concoction of a number of neo-avant-garde pedagogies. Lim's early writings and built ideas were predicated on the sheer aura and astonishment of constructing in reinforced concrete, but tempered with the logic of efficiency, social responsibility and nationhood. He celebrated and rejected the ideas of Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius in equal measure, vis-à-vis the institutional formations of CIAM, following in the footsteps of Team X and Ekistics. The debate and rejection of high modernism would be embodied in Lim's writings about cities and architecture in Asia. Sert's GSD served as an intellectual refuge after the dissolution of CIAM, and powerful alternative positions came out of this period. Positions favoring pluralism and diversity were being formed concurrently in the work and writings of his contemporaries, namely, Cedric Price, who was similarly under the tutelage of the LCC architects at the AA, and Fumihiko Maki, Lim's classmate at the GSD. Lim invented an unparallel lexicon in his urban theories, which favored the autonomy of the individual and sought to elevate creativity in all participatory functions of the design process. The power of Lim's theories is found precisely in the manner they coalesced into an alternative space outside of mainstream governmental policies. Through his writings, he continued to project an alternative history and theory of Asian urbanism and architecture. ; postprint

Natural gas is a significant contributor to European energy supply. Hence, the political crisis between Russia and Ukraine increases fears of the consequences of Russia suspending natural gas supplies to Ukraine and the European Union. The last time this had occurred was in the winter of 2009 when Russia and Ukraine disputed about the price of natural gas and transit costs. However, the European Union has subsequently increased the security of its gas supply. Progress has been made in implementing the measures proposed by the European Commission, particularly the diversification of supply sources and the expansion of natural gas infrastructure to secure supply from various countries. The opportunities to ease temporary supply bottlenecks have improved significantly within the Union in recent years. Nevertheless, Russia remains a major supplier of natural gas to the EU. The Russian gas company Gazprom plays a key role in Eastern Europe and is also gaining importance in Germany. However, this dependency is not a one-way street: Russia generates high export revenues from its natural gas trade and currently has few alternatives to exporting to the EU. Model calculations by DIW Berlin show that Europe can largely cope with a supply disruption by Russia via Ukraine. Some Eastern European countries, however, would struggle to fully offset a complete suspension of Russian supply. To further increase supply security in Europe in the medium term, it will be necessary to continue diversifying gas supplies, particularly by making more efficient use of existing infrastructure, and expanding pipelines and capacity to import liquefied natural gas. Additionally, Europe should consider setting up strategic gas reserves. Another important step would be to continue to improve energy efficiency in all sectors and consistently expand renewable energy sources as part of the European energy and climate strategy.

This paper analyzes partnership formation and dissolution of a population of immigrant origin in Spain, in comparison to natives. It combines three different data sources (Fertility and Values Survey 2006, National Immigrant Survey 2007 and Chances 2011) to identify variations in timing and incidence of partnership formation across generations. The obtained results suggest clear support for selection and disruption hypotheses in the case of first generation immigrant women, who tend to marry less and later than comparable natives, and also to separate more. However, in the case of Latin American and EU15 women some socialization effect cannot be completely discarded. Among adolescents of immigrant origin preferences concerning type and timing of union reveal a strong effect of socialization into their parents' family values, which in the case of individuals who migrated to Spain aged older than 5 is not completely counterbalanced by the adaptation process taking place since their arrival. These results are in line with the hypotheses formulated in the framework of the intergenerational transmission of values' approach, which emphasizes that family values and family-related attitudes remain important in parental socialization and are quite effectively passed on to the 1.5 and second generation. ; The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007 - 2013) under grant agreement no. 320116 for the research p roject FamiliesAndSocieties. ; 1. Introduction. Union formation and dissolution in Spain over the last decades.-- 2. Theoretical framework and previous research.-- 3. Immigration to Spain and immigrants' family dynamic.-- 4. Data sources available. Advantages and limitation.-- 5. Partnership formation and dissolution patterns among first generation women and comparable native women in Spain.-- 5.1. Descriptive results from FVS2006.-- 5.2. Multivariate models for first generation and native women.-- 6. Preferences concerning partnership formation among adolescents of immigrant and native origin in Spain. Contextual adaptation and intergenerational transmission of values.-- 6.1. Descriptive results.-- 6.2. Multivariate analyses.-- 7. Conclusions.-- Appendix: figures and tables ; Peer reviewed

