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Stephen Stanford ; The Weber and Davis County Communities Oral History Collection include interviews of citizens from several different walks of life. These interviews were conducted by Stewart Library personnel, WeberState University faculty and students, and other members of the community. The histories cover various topics and chronicle the personal everyday life experiences and other recollections regarding the history of the Weber and Davis County areas. ; 12p.; 29cm.; 2 bound transcripts; 4 file folders. 1 video disc: digital; 4 3/4 in. ; Oral History Program Dr. Stephen Stanford Interviewed By Steven F. Crane 11 March 2013 i ii Oral History Program Weber State University Stewart Library Ogden, Utah Dr. Stephen Stanford Interviewed by Steven F. Crane 11 March 2013 Copyright © 2013 by Weber State University, Stewart Library iii Mission Statement The Oral History Program of the Stewart Library was created to preserve the institutional history of Weber State University and the Davis, Ogden and Weber County communities. By conducting carefully researched, recorded, and transcribed interviews, the Oral History Program creates archival oral histories intended for the widest possible use. Interviews are conducted with the goal of eliciting from each participant a full and accurate account of events. The interviews are transcribed, edited for accuracy and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewees (as available), who are encouraged to augment or correct their spoken words. The reviewed and corrected transcripts are indexed, printed, and bound with photographs and illustrative materials as available. Archival copies are placed in the University Archives, which also houses the original recording so researchers can gain a sense of the interviewee's voice and intonations. Project Description The Weber and Davis County Communities Oral History Collection include interviews of citizens from several different walks of life. These interviews were conducted by Stewart Library personnel, Weber State University faculty and students, and other members of the community. The histories cover various topics and chronicle the personal everyday life experiences and other recollections regarding the history of the Weber and Davis County areas. ____________________________________ Oral history is a method of collecting historical information through recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account. It reflects personal opinion offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ____________________________________ Rights Management All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to the Stewart Library of Weber State University. No part of the manuscript may be published without the written permission of the University Librarian. Requests for permission to publish should be addressed to the Administration Office, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, Utah, 84408. The request should include identification of the specific item and identification of the user. It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: Stanford, Stephen, an oral history by Steven F. Crane, 11 March 2013, WSU Stewart Library Oral History Program, University Archives, Stewart Library, Weber State University, Ogden, UT. Dr. Stephen Stanford ca. 1964 Dr. Stephen Stanford April 19, 2013 1 Abstract: Stephen Stanford participated in an oral history interview with Steve Crane of the Ogden Rotary Club on March 11, 2013 to talk about his experiences in the Army Air Force as a C-46 aircraft pilot. Stephen enlisted in the Air Force in July of 1941 and served in World War II where he was responsible for flying gasoline and ammunition to the front lines until his separation in 1946. He then went on to become a professor at Weber State University and retired in 1986. SC: This is the second session of the 2013 Ogden Rotary Club and Weber State University Veteran's Project held March 11, 2013 at the George E. Whalen Ogden Veteran's Home. My name is Steve Crane, a member of the Ogden Rotary Club, I will be conducting this interview. Also present are Stacie Gallagher from Weber State University, Robert Harris of the Ogden Rotary Club and my wife, Donna Crane. Our guest at this session is Stephen Stanford. This session is going to be about Mr. Stanford's military service. What is your date of birth? SS: The 16th of May 1920. SC: What branch of the military did you serve in? SS: The Air Force. SC: What years did you serve in the Air Force? SS: I went in July 1941, just before Pearl Harbor, and I came out on the 29th of December 1946 after Hiroshima. SC: What rank were you when you left the service? SS: I was a 2nd Lieutenant. SC: What was your job in the Air Force? 2 SS: My purpose was to fly the C-46, which is a very big airplane. We would haul trucks in the back of our plane. Our main job was to haul in the Pacific Theater and we would go from the Philippines to the front lines of combat to deliver gasoline and ammo. Then, we'd go back and pick up the wounded just off the front lines and fly them back to the hospitals. SC: How did you come to be in the Air Force? SS: I got my private pilot's license in 1940 and decided to enlist. I enlisted on July 16th, 1941. It was a voluntary enlistment. SC: Where were you trained? SS: I got my private pilot's license in Logan, Utah. I went into the Army Air Force in 1941 and when I got into the Army Air Force, they were calling for volunteers to train as glider pilots. I entered that program and got my silver wings as a glider pilot. SC: Did you ever fly gliders? SS: Yes, you bet. SC: Where did you fly gliders? SS: Just in training in Dalhart, Texas. SC: What aircraft did you say you flew? SS: The C-46, it's called the Curtiss Commando. It was a very big beautiful airplane. It would carry not only a truck, but it would haul 52 infantrymen with all their equipment. So, it was pretty big. 3 SC: Where were you trained to fly that aircraft? Did you have to go somewhere to learn how to fly that aircraft or were you already trained? SS: We were already trained. SC: Where did you serve? What campaigns were you involved in as you flew? SS: I was sent to New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies just two miles off the equator. We set up a base on Biak Island. I went to Leyte Island in the Philippines which was where I was for three years. In fact, I was there when they dropped the atom bomb in the war. I was in the Philippines. I was stationed for a long time in Okinawa. SC: What were your feelings when the atom bomb was dropped? SS: Some things you can explain. You feel awe. A-W-E—awe. SC: You said you were in the Philippines when the atom bomb was dropped. SS: I was actually on the island of Okinawa. SC: What were your feelings about the dropping of that bomb? SS: I was glad that it was over. SC: Did you feel like that was going to bring Japan to peace? SS: My squadron went right on to the island of Japan as part of the Army of Occupation to take over the island. I lived in Japan for three months as part of that occupation group. 4 SC: Were you concerned about the problems of trying to invade Japan? Were you going to have to fly if the invasion of Japan had to happen? Were you worried about the death toll that would result? SS: No. We accepted it as reality and that was it. SC: You said you were flying soldiers to various locations. Did you see combat yourself? SS: That's a very interesting question because on several occasions, I just missed some major battles by sometimes 20 or 30 minutes. The battle of Leyte Gulf was regarded as the most significant naval battle of the entire world and I was there. We were coming in with a load of gasoline and we saw all this activity on the gulf, so they said, "You can't land because the airstrip is being used for the fighters." So, here's Leyte Gulf and we went round and round and literally had a ringside seat of the Battle of Leyte Gulf. SC: That was the Japanese Navy with the U.S. Navy? SS: Yes. That was regarded as the outstanding, most severe battle of World War II in terms of loss of both Japanese and American shipmen. SC: Was it a turning point in the war? SS: Oh, very much. Very much. SC: Until then, the Japanese had been the aggressors and from then on they were on defensive. Is that true? 5 SS: Right. The loss of Japanese vessels and battleship aircraft carriers in the area and that was a focal point for the climax of the war. It wasn't too long after that they dropped the atom bomb. SC: You were flying around watching that battle from above? What did you see? What were your experiences there? SS: The Japanese had some giant guns. The guns shells were probably 16 inches in diameter. We sunk two of their carriers, three of their battleships, and many destroyers. I think historians agree that it was the turning point of the war with the Japanese. SC: Did you actually see aircraft carriers sinking? SS: No. It was really quite cloudy. We would fly through the midst of the fighting. We could see all the ships, but I didn't see them sink. SC: What other major experiences did you have during your time in the Air Force that you could share with us? SS: The most important thing we hauled in our planes was gasoline to refuel the fighters. We would pick up 50 of those big oil drums and fly them up to the front lines of combat where there were fighter planes had an airstrip and they'd empty them out. That was the point at which we would go back and get more ammo. It was very rare to haul personnel. It was mostly ammunition and fuel. SC: Were you ever shot at? 6 SS: Oh yes. What was interesting is we expected to be shot down anytime because there were Zeros flying in the area too. We'd come back and find bullet holes in our plane. We were pretty close, probably within a half mile. SC: As you're flying with all of this gasoline, did you worry about getting hit? You were basically in a flying bomb, weren't you? If you had gotten hit, you had all that gasoline on board. SS: Pilots don't worry. We do what we do and it's like you're part of the machine itself. It's very automatic. I can't remember spending five minutes worrying about what was going to happen or whether I was going to come out alive or not. It just never crossed my mind. We just did what we had to do. When you're flying a plane, especially in cloudy conditions, you take things as they come and be glad you're still alive. I have to tell you about one episode that was very interesting. We took off at midnight for a base down in the East Indies. We took off at midnight hauling gasoline and planned to land at the break of dawn to deliver our gasoline. Here we were, hauling these 50 gallon drums and as we came in we saw all the planes on the strip were burning. They just finished strafing and were raiding that particular airstrip. We were about 20 seconds, maybe a minute and a half away and we could still see off in the distance the Zeros just raided the field and they were just leaving. They didn't see us, or they would have come back and got us too. They had just strafed and bombed the airstrip. I think everything on the ground was on fire. We landed about 20 seconds after the last one. SC: They just didn't see you or else they would have come back? SS: They didn't see us and didn't come back. I think that was our closest call. 7 SC: Any other experiences like that you can share with us? SS: On one trip, we came in to land and a plane was taking off in front of us and while it turned it stirred up a cloud of dust, so we lost sight and our plane was out of control. We approached the ship and crashed into two parked C-46's off the side of the strip because we couldn't see. SC: Were you loaded with gasoline at that time? SS: I don't think so. I believe we happened to be empty on that trip. That was a close call. We discovered later on that the plane that was taking off on the strip was loaded with ammo. SC: So they were a flying bomb. SS: If that cloud of dust hadn't kept us from landing, we would probably have run head-on into the other bomber loaded with ammo. SC: Your life was saved by a cloud of dust. SS: Yes. SC: Were you ever wounded yourself? SS: No. SC: Do you have any other experiences? These are marvelous experiences you're sharing with us. Can you think of any other close calls or experiences that you can share with us? SS: I guess it was mostly just a routine delivering and hauling back and forth. 8 SC: Did you feel like your planes were reliable? Did you feel confident in the aircraft you were flying? SS: There was never any question about that. The C-46's are very remarkable and a very beautiful airplane and very big. Can you imagine putting a truck in the back of an airplane? A full size army truck would just fit into a C-46. SC: How many props did it have? SS: It had two engines, four props, and 2000 horsepower, a really powerful engine. SC: They would drive a truck into the belly of your airplane and you would deliver it somewhere. SS: Oh yes. We put up a ramp on the side of the plane and opened the doors and made sure the truck was anchored. SC: Did you have some really close friends that you made during your time in the air force? SS: That's kind of hard to answer because, like I said before, you felt like you were part of a big machine or an operation that was very impersonal. I don't remember any personal friendships except the people with whom we flew in the routine over and over again. SC: Were you the pilot? SS: We took turns and would switch between pilot and co-pilot. If the pilot flew in, then I would fly back. Actually, the other pilot would be the captain in charge, but we both had the opportunity to fly. 9 SC: How many crewmembers were in this aircraft? SS: The pilot, co-pilot, navigator, crew chief, and sometimes a second crew chief. SC: So, four of five would be the crew. Were they from all over the country? SS: Yes. SC: Did you have the same crew flight after flight? SS: We were pretty well assigned to one particular plane. There were others in our squadron, but basically we were a number of little units that were pretty well coherent within themselves. SC: Do you feel like your experience in the Air Force changed your life? Was it a turning point in your life? SS: After the war was over and the dropping of the bomb, shortly after we were sent to japan to occupy it, I was released and came home. Being a Mormon, I left the Air Force so I could go on a mission with the LDS church. That's why I left my squadron, so I could serve the mission. SC: Where did you serve your mission? SS: In Canada. SC: You came back and where did you attend University? SS: I came back and enrolled at BYU and met my wife in 1965. SC: Has your wife passed away? SS: Yes. Last week. Just a few days ago. 10 SC: I'm so sorry to hear that. Do you have children? SS: Eight children, seven boys and one girl. SC: That's a great family. Do they live nearby? SS: They're in and out all the time. They're really close. SC: Where else did you attend school? SS: I went to BYU and graduated with a bachelor's degree and stayed for another year and got my master's degree. I went to the University of Colorado and got my doctoral degree. SC: Did you come back and teach at Weber your entire career? SS: Most of the time. I took some sabbatical leaves in Tennessee and Wisconsin. Most of the time was at Weber. Twenty-two years at Weber. SC: When did you retire from Weber State? SS: In 1986. SC: Mr. Harris is wondering what your experience was like during the time you were in Japan in the occupation forces. SS: Before I went into the Army, I had majored in college in landscape architecture. When we took over the country, our squadron was assigned to a place called Fussa, Japan. Because of my training in landscape architecture and because I had a lot of flying I requested a chance to help beautify the airbase. They put me in charge of the landscaping crew and gave me a whole bunch of Japanese workers to work on the environment and clean up the trees and shrubbery. I did 11 that for almost three months. I was at the top of the list for those that had enough points to go home, so I was the second one in my squadron to be sent back to the states. SC: During that period of time you were in charge of beautifying the Japanese airbase? SS: Yes. SC: How were you treated by the Japanese? SS: It was like little puppets. I couldn't feel any personality at all. It was very automatic. They were just doing what they were doing. I can't remember ever developing a personal feeling toward them. Of course, I had an interpreter all the time. SC: But you were treated with respect, of course, you were their boss. SS: That doesn't seem to be the word. It's kind of like a feeling of automation or something. It was like we were puppets. It was very impersonal. SC: They were just doing what they were told. There weren't any interactions with them much. SS: After they gave you a work crew of about 10 Japanese, I would tell the interpreter, "I want that done and this done." He'd go talk to the Japanese and he'd spend almost a full minute talking to them. I don't know if they understood. I'd say five and you'd see 20 or 30 back and forth, but we got along fine. SC: Is there anything else about your military service that you think we ought to know about? Any other experiences you would like to share with us? 12 SS: I think those are the basic points. The two really close calls that I mentioned were probably outstanding. SC: On behalf of all of us, I want to thank you and all who served with you for what you did during that time. You've been called the greatest generation and I think that certainly is an appropriate title for you. We really do appreciate it. I also appreciate you sharing your time and experiences with us. It has meant a lot to us. SS: I thank you for the opportunity. I've enjoyed every minute of it.

