Suchergebnisse

Kemiskinan merupakan sebuah kata yang sangat melekat dengan keluarga Nelayan, sehingga banyak usaha telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk menanganinya, umumnya melalui pemberian bantuan serta pemberdayaan usaha keluarga nelayan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat kondisi struktur pendapatan perikanan keluarga Nelayan selama ini melalui analisis ketergantungan pendapatan perikanan keluarga Nelayan terhadap tingkat usaha penangkapan. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis data Panel, dengan dua variabel berupa data rata-rata pendapatan keluarga Nelayan dan rata-rata pengeluaran BBM di enam lokasi tipologi penangkapan pada penelitian PANELKANAS – Bitung, Sampang, Sambas, Sibolga, OKI dan Purwakarta – sepanjang periode 2010-2013. Hasil analisis data sepanjang periode pengamatan menunjukkan beberapa fenomena berikut ini: 1). Peningkatan usaha penangkapan berpengaruh signifikan meningkatkan Pendapatan Perikanan Keluarga sebesar 15% dari nilai usaha yang dilakukan; 2). Terjadi rata-rata pendapatan perikanan non-penangkapan yang positif di semua lokasi penelitian; dan 3). Terdapat kesenjangan nilai rata-rata pendapatan perikanan non-perikanan antar lokasi penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, maka untuk membantu keluarga nelayan meningkatkan kesejahteraannya akan diperlukan kebijakan yang dapat mendorong peningkatan usaha penangkapan dan diversifikasi usaha perikanan.Title: Structure of Capture Fisheries Income Family Fisherman and Implications: Panel Data Analysis of The National Marine and Fishery Poverty is a word closely associated with fisher's households, thus far numerous government efforts – such as grants and empowerment programs – have been conducted to tackle this problem. This paper is aimed at scrutinizing the income structure of fisher's households by analyzing the dependency of their income to their Catching Effort. The panel data analysis conducted is based on the average Household's Fisheries Income and its average Gasoline Expenditure data of six PANELKANAS' Captured Fisheries ...

Social marginal welfare weights play an important role in areas of applied public policy analysis such as tax reform. These weights reflect the values of the social planner, or equivalently the underlying social welfare function. A number of recent papers have questioned the "default" Utilitarian-based approach used to derive these weights, and have suggested potential alternatives. However, there are few examples applying these alternative weighting schemes to traditional, nationally representative, datasets, and in particular, few comparisons of how these alternative weighting schemes would affect the distribution of the welfare effects of a specific tax reform in comparison to the Utilitarian-based approach. This paper aims to fill that gap. Using the nationally representative 2009/10 Irish Household Budget Survey, we apply a range of alternatives to Utilitarianism in determining the distribution of social marginal welfare weights, and compare these distributions to that arising from the traditional Utilitarian approach. The alternative weighting schemes we analyse are based upon: the principles of Equal Sacrifice, poverty alleviation, government self-interest and the redistribution of "luck" income. The distribution of welfare weights arising from these approaches are found to differ appreciably from the distribution based upon Utilitarian weights. A simple indirect tax reform model is estimated and applied to the different distributions of welfare weights to investigate the sensitivity of tax reform recommendations to these distributions. Given the importance of social marginal welfare weights in areas of public policy analysis such as optimal labour and commodity tax design, and tax reform evaluation, we believe this detailed examination of the alternatives to Utilitarianism, and their application to a household budget survey dataset, is an important addition to the literature.

Along with the development of the modern era, and the rapid advancement of information technology today, the need for a computerized data already covers all fields including in government agencies such as the Office of the village or the village office in Daon village is one of the villages that receive assistance national program community Empowerment (PNPM). This program is one of the efforts to improve the problem of poverty. In the village of Daon current data processing system is already using Microsoft Excel program in the process of inputting the data to the public who will receive a revolving loan national community empowerment program (PNPM). But what happened in the village of Daon is a lot of help Loan Revolving nasioanl community empowerment program (PNPM) self misdirected people who do not have a lot of effort but get this help. Often also occur duplicate data that receive this assistance. to indent the improvement of the system running. Methods of data collection using observation method, the method of literature and interviews, while the design method used in this study was the observation method, interview method, and the method library. In this stage, the authors use the method orinted Object Analysis and Design (OOAD), which includes the analysis and design of a system object approach. And the author uses UML (Unified Modeling Language), which consists of Use Case Diagrams, Sequence Diagrams, Activity diagram, Class diagram, and to design software program author uses PHP and data base SQLYog. With the creation of this system results in a system that gives the decision to administer revolving loan PNPM Mandiri and has no misdirected or PNPM Mandiri revolving loan are multiple.