Increasing temperatures and shifting precipitation regimes define the Mediterranean Basin (MB) as one of the world's most sensitive climate change hot spots. Among various ecological effects, disruptions in the growth-climate response of Mediterranean forest species have been recently observed. Complex topographical and climatological factors, however, may result in contrasting patterns of recent tree growth, with their biotic and abiotic drivers often remaining debatable. Here, we compile dendrochronological evidence from 878 cases at 645 sites reported in 66 peer-reviewed publications to assess modern (post-1970) growth trends across the MB (30°-46° N and 10° W-40° E). This collection mainly reveals positive trends in temperate environments across the northwestern part of the Basin, whereas negative trends were often found at xeric sites in the southwestern and eastern regions. Although these response patterns are indicative for both beneficial as well as detrimental effects of climate change on pan-Mediterranean forest ecosystem function and productivity, our review is slightly biased by selective sampling efforts that focused on higher elevations and older trees within a few countries in the northwest. This imbalance emphasizes the need for more evenly distributed study sites and age classes that better reflect ecological rather than political and methodological criteria. © 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd. ; We thank three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments which helped us to improve a preliminary version of the manuscript. We also thank Linda Feichtinger (WSL) for her assistance in R scripting, and Franco Biondi and Jordi Martínez-Vilalta for providing us with geographical information regarding their publications included in this review. UB was supported by the Czech project 'Building up a multidisciplinary scientific team focused on drought' (No. CZ.1.07/2.3.00/20.0248). We also acknowledge the support of projects 012/2008 and 387/2011 (OAPN, Spain). ; Peer Reviewed

The serotonin (5-HT) system has been implicated in both depression and reward and punishment processing. This thesis presents data from four studies designed to better understand the role of serotonin in decision-making and mood. Following the general introduction and description of the main experimental methods, the first experimental chapter presents a study that examined the relationship between naturally-varying 5-HT1A receptor availability, measured using positron emission tomography, and decision-making in healthy volunteers. This study identified correlations between 5-HT1A receptor availability in the hippocampal complex and both impulsivity and sensitivity to the probability of an outcome during decision-making. The second experimental chapter examined decision-making in healthy volunteers 3 days following MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration, when serotonin transmission is thought to be reduced. A specific type of decision-making process, "pruning" (the reflexive avoidance of aversive outcomes when searching through a tree of potential decisions), was significantly attenuated 3 days following MDMA administration. However, the expected positive relationship between the attenuation in this decision-making process and low mood was not observed. The third experimental chapter attempted to extend this finding using the acute tryptophan depletion method, which removes tryptophan (the precursor to serotonin) from the diet and is thought to reduce serotonin synthesis. Performance on three decision making tasks (pruning, gambling and impulsivity) was examined in healthy volunteers following tryptophan depletion. Results revealed that treatment decreased participants' choosing of high probability gambles. The final chapter examined pruning in unmedicated depressed patients, and found that they behaved very similarly to healthy volunteers when evaluating aversive outcomes in the context of a tree of potential decisions, despite the hypothesised disruption to the serotonin system in this disorder. These experiments provide a more complete understanding of the relationship between serotonin, decision-making and mood, and are discussed in relation to theories of depression that pose a central role for disrupted decision-making.