Der Wissenschaftsratsvorsitzende Wolfgang Wick zu überdrehten Transfererwartungen der Politik, verlorengegangenen Differenzierungen im deutschen Wissenschaftssystem, drohendem Kontrolldruck nach der Fraunhofer-Affäre  – und neuen Aufgaben für den Wissenschaftsrat.






Wolfgang Wick, Professor für Neurologie und als Neuroonkologe am Heidelberger Universitäts­klinikum, ist seit Februar 2023 Vorsitzender der
Wissenschaftsrats (WR). Foto: Svea Pietschmann.






Herr Wick, die Ampel-Parteien haben sich in der Haushaltskrise geeinigt, der BMBF-Haushalt soll glimpflich davonkommen. Ein Zeichen,
dass die Bundesregierung Bildung und Wissenschaft auch in schwierigen Zeiten die Treue hält? 



 



Das wünsche ich mir sehr. Die BAföG-Strukturreform muss kommen, die Investitionen in Innovation und Hochtechnologie müssen aufrechterhalten werden, der Sanierungsstau im Hochschulbau muss endlich
aufgelöst werden – um nur einige Beispiele zu nennen. Sparen bei Forschung und Innovation würde die Zukunftschancen, die uns die Wissenschaft eröffnet und die wir gerade jetzt so dringend
brauchen, verspielen.



 



Das scheint seit der Pandemie zum Geschäftsmodell der Wissenschaft geworden zu sein: die immensen Heilserwartungen, die Gesellschaft und Politik ihr entgegenbringen, auch noch bestärken,
weil sie nur dann noch auf das nötige Geld hoffen kann?



 



Das Wecken solcher Erwartungen ist immer ein zweischneidiges Schwert. In der Pandemie hat die Wissenschaft einen großen Zuwachs an Bedeutung und Vertrauen erlebt. Das führte dazu, dass der
Anspruch nach kurzfristigen Antworten und Problemlösungen immer größer wurde. Wenn dann aber an Kochrezepte erinnernde Handlungsvorschläge gefordert werden, geraten Wissenschaftlerinnen und
Wissenschaftler in Verlegenheit, weil sie diese aus der Logik der Wissenschaft heraus nicht liefern können. Das sehen wir als Wissenschaftsrat kritisch. Wir glauben, dass Wissenschaftler dann am
effektivsten und am wirksamsten sind, wenn sie als Wissenschaftler argumentieren, und es deutlich sagen, sobald sie sich als Staatsbürger äußern. 



 



Die Versuchungen, die Rollen nicht deutlich zu trennen, sind groß, wenn die Politik doch genau die schnellen Lösungen will.  



 



Wir müssen der Politik gegenüber klar kommunizieren, dass sie zum Beispiel bei der Bewältigung der Klimakrise kaum schnelle Antworten erwarten kann, wenn sie die dafür zuständigen
wissenschaftlichen Disziplinen über Jahre hinweg nur unzureichend gefördert hat. Legt sie jetzt im Zusammenhang mit der Energiewende umfangreiche Programme auf, ist das sehr zu begrüßen,
allerdings lautet die Botschaft an die Politik: Die wissenschaftlichen Resultate werden erst in einigen Jahren zu sehen sein.



 



"Was wir seit einer Weile sehen, ist eine Politik, die getrieben wirkt, die sich zu stark fokussiert auf fast schon beliebige Transfererwartungen, die sie dann
noch in jede wissenschaftspolitische Debatte hineinprojiziert."



 



Lautet nicht die eigentlich wichtige Botschaft: Vergesst die Grundlagenforschung jetzt nicht? 



 



Wissenschaftsfinanzierung hat immer zwei Dimensionen. Die eine ist auf die kurzfristige Lösung von Problemen ausgerichtet, oft verbunden mit der Idee des Transfers von Forschungsergebnissen in
die wirtschaftliche Anwendung hinein. Diese Dimension passt gut zu den kurzatmigen Zyklen der Politik, darum drehen sich die Ressortforschung und große Teile der Programmforschung – vollkommen
legitim. Mehr noch: Mit der entsprechenden Aufrichtigkeit, und damit meine ich vor allem verbunden mit einer langfristigen Finanzierung, lassen sich so die drängenden gesellschaftlichen
Herausforderungen sehr zielgerichtet bearbeiten. Mindestens genauso wichtig aber ist das, was Sie Grundlagenforschung nennen. Und deren Förderung ist für viele Wissenschaftler deutlich
attraktiver, weil sie die Chance auf unerwartete Erkenntnisse in einem Ökosystem eröffnet, in dem sich die Forschung entlang der Neugier der Forschenden frei entwickeln kann. Was wir aber
tatsächlich seit einer Weile sehen, ist eine Politik, die getrieben wirkt, die sich zu stark fokussiert auf fast schon beliebige Transfererwartungen, die sie dann noch in jede
wissenschaftspolitische Debatte hineinprojiziert. Ich gebe zu, darauf reagiere ich zunehmend allergisch.