The Stitches Doll Project is a community-based initiative that enables women and girls to express their feelings about living with HIV/AIDS through creating a doll that speaks for them. In a very personal and powerful way, women and girls are able to tell their stories both visually, through their dolls, and verbally/non-verbally, through their dolls' monographs. The completed dolls become part of an online and traveling oral history exhibit. Based on an analysis of the dolls and their monographs, interviews with doll contributors and project coordinators, and archived Stitches materials, this paper explores the meaning making and identity work/repair articulated through textile creation and the cultural transmission of oral histories. Our analysis reveals four recurrent message themes: making sense of infection, the impact of HIV, the role of social support and connection, and educating others. These themes speak to the nature of the oral history the artists transmit via their dolls. As they design their contribution to the project at Stitches workshops, the healing benefits of creative engagement through textile artwork is made available to them. It is these two components of the project in combination that afford doll makers a unique opportunity to engage in a process of meaning making and identity work/repair. In the process they help advance public education efforts by challenging cultural beliefs regarding "the face of AIDS," the experience of living with HIV/AIDS, and ultimately who is at risk for acquiring the virus and by poignantly calling attention to the variety of social factors (e.g., poverty, domestic violence, and sexual abuse and assault) that put women at risk for contracting HIV.

Conference Theme: promoting social and economic equality ; E-Poster ; Online education is a new trend in higher education, which has significant implications for social work education within the global context. The ease of access to the Internet internationally and the development of web-management systems, such as, Blackboard, are creating easy access for faculty and students to interact in an online learning environment. A course titled, International Social Work, was taught using an online global classroom with students residing in their home countries of the USA, Hong Kong, South Africa, Mexico and Australia. The course was designed to introduce students to international social work and the theories and perspectives that underpin current thinking and practice in international social work. Students explored how historical, environmental, cultural, religious, political and economic factors impact social welfare policies and the delivery of human services in different regions of the world. Students engaged in critical thinking and analysis of global social welfare issues including poverty, child welfare, health, issues particular to women and the results of catastrophic events including conflict and natural disaster. Students and faculty participated weekly in blogs, a course "coffee shop", discussion boards, live online class lectures, and critical thinking exercises. Qualitative data was collected from the weekly blogs and discussion boards. Analysis of the data revealed that the online global course had a positive impact on the students' views toward international social work, an increase in their desire to address international issues in their professional goals, and an increase in networking with each other across countries. The use of technology presents both challenges and opportunities for global social work education and teaching across borders. The authors will discuss the logistical challenges as well as the outcomes of this international teaching collaboration. ; published_or_final_version

This study compares the significance of small-scale fishing (SSF) for local Bijagós and in-migrant residents on the Island of Uno, Guinea Bissau, by integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses into four empirical chapters. The role of commercial SSF as an occupational safety-net is explored. Determinants of contemporary involvement in fishing are presented. Catch dynamics of the in-migrant fleet are reviewed and the significance of protected areas and protected species discussed. Finally, the adoption of livelihood strategies is investigated, through an analysis of the asset-constraints underpinning local and in-migrant household economies. Bijagós male villagers recall substantial former involvement within commercial SSF. In-migrant fish-workers describe entry strategies into SSF which differentiate long-standing members from new arrivals. Late entrants driven by political and economic circumstance support the role of SSF as a safety-net which provides an escape from chronic poverty. Demise of the local sector is attributed to an over-riding commitment to animist initiation rituals, (from which control of land and labour flow) coupled with declining agricultural yields and growth of in-migrant fishing. Today, fishing for the Bijagós is a marginal, mainly subsistence-based activity. In contrast, in-migrant workers display little non-fishing occupational involvement. Resultant conflict between these groups illustrates disempowerment of the Bijagós villagers. In-migrant landing surveys highlight the persistent use of local and State Protected Areas while illustrating the overlap between commercial near-shore fishing grounds and potential elasmobranch nurseries. Household economic surveys reveal the importance of cash loans in promoting endurance of the SSF sector. The insights delivered from this analysis inform our understanding of the constraints and limitations of existing management arrangements, which govern the commercial SSF sector in this region.

