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Abstract he whole fabric of society depends upon human rights. Human rights are essential components of sustainable development and therefore development of a society is not possible without respect of human rights. Respect of human rights makes freedom. They are part and parcel of life in society and they concern humanity. With all areas of human rights, whether civil, political, economic or social, human rights violations against women take specific forms. Entrenched structures and practices such as casts, customary laws, the family, religion etc continue to discriminate against women. Violence against women, regardless of the nature of the perpetrator- an individual, group, institution, the state or society, is a human rights violation, and is treated as such whether it happens in the home, within the family or in the society. Full realization of women's human rights requires the elimination of all forms of discrimination and the achievements of equality for all women. The protection of human rights is a constant struggle which cannot be won unless every man and women participate in it. Women, who are the victims of different type of violence, are struggling for the issues of violence in the state of Manipur, particularly and North East India generally. There is an imperative need for adopting an innovative and protective approach for actively encouraging those groups, communities, villages, societies that shun violence and adopt peaceful means. The problem of increasing violence can be analyzed from various dimensions to fully grasp its genesis, forms of manifestation and ways to effectively combat crime and violence. So, it is a right time to have a proper research study on the issues of human rights from different angle as a student of social science. This small paper intends to highlight about the problems of women due to the violation of their basic rights within the socio political norms; and their contributions for the protection of human rights for all sections of the society which are the burning issues of the hour.

Spinoza's Political Treatise constitutes the very last stage in the development of his thought, as he left the manuscript incomplete at the time of his death in 1677. On several crucial issues - for example, the new conception of the 'free multitude' - the work goes well beyond his Theological Political Treatise (1670), and arguably presents ideas that were not fully developed even in his Ethics. This volume of newly commissioned essays on the Political Treatise is the first collection in English to be dedicated specifically to the work, ranging over topics including political explanation, national religion, the civil state, vengeance, aristocratic government, and political luck. It will be a major resource for scholars who are interested in this important but still neglected work, and in Spinoza's political philosophy more generally

France implemented the EU Copyright Directive (EUCD) in June 2006. The paper gives a short description of the content of the new law, of the debate, reactions and possible impact on document supply. Of special interest: the question of private copy and the exception for education and research. ; L'article donne, pour des lecteurs et professionnels anglophones, une synthèse de la nouvelle loi DADVSI.

AbstractThis study investigates populist radical right (PRR) influence on aid amid widespread concerns about a potential connection between its rise and the reduction of aid allocation. Previous studies failed to address these concerns owing to the disuse of immigrant inflows as an intervening variable and a bilateral framework capable of investigating properties in donor and recipient countries. By analyzing panel data on Western European parliamentary democracies, the study demonstrates the PRR's reducing effect via a coalitional pathway on bilateral aid to the recipients, failing to stem emigration into the donor countries. Further, analysis shows that such reduction intensifies in conjunction with the donors' weak pluralistic institutions and the recipients' sociocultural characteristics different from the ordinary citizens represented by the PRR. The findings make a novel contribution to the expanding literature on the PRR to integrate insights on the aid–immigration nexus, strategies for policy influence, and ideational profiles.

IN A WORLD-SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL PARTIES THE STATE-CENTRIC BIAS OF EXISTING LITERATURE IS REPLACED BY THE VIEW THAT PARTIES CAN BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD ONLY AS PART OF THE OVERALL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD-ECONOMY. THE ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF PARTIES ARE INTERPRETED FROM THIS PERSPECTIVE IN THE CORE OF THE WORLDECONOMY. THE EVOLUTION OF THESE 'LIBERAL DEMOCRACIES' IS DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF 'CONTAGION FROM THE LEFT', 'CONTAGION FROM THE RIGHT' AND A COUNTER-FINALITY. THE QUESTION OF WHETHER EQUIVALENT 'LIBERAL DEMOCRACY' OCCURS IN THIRD WORLD IS INVESTIGATED THROUGH A BRIEF STUDY OF INDIAN POLITICAL PARTIES. FINALLY, THE PROSPECTS FOR TRANSNATIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES ARE EVALUATED.

This article studies how, once the independence was achieved and the republic founded, became a social order expected for its novelties in revindication and progress. Once the necessity of the rescue of the individual dignity was created, this engenders many expectations among the population. The rights were applied but from two dimensions: civil rights enforcement and general welfare, and political rights, reserved for those who complied with the requirements constitutionally eligible for the character of citizens. Neither independence nor the republic could pave the social distances between the Colombian, liberal constitutions left early the first outlines of a nation as homogeneous in the sense egalitarian, that the difference is spent assimilation, the latter of absolute impertinence in the preservation of original culture and the achievement of genuine autonomy. ; Este artículo estudia cómo alcanzada la independencia y constituida la república, sobrevino un orden social esperado por sus novedades en materia de reivindicaciones y progresos. Creada la imperiosa necesidad de rescatar la dignidad del individuo, creó numerosas expectativas en la población. Los derechos fueron aplicados pero a partir de dos dimensiones: los derechos civiles de aplicación y beneficio general y los derechos políticos, reservados para quienes cumplían con los requisitos indicados constitucionalmente y podían acceder al carácter de ciudadanos. Ni la independencia ni la república pudieron allanar las distancias sociales entre los colombianos, las primeras constituciones liberales dejaron los primeros lineamientos de una nación tan homogénea en el sentido igualitario, que de la diferencia se pasó la asimilación, esta última de absoluta impertinencia en la conservación de la cultura original y en la consecución de una verdadera autonomía.