  



Wie erklären Sie sich das?



 



Wir haben uns in unserem Wissenschaftssystem von einer sauberen Differenzierung der unterschiedlichen Akteure verabschiedet. Wissenschaftstransfer ist für die Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft grundlegend,
in Teilen auch für die Zentren der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft, wobei das Modell der Großforschungseinrichtungen schon komplexer angelegt ist zwischen Grundlagenforschung, Anwendung und dem Erarbeiten
wissenschaftlicher Lösungen für die Gesellschaft. Die Max-Planck-Gesellschaft und die Universitäten hingegen haben nicht den Anspruch, vor allem anwendbare Wissensprodukte zu erarbeiten.
Max-Planck steht für den Spitzenbereich der Grundlagenforschung, die Hochschulen für die Lehre, Spitzenforschung und die darunterliegenden Grundlagen und erst dann dort, wo es sich wirklich
anbietet und in Kooperation mit anderen, für die Anwendung. Es ist fast schon zu einem Klischee geworden, dass auf guter Forschung immer auch Anwendung und Transfer draufstehen muss. 



 



Welche Folgen hat das?



 



Durch den Fokus auf Anwendungsnähe und hippe Themen werden wir als Wissenschaftler gedrängt oder lassen uns drängen, unser Heil in immer neuen Finanztöpfen zu suchen. Das bindet Kapazitäten, die
woanders fehlen. Genau diese Schieflage, diese Verschiebung von den Grund-zu den Drittmitteln in den vergangenen 20 Jahren, haben wir im Wissenschaftsrat thematisiert in unserem Papier zur
Forschungsfinanzierung an deutschen Hochschulen. 



 



Diesen Erwartungen des Hippen, des Schnellen, von Kochrezepten und politisch gängigen Handlungsanweisungen muss sich auch der Wissenschaftsrat in seiner Arbeit stellen. Sie haben selbst
zu Ihrem Amtsantritt Anfang des Jahres gesagt, es gehe darum, auch im wissenschaftspolitischen Tagesgeschäft aktiver Akzente zu setzen. 



 



Was ich sagen will ist, dass wir da stärker, sichtbarer und teilweise klarer in die Öffentlichkeit hineinkommunizieren sollten, wo wir uns mit unseren Beschlüssen positioniert haben. 



 



Gelingt das schon besser?



 



Mit unseren Empfehlungen zur Geschlechterforschung beispielsweise haben wir zur Versachlichung beigetragen, und es hat eine intensive Debatte dazu gegeben.



 



Was es beim Thema Gender aber eigentlich immer gibt.



 



Es ist ein Beispiel, wo wir so Akzente setzen konnte, wie ich es mir vorstelle. 



 



"Insgesamt sehe ich nicht, dass es schon regelmäßig
eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion über die Papiere
des Wissenschaftsrats gibt."



 



Ihre Empfehlungen zur Lehramtsausbildung im Fach Mathematik haben sowohl öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit erhalten als auch die Fachdebatte stark beeinflusst, siehe das Gutachten der Ständigen
Wissenschaftlichen Kommission (SWK) der Kultusministerkonferenz zur Zukunft der Lehrerbildung.  



 



Was zeigt, dass wir in der Lage sind, wissenschaftsgeleitet und fundiert und gleichzeitig pointiert Stellung zu beziehen.



 



Die SWK hat sich in einer zentralen Frage allerdings anders positioniert. Während der Wissenschaftsrat den Ausbau der dualen Lehrerbildung empfiehlt, lehnt die Kommission diese mit
deutlichen Worten ab.



 



So deutlich finde ich das bei näherem Hinsehen gar nicht. Aber das ist für mich ohnehin gar nicht so entscheidend. Wichtig ist, dass zwei Gremien von Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftlern in
wissenschaftsgeleiteten Beratungsverfahren klare Empfehlungen formuliert haben und die Politik jetzt ein wissenschaftlich fundiertes Angebot an Möglichkeiten hat, aus denen sie auswählen kann.
Inhaltlich halte ich den Vorschlag des Wissenschaftsrats, den Vorbereitungsdienst in die universitäre Ausbildungsphase zu integrieren, für gangbar und sinnvoll. Was mir aber trotz der Beispiele
Geschlechterforschung und Lehrerbildung wichtig ist festzuhalten: Insgesamt sehe ich nicht, dass es schon regelmäßig eine breite gesellschaftliche Diskussion über unsere Papiere gibt. Das hängt
natürlich, wie Sie sagen, auch vom Thema ab, und oft ist es auch nicht nötig. Insgesamt aber sollten wir noch weiter an unserem Profil als Beratungsgremium arbeiten.



 



Was meinen Sie damit?



 



Was man von uns als Wissenschaftsrat erwarten kann, sind Lösungsvorschläge für Probleme, von denen wir sehen, dass sie in zehn, 15 oder 20 Jahren dramatisch werden. Worin wir gleichzeitig besser
werden können: dass wir uns auf der Grundlage unserer langfristigen Empfehlungen häufiger auch tagesaktuell in Debatten einbringen und unseren Themen dadurch eine größere Beachtung verschaffen.
Im Sinne eines Think Tanks gerade bei Herausforderungen, die sich so dynamisch entwickeln, dass einmal verfasste Empfehlungen allzu schnell überholt wären.



  



Ein Beispiel bitte.



 



Wir haben uns als Wissenschaftsrat bislang nicht zur jüngsten Entwicklung der generativen KI geäußert. Wir sind von deren Geschwindigkeit genauso überrascht worden wie andere Fachleute auch.
Generative KI mit Anwendungen wie ChatGPT ist ein Gamechanger und entwickelt sich mit einer unglaublichen Dynamik. Wir überlegen deshalb, wie wir ein kontinuierliches Monitoring neuer
KI-Entwicklungen und ihrer Auswirkungen auf die Qualität und Kommunikation von Wissenschaft leisten können, auf Lehre, Forschung, auf Begutachtungsprozesse. Das Ziel ist es, als Wissenschaftsrat
auch zu tagesaktuellen Fragen Stellung zu beziehen und Hinweise zu geben. Um noch wirksamer zu werden, müssen wir mit der Politik aber zusätzlich über eine konkrete Erweiterung unserer
Kompetenzen sprechen.



 



"Hauptsache, es entsteht mehr Transparenz. Die wirkt oft besser als jeder erhobene moralische Zeigefinger."



 



Derzeit ist der Wissenschaftsrat als Gremium zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik für die Politikberatung, für die Evaluierung von Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, für die Priorisierung beim
Hochschulforschungsbau und für die Akkreditierung privater Hochschulen zuständig. Sie wollen mehr? 



 



Ich wünsche mir, dass der Wissenschaftsrat künftig die Ressourcen und den Auftrag bekommt, um seine Empfehlungen mehr als bislang nachzuverfolgen. Im Oktober haben wir unser Papier zur
wissenschaftlichen Qualifizierung in den Gesundheitsfachberufen beschlossen. Mit dem Ergebnis haben wir einen echten Punkt gesetzt. Vermutlich werden bei dem Thema schon die unterschiedlichen
Interessengruppen nicht lockerlassen, damit etwas passiert. Bei anderen Themen aber bräuchte es das Nachfassen dringender. Setzen die Länder die Empfehlungen zur Forschungsfinanzierung um? Was
folgt aus unseren Vorschlägen zur Digitalisierung der Hochschulen oder der Medizin? Bund und Länder könnten uns beauftragen, im Sinne eines langfristigen Controllings nach vorher definierten
Kriterien zu dokumentieren, welche politischen Handlungen jeweils aus unseren Empfehlungen gefolgt sind – und wo sich auch nach zwei, fünf oder sieben Jahren wenig oder nichts getan hat. Ich will
keinen Verwaltungs-Wasserkopf generieren. Das kann man je nach Thema auch stichprobenartig machen. Hauptsache, es entsteht mehr Transparenz. Die wirkt oft besser als jeder erhobene moralische
Zeigefinger. 



 



Manches Mal wäre der erhobene Zeigefinger der Wissenschaft aber angebracht gewesen. Bei Fraunhofer zeichnete sich über einen langen Zeitraum ab, dass es dort ein mutmaßliches
Fehlverhalten bis hin zum Missbrauch von Steuergeldern in der Führungsetage gegeben haben könnte. Die Staatsanwaltschaft ermittelt seit vielen Monaten. Das Schweigen der Chefs der anderen großen
Wissenschaftsorganisationen in Deutschland angesichts der schleppend verlaufenden Aufklärung war indes ohrenbetäubend. Hätte sich die Allianz der Wissenschaftsorganisationen, zu der Sie gehören,
nicht positionieren müssen? Der entstandene Imageschaden betrifft das gesamte Wissenschaftssystem.



 



Da ich seit Februar 2023 selbst Mitglied im Fraunhofer-Senat bin, kann ich mich über Einzelheiten nicht äußern. Klar ist: Das mutmaßliche Fehlverhalten einzelner muss aufgeklärt werden, auch hier
gilt die eben genannte Transparenz. Es darf aber nicht reflexhaft zur weiteren Verschärfung bürokratischer Vorgaben führen, die uns ohnehin stark einschränken, etwa bei der Beantragung von
Forschungsförderung und der Berichterstattung während und nach der Forschung. All die Berichtspflichten und Kontrollmechanismen zum Umgang mit staatlichen Mitteln haben schon jetzt viel mit einem
grundsätzlichen Misstrauen gegenüber der Wissenschaft zu tun. Sie führen zu einer eklatanten Überlastung und zu einer Fehlsteuerung von Ressourcen.