The selection of criteria is based on their suitability to reflect social policy results of different socially-economically developed EU countries. Lithuania can be attributed to the welfare states only if the absolute majority of the criteria reach or exceed the estimates of the average values of the EU countries. The research based on the criteria above is carried out in two stages. The first stage deals with the criteria that indicate if the socio-economic development of the country is moving towards a socially-oriented state. Such a development guarantees the most rational distribution of socio-economic resources in the development of a socially oriented country. At this stage, the analysis involves such indicators as income inequality, poverty, middle-class size. In the second stage such indicators as monthly average wages, social protection benefits and monthly old-age pension per capita as well as such indicators as GDP per capita, government spending on social protection as a percentage of GDP and unemployment rate are investigated. All these indicators in Lithuania are compared with average indicators in the EU. Findings of the research show that most indicators analyzed are far below the EU average. The country, therefore, can be attributed neither to socially-oriented countries (that is, countries that use their socio-economic resources in the most rational way in the process of welfare state formation), nor to the countries that have already developed one of the types of a welfare state. Lithuania is still in transition to a welfare state. Therefore, welfare state is irrational concept in Lithuania, which satisfies the object of analysis only by its form and not by content.

The selection of criteria is based on their suitability to reflect social policy results of different socially-economically developed EU countries. Lithuania can be attributed to the welfare states only if the absolute majority of the criteria reach or exceed the estimates of the average values of the EU countries. The research based on the criteria above is carried out in two stages. The first stage deals with the criteria that indicate if the socio-economic development of the country is moving towards a socially-oriented state. Such a development guarantees the most rational distribution of socio-economic resources in the development of a socially oriented country. At this stage, the analysis involves such indicators as income inequality, poverty, middle-class size. In the second stage such indicators as monthly average wages, social protection benefits and monthly old-age pension per capita as well as such indicators as GDP per capita, government spending on social protection as a percentage of GDP and unemployment rate are investigated. All these indicators in Lithuania are compared with average indicators in the EU. Findings of the research show that most indicators analyzed are far below the EU average. The country, therefore, can be attributed neither to socially-oriented countries (that is, countries that use their socio-economic resources in the most rational way in the process of welfare state formation), nor to the countries that have already developed one of the types of a welfare state. Lithuania is still in transition to a welfare state. Therefore, welfare state is irrational concept in Lithuania, which satisfies the object of analysis only by its form and not by content.

The selection of criteria is based on their suitability to reflect social policy results of different socially-economically developed EU countries. Lithuania can be attributed to the welfare states only if the absolute majority of the criteria reach or exceed the estimates of the average values of the EU countries. The research based on the criteria above is carried out in two stages. The first stage deals with the criteria that indicate if the socio-economic development of the country is moving towards a socially-oriented state. Such a development guarantees the most rational distribution of socio-economic resources in the development of a socially oriented country. At this stage, the analysis involves such indicators as income inequality, poverty, middle-class size. In the second stage such indicators as monthly average wages, social protection benefits and monthly old-age pension per capita as well as such indicators as GDP per capita, government spending on social protection as a percentage of GDP and unemployment rate are investigated. All these indicators in Lithuania are compared with average indicators in the EU. Findings of the research show that most indicators analyzed are far below the EU average. The country, therefore, can be attributed neither to socially-oriented countries (that is, countries that use their socio-economic resources in the most rational way in the process of welfare state formation), nor to the countries that have already developed one of the types of a welfare state. Lithuania is still in transition to a welfare state. Therefore, welfare state is irrational concept in Lithuania, which satisfies the object of analysis only by its form and not by content.