[EN] Low-temperature air drying represents an alternative means to hot air drying of better retaining the sensory, nutritional and functional properties of foods. However, reducing the air temperature to figures below the product s freezing point involves low drying rates, which largely places constraints on any further industrial application. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of using power ultrasound to improve the low-temperature drying of apple, considering not only the kinetic effects but also the influence on the antioxidant potential of the dried apple. For that purpose, apple (Malus domestica cv. Granny Smith) cubes (8.8 mm side) were dried (2 m/s and a relative humidity of under 10%) at low temperatures ( 10, 5, 0, 5 and 10 C) with (20.5 kW/m3) and without ultrasound application. The drying kinetics were modeled by considering the diffusion theory, negligible shrinkage and cubic geometry. In the dried apple, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity were measured. The application of power ultrasound sped up the drying kinetics at every temperature tested, achieving drying time reductions of up to 77%, which was linked to the improvement in diffusion and convective mass transport. In overall terms, ultrasound application involved a greater degradation of polyphenol and flavonoid contents and a reduction of the antioxidant capacity, which was related to the cell disruption caused by the mechanical stress of acoustic waves. ; The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO), the European Union (FEDER) and the Generalitat Valenciana (from the projects DPI2012-37466-CO3-03, DPI2012-37466-CO3-02, PROMETEO/2010/062 and the FPI fellowship granted to J.V. Santacatalina). ; Santacatalina Bonet, JV.; Rogríguez, Ó.; Simal, S.; Cárcel Carrión, JA.; Mulet Pons, A.; García Pérez, JV. (2014). Ultrasonically enhanced low-temperature drying of apple: Influence on drying kinetics and antioxidant potential. Journal of ...

On 7 May 2014, less than half a year after the death of Nelson Mandela, South Africans democratically elected for the fourth time since 1994 the country's national parliament and the various provincial governments. In a generally relaxed climate, all seemed well in the rainbow nation. Most parties welcomed the announced results. But do they and the South African people now have cause for optimism? This contribution presents a summary report and analysis of the final stages of the lead up to the elections, the vote count, and the results, partly based on personal observations during 4-10 May 2014. It comments on the political trends now likely to emerge, as indicated by both the election results and the reactions of the parties to them. Furthermore, it offers a mapping of the current political landscape in the country, as reproduced in the national and provincial parliaments - and also as it exists outside of these institutions of governance. Despite some institutional flaws that favored the ANC as the dominant party, the election campaigning was relatively open and fair - though, as always, the bigger parties had advantages thanks to the greater financial means at their disposal. The voting and counting processes happened with only a few minor disturbances therein, and even at local "hotspots" hardly any disruptions occurred that could have cast doubts on the legitimacy of the electoral procedures. The final results officially announced were finally accepted by all parties and the wider public, which testifies to the democratic nature and general political stability of South Africa's current governance system. The general analyses by observers tended to be more critical as regards the success of the bigger parties than the official party declarations themselves suggested, while it seems that the future of the ANC and of South Africa's political landscape is being affected by growing voter apathy (mainly among the younger generation).

The development of international relations in the post-Cold War world was marked by the resurgence of ethnic passions and conflicts, which were followed by demands for self-determination. The past two decades were the age of secession - many ethnic groups have claimed the right to secede, and their independence results in the disruption of the unity of a state which they no longer regard as their sovereign. This study identifies the emerging trends in international law on secession, then compares them with the remedial right to secede in political theories, and in the end examines the elements of remedial right to secession in the case of Kosovo. In international law, only mandated, trust and non-self-governing territories and peoples under foreign domination are entitled to external self-determination, but the emerging trends allow remedial secession in cases where a territorially concentrated sub-state group is oppressed for a long period of time and is denied the participation in the government. Kosovo had two grounds for remedial secession: the denial of the right to representation and repression and human rights violations. The partition option should be considered - the recognition of an independent Kosovo by Serbia and the incorporation of the northern part of the province, mostly inhabited by Serbs, into Serbia. The Kosovo Serbs should be entitled to choose under which government they want to live – they are a territorially concentrated people that has been subjected to the reverse ethnic cleansing, and they do not participate in the Kosovo government. The conclusion is that problems created by Kosovo's independence include not only issues related to Kosovo's viability as a state and protection of non-Albanian minorities, but also the fact that Kosovo set a precedent for other secessionist groups around the world. Numerous ethnic groups threaten states around the globe, and they received encouragement from the case of Kosovo in disputing state boundaries which they consider unjust.