 



"Es macht etwas mit einer Organisation



und mit der Wissenschaft insgesamt,



wenn die Glaubwürdigkeit in Frage steht." 



 



Der Senat als wichtiges Aufsichtsgremium hat auch nicht gerade die Aufklärung vorangetrieben, und die Senatsvorsitzende hat Ex-Präsident Reimund Neugebauer noch auf einer großen Tagung
ihres Verbands als Keynote-Speaker empfangen, als Bundesforschungsministerin Bettina Stark-Watzinger (FDP) angesichts drastischer Rechnungshof-Vorwürfe gegen das Fraunhofer-Präsidium bereits
dessen Rücktritt forderte. 



 



Die Vorwürfe laufen darauf hinaus, dass ein System möglicherweise gedehnt oder überdehnt worden ist. Das werden Sie auch durch zusätzliche Regeln nicht verhindern können. Aber eines will ich an
dieser Stelle doch deutlich und unabhängig von einem konkreten Fall sagen: Wir alle, die wir in der Wissenschaft, in Universitäten und Forschungsinstituten Führungsverantwortung tragen, genießen
ein großes Privileg, weil wir aufgrund der Autonomie von Wissenschaft frei und wirkungsvoll agieren können. Dieses Privileg beruht, wie in der Politik auch, auf einer demokratischen Legitimation,
die Integrität, das Einhalten von Spielregeln und die Akzeptanz einer Bezahlung weit unterhalb der Niveaus erfordert, wie diese bei Wirtschaftskonzernen üblich ist. Es macht etwas mit einer
Organisation und mit der Wissenschaft insgesamt, wenn die Glaubwürdigkeit in Frage steht. 



 



Aber genau deshalb wäre es so wichtig gewesen, wenn sich die Wissenschafts-Spitzen klarer positioniert hätten. Jetzt läuft es – nur leicht übertrieben – darauf hinaus, dass sich
Mitarbeiter von Fraunhofer und anderswo für den Kauf jeder Keksdose für die Bewirtung von Gästen rechtfertigen müssen – weil Präsidiumsmitglieder unter anderem mit zunehmender Häufigkeit in
Fünf-Sterne-Hotels genächtigt, zu teure Dienstwagen gehabt und vierstellige Bewirtungen von BMBF-Führungspersonal vorgenommen haben sollen.



 



Offen gesagt erlebe ich ausgesprochen selten Saus und Braus im deutschen Wissenschaftssystem, schon gar nicht im Wissenschaftsrat. Wir sind ein Gremium, dessen Mitglieder alle im Ehrenamt
arbeiten. Und wenn eine Arbeitsgruppe bei uns in Köln arbeitet, bewirten wir sie in der Kantine. Wir sollten aber differenzieren: Die meisten Fehler im Umgang mit Geldern sind Fehler, bei denen
sich jemand vertan hat. Wenn jemand aber wirklich das System missbrauchen will, wird er davon nicht wegen kleinteiliger Berichtspflichten absehen. Die entscheidende Frage für mich lautet:
Schaffen wir es, durch unsere überbordende Drittmittelüberwachung deren Verausgabung zu beschleunigen, zielgerichteter, sachgerechter zu machen und die Projektqualität zu verbessern? Ja oder
nein? Und wenn die Antwort nein ist, sollten wir es lassen. 




Kostenfreien Newsletter abonnieren




In eigener Sache: Blog-Finanzierung














Wie dieser Blog finanziell aufgestellt ist, warum er Ihre Unterstützung braucht – und welche Artikel im November am meisten gelesen
wurden. 



 



Mehr lesen...









"Die Wissenschaft hat sich zu wenig den Bedürfnissen der Gesellschaft gestellt – das ist vorbei"



Wissenschaftsministerin Petra Olschowski über den Gang der ETH Zürich nach Deutschland, den Umbau der Lehrerbildung, die Zukunft der Kultusministerkonferenz – und die Frage, ob
Baden-Württemberg das neue Ruhrgebiet ist. (18. Dezember 2023) >>>

El manejo de residuos sólidos a nivel mundial es un problema ambiental muy preocupante. A una escala global constituye uno de los problemas del sistema económico imperante. Este sistema se centra en el consumo desmesurado de recursos naturales que en su mayoría no son renovables. Por lo que, la generación de residuos sólidos continua en aumento y la disposición final que generalmente se lo realiza en rellenos sanitarios conlleva otro problema socio - ambiental. Es así que, la ubicación de los rellenos sanitarios siempre genera conflicto social por todo lo que implica tener este tipo de rellenos en centros poblados urbanos o rurales. Quienes están al frente de la administración pública de las ciudades o centros urbanos tienen la tendencia general de mirar a zonas periféricas o áreas rurales como las más "adecuadas" para la implantación y construcción de un posible relleno sanitario. No obstante, en los últimos años las empresas tanto públicas como privadas han dado un giro a su accionar y han incluido el concepto de Responsabilidad Social para poder llegar a consensos con las comunidades rurales. Un ejemplo en la región es la Empresa Pública Municipal de Aseo de Cuenca (EMAC EP) que, en acuerdo con la comunidad de Santa Ana, ha venido desarrollando un modelo de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, para mitigar los impactos del relleno sanitario construido en Pichacay, perteneciente a la parroquia rural de Santa Ana, del cantón Cuenca, provincia del Azuay. Al comparar cada uno de los temas que aborda el acuerdo de responsabilidad social para la cogestión del relleno sanitario y los modelos que sobre el tema se han registrado en la literatura, se desprende que cumple con todos los principales impulsores de la muy reconocida y aplicada pirámide de RSE. Primero, tiene una sólida base económica, puesto que se destina a la parroquia de Santa Ana el 5% de la recaudación por el servicio de recolección de los residuos sólidos que la EMAC EP obtiene. Hecho que se refuerza al estar constituido como una ordenanza del cantón Cuenca, es decir, es ya un mecanismo de gobernanza socio-ambiental establecido o una política pública. Adicionalmente, ha generado empleos con la creación y apoyo a las Asociaciones de Recicladores existentes alrededor de Santa Ana. La EMAC EP también contribuye directa o indirectamente a través de otras instituciones como el Municipio de Cuenca o ETAPA EP, en proyectos comunitarios. A su vez, del análisis realizado al archivo institucional del GAD parroquial rural de Santa Ana, se reveló que tiene una muy activa gestión en la consecución de convenios con diferentes instituciones desde 2001, pero en temas no muy relevantes para el crecimiento sostenible de Santa Ana. En este sentido, quizás lo más destacable son las obras de mantenimiento vial y alumbrado público. En definitiva, es claro que el acuerdo suscrito entre la EMAC EP y el GAD parroquial rural de Santa Ana, y con el apoyo de la Ilustre Municipalidad de Cuenca, fue un hecho histórico para la región y el país en temas de responsabilidad social empresarial. Esta situación contribuyó para que en 2008 se incluyera en la Carta Magna este principio. No obstante, de la encuesta realizada en territorio se desprende algunas necesidades y requerimientos de fondo de los habitantes de Santa Ana que siguen pendientes; tales como, tener un servicio continuo e ininterrumpido de agua potable, alcantarillado y tratamiento de aguas residuales. Aquí la gestión y la competencia para este tipo de proyectos de infraestructura básica es el GAD parroquial rural de Santa Ana, entidad gubernamental que no ha revelado tener una visión de largo plazo en temas prioritarios para Santa Ana. Otra necesidad imperiosa es la construcción de los sistemas de riego ofrecidos en un principio, y por los cuales, no se está alcanzando los objetivos de la reactivación económica (agro-pecuaria, agro- artesanal y agro-turismo). No obstante, en relación a la estructura orgánica funcional del modelo de responsabilidad social empresarial implementado por la EMAC EP y el GAD Parroquial Rural de Santa Ana, se puede afirmar que es adecuada a la realidad del sector rural andino del Sur del Ecuador, como lo ha revelado el presente estudio. Finalmente, la actuación conjunta de toda la ciudadanía de Cuenca y la región tiene en sus manos la posibilidad de cambiar la situación actual operativa compleja del relleno sanitario de Pichacay, al impulsar y reciclar la mayor cantidad residuos en sus propios hogares. Igualmente, el GAD parroquial rural de Santa Ana puede aprovechar este acuerdo de RSE para invertir en proyectos de infraestructura básica con un horizonte a largo plazo, con lo cual volvería exitoso este modelo de RSE. De no hacerlo, simplemente terminará involucionando o retrocediendo hacia un simple mecanismo de compensación, que, en otras palabras, es pagar un impuesto a Santa Ana por la operación del relleno sanitario en su jurisdicción. ; Solid waste management worldwide is a very worrying environmental problem. On a global scale, it constitutes one of the problems of the prevailing economic system. This system focuses on the excessive consumption of natural resources, most of which are not renewable. Therefore, the generation of solid waste continues to increase and the final disposal is generally carried out in landfills entails another socio-environmental problem. Therefore, the location of landfills always generates a social conflict due to everything that implies having this type of landfill in urban or rural populated centers. Those who are in charge of the public administration of cities or urban centers have the general tendency to look at peripheral areas or rural areas as the most "suitable" for the implantation and construction of a landfill. However, in recent years, both public and private companies have changed their actions and included the concept of Social Responsibility in order to reach consensus with rural communities. An example in the region is the "Empresa Pública Municipal de Aseo de Cuenca" (EMAC EP) which, in agreement with the Santa Ana community, has been developing a Corporate Social Responsibility model to mitigate the impacts of the landfill built in Pichacay, belonging to the rural parish of Santa Ana, city of Cuenca, province of Azuay. When comparing each of the issues addressed by the social responsibility agreement for the co-management of the landfill and the models that have been recorded on the subject in the literature, it appears that the agreement complies with all the main drivers of the highly recognized and applied CSR pyramid. First, it has a solid economic base, since 5% of the collection for the solid waste collection service that EMAC EP obtains goes to the Santa Ana parish. A fact that is reinforced by being constituted as an ordinance of the city of Cuenca, which means, it is already an established socio-environmental governance mechanism or a public policy. Additionally, it has generated jobs with the creation and support of the existing Recyclers Associations around Santa Ana. The EMAC EP also contributes directly or indirectly through other institutions such as the Municipality of Cuenca or ETAPA EP, in community projects. In turn, from the analysis carried out to the institutional archive of the rural parish GAD of Santa Ana, the data revealed that it has a very active management in the achievement of agreements with different institutions since 2001, but on issues not very relevant for the sustainable growth of Santa Ana. In this sense, perhaps the most notable are the road maintenance and public lighting works. In short, it is clear that the agreement signed between the EMAC EP and the rural parish GAD of Santa Ana, and with the support of the Municipality of Cuenca, was a historic event for the region and the country in matters of corporate social responsibility. This situation contributed to the inclusion of this principle in the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008. However, the survey carried out in the territory reveals some basic needs and requirements of the inhabitants of Santa Ana that are still pending; such as, a continuous and uninterrupted service of drinking water, sewerage and wastewater treatment. Here the management and competence for this type of basic infrastructure projects belongs to the rural parish GAD of Santa Ana, a government entity that has not revealed having a long-term vision on priority issues for Santa Ana. Another imperative need is the construction of the irrigation systems offered initially, and for which, the objectives of economic reactivation (agro-livestock, agro-artisanal and agro-tourism) are still unfinished. However, in relation to the functional organic structure of the corporate social responsibility model implemented by the EMAC EP and the rural parish GAD of Santa Ana, it is possible to affirm that is adequate to the reality of the Andean rural sector of southern Ecuador, as the present study has revealed. Finally, the joint action of all the citizens of Cuenca and the region has in their hands the possibility of changing the current complex operational situation of the Pichacay's landfill, by promoting and recycling the greatest amount of waste in their own homes. Likewise, the rural parish GAD of Santa Ana can take advantage of this CSR agreement to invest in basic infrastructure projects with a long-term horizon, thereby making this CSR model successful. Failure in doing so will simply end up regressing towards a simple compensation mechanism, which, in other words, is to pay a tax to Santa Ana for the operation of the landfill in its jurisdiction. ; Magíster en Desarrollo Local ; Cuenca