The selection of criteria is based on their suitability to reflect social policy results of different socially-economically developed EU countries. Lithuania can be attributed to the welfare states only if the absolute majority of the criteria reach or exceed the estimates of the average values of the EU countries. The research based on the criteria above is carried out in two stages. The first stage deals with the criteria that indicate if the socio-economic development of the country is moving towards a socially-oriented state. Such a development guarantees the most rational distribution of socio-economic resources in the development of a socially oriented country. At this stage, the analysis involves such indicators as income inequality, poverty, middle-class size. In the second stage such indicators as monthly average wages, social protection benefits and monthly old-age pension per capita as well as such indicators as GDP per capita, government spending on social protection as a percentage of GDP and unemployment rate are investigated. All these indicators in Lithuania are compared with average indicators in the EU. Findings of the research show that most indicators analyzed are far below the EU average. The country, therefore, can be attributed neither to socially-oriented countries (that is, countries that use their socio-economic resources in the most rational way in the process of welfare state formation), nor to the countries that have already developed one of the types of a welfare state. Lithuania is still in transition to a welfare state. Therefore, welfare state is irrational concept in Lithuania, which satisfies the object of analysis only by its form and not by content.

The aim of this paper is to discuss three main critical challenges which research and policymaking in the feld of collective youth violence in urban contexts face today. This paper argues that we need to shift the focus of research in this area from "problematic" youth to the study of the ways in which violence permeates daily lives and becomes normalised through specifc local social and political conditions. The paper then suggests that, in light of recent theory and empirical research, the relationship between violence and poverty should be re-evaluated. Additionally, and in order to properly address the causes of youth collective violence, this paper argues for a change of focus in the analysis of youth violent mobilisation. The suggested focus rests on the appeal of the symbolic revenues that mark the search for a valued social status and possibilities in contexts of adversity and violence. In fact, symbolic factors associated with the involvement in drugs traffcking and other violent activities and with youths' contact with frearms are key factors, namely the search for status, power and respect, and attracting recognition from their male and female peers. The adrenaline and danger which youth experience through these activities are highly connected with gender constructions. Finally, this paper supports the progressively accepted evidence in favour of an urgent shift in how to address and prevent youth violence, claiming that repressive policies have hitherto failed to contain violence and to contribute to improving the formulation of preventive policies. This paper is based on data collection and analysis as well as reports from several studies conducted since 2006 in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), San Salvador (El Salvador), Praia (Cape Verde) and Bissau (Guinea-Bissau).

The rapid development of complex income taxation and welfare systems in the 20th century may give the impression that progressive wealth redistribution systems are uniquely modern. However, religious systems provided similar mechanisms for addressing economic injustice and poverty alleviation centuries earlier. Zakat is the obligation of almsgiving and is the third pillar of Islam - a requirement for all believers. In the early development of the Islamic community, zakat was collected as a tax by the state and the funds were distributed to a defined set of needy groups. As a theoretical matter, there are three insights that make zakat an especially relevant subject for modern legal scholars. First, zakat is an example of a modest wealth tax combined with an income tax that may be illustrative in the discourse regarding wealth taxes. Second, the jurisprudence of zakat supports the ethical conclusions of scholars who contend that property rights are attached to post rather than pre-tax income. Third, to the extent that zakat is considered a principal source of revenue for public programs, it might imply a limited role for government, focusing on equitable distribution of goods. This paper begins with a thorough evaluation and synthesis of the traditional Islamic jurisprudence related to zakat. The next section identifies three broad approaches to zakat adopted by modern Muslim states, with particular emphasis on ways that zakat is institutionalized legally. This is followed by an empirical analysis of the correlation of the approaches to zakat with (1) individual income and (2) wealth stratification. The article concludes with observations and policy recommendations related to zakat and broader legal theory based on the earlier qualitative analysis and empirical findings.