Perennial crops play a valuable role in agricultural economics, as they provide goods for export and jobs for the workforce as well as contribute significantly to economic prosperity at the national level. Vietnam has a high potential for perennial crop development, and thereby achieve an explosive growth in agricultural commodities. In terms of perennial crops, Vietnam now ranks among the top five international exporters of coffee, pepper and cashew. Vietnam is the second-largest producer of coffee worldwide, while it is the leading exporter of pepper globally. In 2018, the planted area of the dominant perennial crops (coffee, pepper, rubber, tea and cashew nut) reached around 2.2 million hectares (ha) nationwide, an increase of 9,000 ha compared to 2017. The Western Highlands has the largest region of perennial crop production with an area of 1.151 million ha. Dak Lak province has favorable conditions of soil (1,450 ha of basaltic soils of volcanic origin, which equals two thirds of the total basaltic soil area nationwide), as well as weather and amount of arable land, which creates an advantageous situation for the culture of perennial crops. Remarkably, the planted area of coffee and pepper dominated production at about 30% of the whole country's production in 2018, respectively. Over the years, perennial crops have changed considerably being usual dynamics of requirements. Despite its advantages and positive development trends, provincial perennial crop production has faced numerous constraints due to price fluctuation, unpredictable climatic trends, and incidence of pests and diseases. Thus, perennial crop production needs further research to ensure more evidence. Based on a systematic survey, focus group discussion, key informant interviews and participatory observation, this research project was undertaken to evaluate the practices and socio-economics of perennial crop systems in Dak Lak province, namely monocultures and intercropping systems. The aims of this project are to understand the distinct stages of perennial crop systems and to identify the socio-economic benefits of different systems concentrating on coffee and pepper crops. Additionally, the remaining aim of the study finds determinants affecting the farm's decision of adoption. The results provide critical references for farmers and policymakers on implementation or decision to plant a particular perennial crop and strategies. The findings show that the type of crop that was planted by the farmers evolved considerably in terms of crop types, crops grown, farm size, type of system and an increase of total cultivated surface. In addition, under driving forces including socio-economic transformation, political changes and ecological movement, perennial crop systems are well changed. Indeed, for many years, perennial crop systems have experienced an evolution through five stages, namely large-scale coffee and rubber plantations; perennial crop systems which are state-owned farms and cooperatives; intensified perennial crop systems; mixed crop systems, and the specialized and diversified perennial crop systems. At present, perennial crop systems are put into practice which take into account climate change, marketing and losses of fertile lands. These systems include monocultures and intercropping, which are two representative models of perennial crop systems which are investigated in this study. Simultaneously, a comparative assessment of the socio-economic benefits between two monocultures (coffee and pepper mono cropping) and an intercropping system (coffee and pepper intercropping) is presented in which the intercropping is more efficient than the monoculture under the context of constraints on key resources, risk and uncertainty. Respectively, intercropping is not only demonstrated to have high economic returns and limitations of economic risk due to the volatile market but also to have the benefits of extended seasonal employment and attraction for women as farmworkers on small farms. In other words, coffee and pepper intercropping is the most desirable option to obtain socio-economic benefits in perennial crop systems. In addition, the classifications in different approaches and groups producing are also organized to clarify these economic performances by cost-benefit analysis. The further results are obtained that intercropped farm approaches, especially in intercropped coffee farms (ICFs) generate more economic earnings than intercropped pepper farms (IPFs) while group producing coffee (GpC) appears to be more appropriate for smallholders than group producing pepper (GpP) does. At the same time, conclusions from binary and multiple logistic regression analysis highlight factors affecting decision-making of farms' decision in adopting. These factors include household characteristics, farm profits and crop profiles. This study supplies information that will allow farmers to develop productive planning with respect to choosing suitable perennial crop systems, and assist policymakers in forming small-scale perennial crop production strategies in Dak Lak province. In addition, the factors highlighted here are taken into account in the development of perennial crops. ; Les cultures pérennes jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'économie agricole, car elles fournissent des biens destinés à l'exportation et des emplois pour la main-d'œuvre, tout en contribuant de manière significative à l'essor économique au niveau national. Le Vietnam a connu un fort potentiel de développement des cultures pérennes, et atteint ainsi une croissance explosive des produits agricoles. En termes de cultures pérennes, le Vietnam se classe désormais parmi les cinq premiers exportateurs internationaux de café, de poivre et de noix de cajou. Le Vietnam est le deuxième producteur mondial de café et le premier exportateur de poivre au monde. Fait remarquable, les superficies plantées en café et en poivre dominent la production, avec respectivement environ 30 % de la production de l'ensemble du pays en 2018. Au fil des ans, les cultures pérennes ont considérablement évolué étant donné la dynamique habituelle des besoins. Malgré ses avantages et les tendances positives de son développement, la production provinciale de cultures pérennes a dû faire face à de nombreuses contraintes dues à la fluctuation des prix, aux tendances climatiques imprévisibles et à l'incidence des parasites et des maladies. Par conséquent, la production de cultures pérennes nécessite des recherches plus approfondies afin d'obtenir davantage de preuves. Sur la base d'une enquête systématique, de discussions de groupe, d'entretiens avec des informateurs clés et d'une observation participative, ce projet de recherche a été entrepris pour évaluer les pratiques et la socio-économie des systèmes de cultures pérennes, à savoir les monocultures et les systèmes de cultures intercalaires. Les objectifs de ce projet sont de comprendre l'évolution des systèmes de cultures pérennes dans le temps et l'espace, et d'identifier les avantages socio-économiques des différents systèmes en se concentrant sur les cultures de café et de poivre. En outre, le dernier objectif de l'étude consiste à trouver les déterminants qui influent sur la décision d'adoption de l'exploitation. Les résultats fournissent des références essentielles aux agriculteurs et aux décideurs politiques sur la mise en œuvre ou la décision de planter une culture pérenne particulière et sur les stratégies à adopter. Les résultats montrent que les cultures pérennes ont considérablement évolué en termes de types de cultures, de cultures cultivées, de taille des exploitations, de types de systèmes et d'augmentation de la surface totale cultivée. En outre, sous l'effet de moteurs tels que la transformation socio-économique, les changements politiques et le mouvement écologique, les systèmes de cultures pérennes ont bien changé. En effet, depuis de nombreuses années, les systèmes de cultures pérennes ont connu une évolution en cinq étapes, à savoir les grandes plantations de café et d'hévéas ; les systèmes de cultures pérennes qui sont des exploitations agricoles d'État et des coopératives ; les systèmes de cultures pérennes intensifiées ; les systèmes de cultures mixtes et les systèmes de cultures pérennes spécialisées et diversifiées. Actuellement, les systèmes de cultures pérennes sont mis en pratique en tenant compte du changement climatique, de la commercialisation et des pertes de terres fertiles. Ces systèmes comprennent les monocultures et les cultures intercalaires, qui sont deux modèles représentatifs des systèmes de cultures pérennes, qui sont étudiés. Simultanément, l'évaluation comparative des avantages socio-économiques entre deux monocultures (monoculture de café et de poivre) et un système de cultures associées (culture intercalaire de café et de poivre) a montré que la culture intercalaire est plus efficace que la monoculture dans le contexte de contraintes sur les ressources clés, de risque et d'incertitude. Il est respectivement démontré que les cultures intercalaires ont non seulement un rendement économique élevé et une limitation du risque économique en raison de la volatilité du marché, mais aussi qu'elles présentent les avantages d'un emploi saisonnier prolongé et qu'elles attirent les femmes en tant que travailleuses agricoles dans les petites exploitations. En d'autres termes, la culture intercalaire du café et du poivre est l'option la plus souhaitable pour obtenir des avantages socio-économiques dans les systèmes de cultures pérennes. En outre, les classifications dans les différentes approches et groupes de production sont également organisées pour clarifier ces performances économiques par une analyse coût-avantage. Les autres résultats obtenus montrent que les approches de cultures intercalaires, en particulier les plantations intercalaires de café (ICF), génèrent plus de revenus économiques que les plantations intercalaires de poivrons (IPF), tandis que la production groupée de café (GpC) semble plus appropriée pour les petits exploitants que la production groupée de poivrons (GpP). Dans le même temps, les conclusions de l'analyse de régression logistique binaire et multiple mettent en évidence les facteurs qui influent sur la prise de décision concernant l'adoption des exploitations. Ces facteurs comprennent les caractéristiques des ménages, les bénéfices des exploitations agricoles et les profils des cultures. Cette étude fournit des informations qui permettront aux agriculteurs de développer une planification productive en ce qui concerne le choix de systèmes de cultures pérennes appropriés, et d'aider les décideurs politiques à élaborer des stratégies de production de cultures pérennes à petite échelle à Dak Lak. En outre, les facteurs mis en évidence ici sont pris en compte dans le développement des cultures pérennes.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito ; O principal objetivo desta dissertação é examinar os marcos legais das jurisdições internacionais comuns que regulam o jogo e o jogo online. As características morais e culturais distintas do jogo fazem com que a administração legal neste setor varie significativamente entre as jurisdições em todo o mundo, particularmente em termos de legislação. Um estudo da estrutura legal de um país ou região envolve os seguintes componentes principais: Definição legal das atividades de jogo (taxonomia e categoria); Quais regimes regulatórios (como monopólios estaduais ou licenciamento) regem a operação das atividades de jogos de azar; As abordagens específicas para jogos de azar online e terrestres; Disparidades de hierarquia na legislação em diferentes países ou regiões; Leis especiais, supervisores, reguladores, para o setor de jogos de azar em certas jurisdições; Legislação sobre a tributação do jogo. A dissertação afirma que vale a pena comparar e pesquisar os enquadramentos jurídicos que regem o jogo na União Europeia e nos Estados Unidos, não obstante as disparidades dos sistemas político e jurídico. Essas jurisdições significativas representam duas das estruturas legais de jogos de azar mais típicas do mundo hoje, mas também existem vários obstáculos e desafios legais, demonstrando que a indústria de jogos de azar não é um campo direto que pode ser aprendido por meio de metodologias simplistas. O dicionário de jogos de casino define o jogo como "a previsão de um resultado incerto, assumindo as consequências das suas previsões através de apostas". Assim, o jogo tem três elementos básicos: o primeiro é apostar, o segundo é ter um oponente, e o terceiro é que o resultado é baseado na oportunidade, e um dos elementos acima não pode faltar. Este trabalho considera que o jogo e o jogo de chance (game of chance) são iguais em conteúdo e alcance. Do ponto de vista da economia política, a indústria do jogo não pode criar valor por si só, mas apenas participar na distribuição do valor através do jogo e do jogo. Do ponto de vista legal, as práticas de jogo podem ser ilegais ou legais, conforme permitido ou autorizado pelo estado. De acordo com o nível de extensão e conotação calculada, o jogo pode ser dividido em sentido estreito e amplo. Por natureza, há jogo comercial e social. A diferença entre os dois reside na forma como são organizados e se são rentáveis. Jogos sociais são muitas vezes uma forma de entretenimento organizado por pessoas, como jogar poker. Esses jogos geralmente não têm organizadores óbvios, pessoal disperso, pequeno alcance de influência e mais ênfase no entretenimento. Os governos geralmente não interferem nesses jogos de azar. O jogo comercial refere-se aos jogos de azar que lucram com as organizações operacionais especiais de acordo com as regras ou probabilidades especiais do jogo, que podem ser divididos em jogos de loteria tradicionais, jogos competitivos, jogos de cassino e assim por diante. Os jogos competitivos incluem loteria de futebol, corrida de cavalos, corrida de cães ou outras competições esportivas. Os jogos de azar comerciais têm um grande impacto na economia local e na vida das pessoas, até mesmo negativo, por isso precisam ser especialmente regulamentados pelo estado ou governo. A indústria de jogos de azar é caracterizada por serviços de entretenimento. Turistas, residentes locais e até jogadores compulsivos tendem a jogar por prazer e sorte, portanto, não devem ser considerados como ações de investimento (mesmo para aqueles com tais motivos). A taxonomia detalhada dos vários jogos será apresentada no Capítulo 1, que é considerado um bom ponto de partida para explorar os vários regulamentos do jogo. O enquadramento legal do jogo refere-se ao modo de organização e operação em que o governo supervisiona o funcionamento da indústria do jogo sob a condição de economia de mercado. Assim como o sistema regulatório de alimentos e medicamentos, o marco legal do jogo também é um meio de regulação governamental para um determinado setor ou questão dentro do sistema regulatório macroeconômico, com o objetivo de garantir o desenvolvimento sustentado, saudável e estável da indústria do jogo. O estabelecimento de uma estrutura legal para jogos de azar está intimamente relacionado ao contexto cultural de um país ou região e é derivado da compatibilidade legal, ideologia orientadora e princípios regulatórios, incluindo proibições, regulamentos especiais, acesso a mercados e tributação.Mais especificamente, o trabalho no nível operacional inclui o registro de empresas de jogos, registro de produtos, acordos governamentais e empresariais, supervisão e fiscalização de fiscalização, etc.Este artigo seleciona deliberadamente um jogo legal e modelo de estrutura fiscal para pesquisa nos Estados Unidos e na UE, a fim de mostrar quais medidas legais são aplicadas a questões específicas do "jogo" em diferentes jurisdições ao redor do mundo. ; The main objective of this paper is to examine the legal frameworks of common international jurisdictions that regulate gambling and online gambling. Gambling's distinctive moral and cultural characteristics necessitate that legal administration in this sector varies significantly between jurisdictions worldwide, particularly in terms of legislation. A study of a country or region's legal framework entails the following major components: Legal definition of gambling activities (taxonomy and category); What regulatory regimes (such as state monopolies or licensing) govern the operation of gambling activities; The specific approaches to land-based and online gambling; Hierarchy disparities in legislation in different countries or regions; Special laws, supervisors , regulators, for gambling sector in certain jurisdictions; Legislation on the taxation of gambling. The paper claims that the legal frameworks governing gambling in the European Union and the United States are worth comparing and researching, notwithstanding the political and legal systems' disparities. These significant jurisdictions represent two of the most typical gambling legal frameworks in the world today, but there are also numerous legal stumbling blocks and challenging, demonstrating that the gambling industry is not a straightforward field that can be learned through simplistic configurations.The Casino Gaming Dictionary defines gambling as "making a prediction about an uncertain outcome and then accepting the consequences of your decision for the amount of money you have bet." It can be seen that gambling has three basic elements: the first is to have a bet, the second is to have an opponent, the third is to take a chance, none of which is dispensable. This paper holds that gambling and game of chance are equal in connotation and extension. From the perspective of political economy, the gambling industry itself cannot create value, but only participates in the distribution of value through betting and gambling. From the legal point of view, according to whether the country allows or authorizes, it is divided into legal gambling and illegal gambling. According to the level of denotation and connotation will be told, there are betting points on narrow sense and broad sense. There are commercial and social gambling by nature. The difference between the two lies in the way they are organized and whether they are profitable or not. Social gambling is usually a form of entertainment organized by people, such as playing poker.Such games generally have no obvious organizers, scattered personnel, small scope of influence, and more emphasis on entertainment. Governments generally do not interfere with such gambling games. Commercial gambling refers to the gambling games that profit from the special operating organizations according to the special game rules or odds, which can be divided into traditional lottery games, competitive games, casino games and so on. Competitive games include football lottery, horse racing, dog racing or other sports competitions. Commercial gambling games have a great impact on local economy and people's life, even a negative impact, so it needs to be specially regulated by the state or government. Gambling industry is characterized by entertainment service. Tourists, local residents, and even compulsive gamblers tend to gamble for pleasure and luck, thus, shouldn't be considered as actions of investment (even for those with such motives). The detailed taxonomy of the various games will be presented in Chapter 1, which is considered a good starting point for exploring the various game regulations. Gaming legal framework refers to the organization and operation mode that the government supervises the operation of the gambling industry under the condition of market economy.Just like the regulatory system for food and drugs, the legal framework for gambling is also a means of government regulation for a specific sector or issue within the macroeconomic regulatory system, with the aim of ensuring the sustained, healthy and stable development of the gambling industry.To establish the gambling legal framework is a country or a region's cultural concept, the derived out of the country or region corresponding legal gambling compatibility, guiding ideology and principles of management, etc., including the prohibitions, regulators set, market access and taxation. More specifically, the work at the operational level includes gambling enterprise registration, business registration, government and enterprise agreement, supervision and law enforcement inspection, etc. This paper deliberately selected the United States and several member states of the European Union as the research models in the field of legal framework and taxation of gambling law, in order to show what legal measures have been applied in various jurisdictions in the world when facing the special issue of "gambling".

Puerto Rico and Newfoundland are located at two extremes of the Atlantic Ocean, the former in the Caribbean Sea and the latter in the North Sea of the American continent. Both formations—former colonies from Spain and Great Britain—have been linked through the production and consumption of salted fish (that is, cod and other members of the Gadidae family) from the 16th to the 20th century. Spain transferred to the Caribbean colonies its "addiction" to cod, a cheap source of protein for peasants and laborers in the Peninsula, and a foodstuff that became the source of protein for slaves, peasants, and rural workers in the Caribbean.The British also used that alimentary strategy in their Caribbean colonies, which became importers of salted fish from New England, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, a territory that dominated the production and processing (culling and salting) of cod. The plantation system required a cheap protein source for the slave labor force that the American codfish market provided. By the end of the 19th century, the supply of New England cod waned (due to a number of reasons), and that opened up an opportunity for Newfoundland to become the most important supplier of fish, a commodity mediated at first through the British authorities, and later by the merchants of the Dominion. The expansion of the productive frontier—from the 19th to the 20th century—required the investment of capital in larger boats and an increase in effort through the use of nets and long liners in waters distant from the inshore areas.This paper presents an anthropological and historical analysis of the relationship between Puerto Rico and the producers of salted fish in the North Sea, namely, New England and Newfoundland, through the use of a number of historical and ethnographical studies and, most importantly, through the analysis of primary sources from the General Archive of Puerto Rico, the National Records and Archives Administration in the United States, and the Provincial Archive of Labrador and Newfoundland. This research started, originally, with an interest in understanding the relationship between both markets in their complex export-import relationship, and with a special focus on the 20th century due to the availability of the primary sources. However, this effort led me to the search for other historical and ethnographic sources that documented the social, economic, and political processes that shaped the production of salted fish and the circulation of that commodity in the Atlantic Ocean, with emphasis on the Caribbean.In that context, the work of Jason Moore proved to be pertinent as a theoretical model to analyze the role of producers and consumers of cheap foodstuffs on a global scale. The World-Ecology model, and the concepts of production frontiers, commodity frontiers, and ecological surplus are extremely useful in understanding how Newfoundland expanded the productive frontier, both horizontally and vertically, by moving the effort from the inshore areas to the offshore banks, which required fishing in deeper waters. In order to provide a cheap commodity to the laborers of the plantation system of the Caribbean, the Newfoundland merchants exploited the unpaid labor of the women and children of the outports (coastal communities) in the processing phase (culling and salting), while forcing the men to look for cash in other subsidiary activities. Low wages and poor working conditions in the curing of fish discouraged laborers to do high-quality work, and therefore, the curing was not always of the required standard for the markets. However, the low-quality fish, the Labrador cure, found its way to the Puerto Rican market. The United States, in the defense of its vested interests in sugarcane cultivation and sugar production, imposed low prices for the importation of salted fish from Newfoundland, and therefore regulated the price per pound at the local markets.The work of Jason Moore matches the theoretical model developed by Daniel Pauly, a scientist devoted to the study of the global fisheries, and particularly those of the North Sea. For Pauly, the fate of the world fisheries has been in the hands of a threefold expansion (dubbed as the "toxic triad") led by the development in fisheries technologies over the past four hundred years, and accelerated in the 19th and 20th centuries. Those are the geographical expansion, the bathymetric expansion and the taxonomic expansion. That is, global fisheries expanded their productive activities to new geographical frontiers hitherto explored or utilized, including depths. It also expanded the number of species caught, a process that impacted the food chain. Industrialization, and the use of trawler nets in the 20th century, depleted the North Sea fish stocks and destroyed benthic habitats, which contributed to the collapse of 1992. An "undercurrent" flowing in this paper consists of the argument that there is a strong correspondence between the theoretical thinking of Jason Moore and that of the most progressive fishery scientists, exemplified by Pauly.Over the last thirty years, I have been involved in research and applied work related to fisheries management and the conservation of habitats and fish populations and stocks. In understanding the relationship between Puerto Rico and Newfoundland, I became interested in the history of fisheries management and conservation, and the economic and political forces that contributed to the collapse of the stocks and populations of cod (Gadus morhua) and other Gadidae that forced the 1992 closure and the demise of one of the most important fisheries in our hemisphere. Data and interpretations from a number of studies suggest that, for a long period of time, the 1992 closure reflected the cumulative effect of centuries of the intensification of production, due to the demand for cod from different parts of the world. This paper suggests that Puerto Rico played a critical role in that process, due to the importance of imports from Newfoundland. Throughout the 20th century, Puerto Rico was one of the most important buyers of salted fish, importing as much as all the Caribbean islands at different points in time. That is a line of research that I will continue to pursue, and this paper is a first step in that direction.Newfoundland tried to maintain the salt fish market of the Caribbean until the 1960s, when Puerto Rico was in the midst of an industrialization and modernization process that reshaped the taste and consumption patterns of the population. By then, cod ceased to be a gastronomic addiction, despite the efforts of two merchant classes, one in St. John's and the other in San Juan.The article is divided into eight sections that broadly cover the following topics: the history of salted fish consumption and production in the North Sea, Spain, and New England; the British and Newfoundland market in Puerto Rico; cod consumption in Puerto Rico during the 19th century; the relations of production (ecological surplus) that made possible cheap cod; 20th century transformations in Puerto Rico, and a final reflection on the role of Puerto Rico and Newfoundland in the World-Ecology. ; Este artículo explora, por medio del examen y análisis de estudios antropológicos, históricos y de las fuentes documentales de varios archivos, la relación entre Puerto Rico y Terranova, como consumidores y productores de pescado salado, respectivamente. El bacalao fue un alimento barato usado para sostener a la fuerza de trabajo esclavizada y libre en la larga duración caribeña y trasatlántica. El desarrollo del capitalismo, según Jason Moore, ha dependido de la expansión de las fronteras productivas (zonas de explotación de mano de obra y recursos) y de la extracción y consumo de insumos baratos. Para ello, ha dependido de la extracción de un excedente ecológico basado, en este caso, en la apropiación del trabajo no remunerado de mujeres y niños. El bacalao se produjo en unas condiciones de explotación y trabajo no remunerado de hombres, mujeres y niños en Terranova, para alimentar a familias pobres en Puerto Rico. El objetivo principal de este trabajo consiste aplicar esos planteamientos teóricos de Moore, en el análisis de esas dos formaciones sociales, que han sido colonias de poderes imperiales; ambas vinculadas en una Ecología-Mundo basada en la producción y el consumo del bacalao; un proceso mediado por las clases mercantiles de ambos territorios. Las islas caribeñas estuvieron vinculadas a ese comercio trasatlántico (que incluía esclavos, melaza, rones y maderas) a través de intercambios con Terranova y Nueva Inglaterra, desde el siglo XVI. Los siglos XIX y XX, con el auge de la producción azucarera en Puerto Rico, fueron determinantes en establecer ese patrón de consumo y Terranova fue uno de los principales productores y suplidores de ese producto a Puerto Rico y el Caribe, manteniendo una estrategia de expansión de la frontera productiva, saliendo de la pesca costera para pescar en los grandes bancos, mediante un proceso sistemático de acumulación e inversión de capital, articulado por innovaciones en las artes de pesca y las embarcaciones. Este artículo sugiere que la suma de las importaciones por los países del Caribe contribuyó al eventual colapso de los abastos pesqueros de Terranova. Este trabajo es un primer paso en el análisis de la profunda relación entre el capital y la naturaleza y un paso en la exploración de como esas relaciones trasatlánticas fueron configurando el trabajo y la naturaleza en dos extremos del océano. Cuando se escriba la historia de las poblaciones de peces y los abastos pesqueros de Terranova, habrá que contar con la participación de Puerto Rico, y su rol en el proceso de intensificación de la producción, es decir, de la expansión de la frontera vertical y de la horizontal de la producción.