This paper examines how U.S. economic and political domination of the Navajo Nation has caused and perpetuates its underdevelopment. First, a brief summary of the history of the Navajo Nation is provided, focusing on the evolution of U.S. - Navajo relations since the U.S. conquest of the Navajos. This brief historical account concludes with a summary of data contrasting the wealth of Navajo natural resources with the poverty of the Navajo people. The major part of the paper is then devoted to an analysis of contemporary Navajo under development. The deterioration of the traditional sector is analyzed citing trans fers of value to the U.S. economy through the two mechanisms of unequal ex change in trade and unequal trade. The capitalist sector is then analyzed, focus ing on the despoilation of Navajo mineral resources by U.S. based transnational corporations in a manner similar to that experienced by third world countries around the world. In this context the factors which diminish the Navajos' bar gaining power in efforts to improve the terms of their economic relations with these corporations are discussed in some detail. There follows an analysis of the Navajo Nation's own efforts to develop its timber, agricultural and water re sources as well as attempts to attract footloose manufacturing firms. Finally the relatively large public service sector of the Navajo economy is discussed, focusing on how the bloating of this sector has steadily increased its purely economic im portance in the Navajo economy while further undermining the political flexibil ity of the already conservative tribal government. The paper concludes by out lining an alternative self-reliant strategy for the economic development of the Navajo Nation which would permit them to regain control of their economy and thereby their destiny.

This paper tracks how the Patriotic Front (PF) – Zambia's main opposition from 2006 to 2011, when the party won power – shifted its strategies of dealing with the urban poor, civil society and the middle class, in order to manage its vulnerability. While all three groups fully supported the PF in 2011, they are now in a more ambivalent position, thereby creating insecurity for the ruling regime. We contextualise these dynamics vis-à-vis Zambia's broader political landscape, from 2001 to date, relying on historical processing tracing, in-depth interviews with key elite actors and a survey with informal traders. Using the case study of the PF, the paper demonstrates how political settlements can deepen the analysis of how and why particular strategies for dominance emerge in a given context, where the threats to this dominance emerge, and why governing elites target particular groups for co-optive or coercive interventions. It concludes that, due to its size and influence, the PF's hold on Lusaka is crucial to its survival past the 2021 elections. Consequently, it is anticipated the party will continue to exert repressive pressure on sources of countervailing power and opposition and co-opt poorer but numerically large support bases (e.g. marketeers and vendors) ; IFPRI5; DCA; Capacity Strengthening; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; Urban food systems for better diets, nutrition, and health ; DSGD ; Non-PR

The small-scale fisheries sector makes a valuable contribution to livelihoods and food security, particularly in under-resourced countries. Yet small-scale fishers and fishing communities are often vulnerable and marginalised, and the small-scale sector is largely ignored by governments providing subsidies to their fishing industries. Provisions seeking to ban harmful fisheries subsidies are now the subject of several large international trade agreements and negotiations. While this is a laudable and necessary goal, the binding nature and robust enforcement mechanisms of trade agreements make it imperative that small-scale fisheries are protected and provided for in these agreements in the interests of sustainable development and poverty reduction. The thesis considers how this can be achieved. In order to determine what would best serve the interests of small-scale fisheries in trade agreements, the thesis creates a framework of development needs, which underpins the analysis in the remainder of the thesis. This analysis revolves around three large trade agreements and negotiations containing provisions on fisheries subsidies – namely the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). Drawing on the development framework, the thesis identifies a number of shortcomings in these agreements when it comes to protections for small-scale fisheries, including a lack of provision for important development needs and a failure to achieve an appropriate balance between development and sustainability considerations. The thesis also considers potential problems that could arise in the conclusion and enforcement of trade agreements dealing with fisheries subsidies, particularly as these relate to small-scale fisheries and sustainable development. Based on this analysis, the thesis makes a number of recommendations to be incorporated in trade agreements going forward that would adequately protect and promote the interests of small-scale fisheries, while not losing sight of sustainability concerns and the practical realities of negotiating complex international trade agreements. These include, inter alia, exemptions for important social assistance subsidies, better representation and transparency, and measures to improve equity between the small-scale sector and other fishing sectors.