Problem setting. Latin America and the Caribbean traditionally referred to as a large and ambiguous region in an out-side territorial scientific environment. A whole stratum of problems of identities, peculiarities of self-awareness, civilization affiliations of messianic 'appointments ' in the history of the region and the world, the development of ways of cultural and historical development corresponding to them, the affirmation of the tendencies of state formation is in a scientific researcher focus. Among the many aspects that conceptualize the demandfor research in the region and its implementation, we would like to highlight the following: 1) Latin America and the Caribbean are, to some extent, «a territory of historically significant validation of modern trends» in their speculative lengthening, the field ofdeveloping new ones political and economic novations, including regarding various projections of the correlation of socio-political practices, institutional design and legal technologies, derived from the understanding of nature and the purpose of law. 2) The region 'provides ' a wide range of heterogeneous materials for analytical work, both concatenate-linear in nature, and combining poly-meaningful multidimensionality, multifaceted coexistence of values generated by contemporary media, the glare of meanings, signs, intentions of conscious transformations, random «breakthroughs» of network travel followers. In the discovery literature thatfollows only the analysis of statistical indicators, it is often noted that Latin America and the Caribbean is a region of polarization (the territory of the intersection of different values, gaps traditions, lifestyles, indicators of the difference between the needful and the wealth, the level of concentration of income, manifestations of crime, corruption, etc.). 3) Considering the full amount of opportunities and perspectives available, Latin America in general, in some associative formulation, is clearly «boxing at levels below its weight and its impact on international canvases», that is, there are some reasons for internal and external character that significantly reduce the region's role in the world, affecting accents of processes of political, legal and economic worsen the work «for the common good», underestimate «the bar of tasks and results» do not meet the expectations of the significance of the region.Recent research and publications analysis. The paper uses an interdisciplinary approach involving the research of representatives of various sciences. Concerning the approach to certain aspects of the constitutional process in the countries of Latin America and the Carribien was used the researches of Ukrainian authors Yu. M. Todyka, V. P. Kolisnyk, Yu. G. Barabash, M. P. Orzikh, T. M. Slinko, A. G. Kushnirenko, pertaining to in relation to consideration ofpeculiarities ofdevelopment andfunctioning of the model of the presidential state was launched analytical andfunctionality materials I. V. Protsiuk.On the conceptualization within the political science tradition in connection with the problems of the political regimes, their development in the conditions of conflict of the present, in the face of threats and challenges of a multifaceted nature are included the materials of methodological and theoretical importance M. P. Trebin, I. O. Polishchuk, D. Denisenko, G. M. Kutz, O. A. Fisun, M. A. Polovyi and, in the context of regional- geopolitical dimensions, V. Yu. Karasev. Among the foreign authors on the subject area of the study, we note the conceptual vision of the combination ofeconomic cycles and political and legal processes of the present Daniela Campello, the development of the author of the theory of «path dependence effect» by J. Mahoney and researchers of modifications of the development of neo-patrimonialism in Latin America and Karsten Bachle. Focused on the trends and innovations of the constitutional process in the countries of the region are the scientific orientations of Rogelio Nu'nez and P. I. Kostogryzov. A broad analytical and research base on the transformation of political regimes in Latina America and the Caribbean and the peculiarities ofpolitical processes in individual countries are provided by the works of B. Geddes, G. O'Donnell, L. Diamond, D. Ziblatta, S. Levitsky, Z. V. Ivanovsky, T. A. Vorotnikova, P. P. Yakovlev, D. V. Morozov, and others.Paper objective. The purpose of this work is to find out the broad contexts of the relationship between economic and political and legal processes in Latin America and the Carribien countries with attention to the peculiarities of the rule of law formation. The tasks are to analyze a set of approaches to finding the causes of the difficulties of socio-political and institutional-legal development in the region with the involvement of interdisciplinary scientific experience and to identify some essential features of meaning- forming and socio-constructing phenomena in the contextual contours.Paper main body. One of the options for designating the specificity of the current state of affairs is framed in the concept of the so-called «curse of volatility» - the dependence of local, mainly commodity and export-oriented with low internal economy savings from cycles, fluctuations of the world economy. This dependence is a definite structural factor and has been forming for a long time. Also, macroeconomic indicators within the framework of a certain political economy methodology in the projection for the sum ofpolitical and legal events allow us to see the spread of ideology, whether left or right, the rise of populism, the tendency for further democratization of the way of life or vice versa from democracy, the relative calm of the political process or the turbulence ofpolitical events are, after all, tied to basic economic indicators, and often more or less relevant to us and corresponding to figures about the level of safety of life. The trajectory of development was laid down by some decisions at a time of critical juncture when privatization created the basis of the local economy as a structural part of the world capitalist system with its dynamics of development that facilitated the formatting and reproduction of the reactive sequences caused by different types of liberal reforms.Conclusions of the research. The particular attention in Latin America and the Caribbean countries on the expectations and responsibilities of building the future is focused on the development of Constitutional law as a leading sphere in the system of national law. Hence the numerous constitutional changes in the countries of the region, the constitutional reforms of different grades, which are intensively continued today. The lifestyle liberalization, resolving key property issues, attempts at democratization in Latin America and the Carribien countries took place in different ways, but after the foundations ofpublic law that were borrowed in outline in the USA. Between enshrined key provisions in the Constitutions and the coexistence of essentially diverse mass consciousnesses and aspirations on different 'floors' of the society, has raised multi-dimensional discord, that is emerging from the institutionalization of the liberal-democratic model of the state, generated in the context of understanding freedom as a key concept. Therefore the aspect ofan all-public agreement on coexistence rules does not appear to be fully realized, which gives rise to a search for a constitutional character. The focus remains on the relationship between multiple interests and ideas about the common good, by means of the formation of the general will in the structure and practice of constitutional-democratic regimes. It is inextricably linked to the transformation of the concepts of representation and citizenship. Democratic legitimation is correlated with ideas about the rule of the masses, the will of the majority in the living creation of the norms of life, and with the accompanying active and continuous participation in the political process of large groups, sectors of the population. The constitutional creativity of the countries of the region shows the element of an assertion of messianism, the designation of the special role of the country, its leader, ideology, the Constitution in the processes of historical implementation at the level of regional or the world. This moment of national pride for the country and its contribution to the cultural and civilizational space of history is realized in experimental projects of various expressions. ; В статье предпринята попытка выяснения природы связи циклов экономического развития и особенностей развития политико-правовых процессов в странах Латинской Америки и Карибского бассейна. Подчеркнута важность последствий процессов либеральных реформ в сложившейся традиции сочетания качества социальной жизни и конституционного творчества. Отмечено - общая векторность, динамика, связаны с диссонансами относительно местных акцентов понимания демократии в контексте доминирования представлений о равенстве и справедливости с той содержательной центрированностью понятия свободы, что вслед за либерально-конституционным пониманием демократии была отражена в формально-правовых конструкциях конституционного значения, еще изначально в основе своей заимствованных в США. Пространство стыков взаимодействия интересов значимых для региона элит и надежд большинства местных жителей актуализируют попытки переформатировать положения Конституции в поисках основания для современной модели общественного договора, дополненные поиском форм реализации мессианских назначений в истории. ; Анотація. В статті здійснена спроба з'ясування природи зв'язку циклів економічного розвитку та особливостей розвитку політико-правових процесів в країнах Латинської Америки та Карибського Басейну. Підкреслено значущість наслідків процесів ліберальних реформ в сформованій традиції сполучення якості соціального життя й конституційної творчості. Наголошено - загальна векторність, динамі­ка змін, пов'язані з дисонансами відносно місцевих акцентів розуміння демократії (як демократії участі) в контексті домінування уявлень про рівність і справедливість з тією змістовною центрованістю поняття свободи, що слідом за ліберально- конституційним розумінням демократії було відтворено в формально-правових конструкціях конституційного значення, що в своїй основі ще початково були запозиченими в США. Простір стиків сполучення інтересів значимих для регіону еліт і сподівань більшості місцевих жителів актуалізують намагання переформатувати положення Конституції в пошуках підвалин для сучасної моделі суспільного договору, що є доповненими пошуком форм реалізації месіанських призначень в історії.

We live in an age of the mobile paradigm of anytime/anywhere access, as the mobile device is the most ubiquitous device that people now hold. Due to their portability, availability, easy of use, communication, access and sharing of information within various domains and areas of our daily lives, the acceptance and adoption of these devices is still growing. However, due to their potential and raising numbers, mobile devices are a growing target for attackers and, like other technologies, mobile applications are still vulnerable. Health information systems are composed with tools and software to collect, manage, analyze and process medical information (such as electronic health records and personal health records). Therefore, such systems can empower the performance and maintenance of health services, promoting availability, readability, accessibility and data sharing of vital information about a patients overall medical history, between geographic fragmented health services. Quick access to information presents a great importance in the health sector, as it accelerates work processes, resulting in better time utilization. Additionally, it may increase the quality of care. However health information systems store and manage highly sensitive data, which raises serious concerns regarding patients privacy and safety, and may explain the still increasing number of malicious incidents reports within the health domain. Data related to health information systems are highly sensitive and subject to severe legal and regulatory restrictions, that aim to protect the individual rights and privacy of patients. Along side with these legislations, security requirements must be analyzed and measures implemented. Within the necessary security requirements to access health data, secure authentication, identity management and access control are essential to provide adequate means to protect data from unauthorized accesses. However, besides the use of simple authentication models, traditional access control models are commonly based on predefined access policies and roles, and are inflexible. This results in uniform access control decisions through people, different type of devices, environments and situational conditions, and across enterprises, location and time. Although already existent models allow to ensure the needs of the health care systems, they still lack components for dynamicity and privacy protection, which leads to not have desire levels of security and to the patient not to have a full and easy control of his privacy. Within this master thesis, after a deep research and review of the stat of art, was published a novel dynamic access control model, Socio-Technical Risk-Adaptable Access Control modEl (SoTRAACE), which can model the inherent differences and security requirements that are present in this thesis. To do this, SoTRAACE aggregates attributes from various domains to help performing a risk assessment at the moment of the request. The assessment of the risk factors identified in this work is based in a Delphi Study. A set of security experts from various domains were selected, to classify the impact in the risk assessment of each attribute that SoTRAACE aggregates. SoTRAACE was integrated in an architecture with requirements well-founded, and based in the best recommendations and standards (OWASP, NIST 800-53, NIST 800-57), as well based in deep review of the state-of-art. The architecture is further targeted with the essential security analysis and the threat model. As proof of concept, the proposed access control model was implemented within the user-centric architecture, with two mobile prototypes for several types of accesses by patients and healthcare professionals, as well the web servers that handles the access requests, authentication and identity management. The proof of concept shows that the model works as expected, with transparency, assuring privacy and data control to the user without impact for user experience and interaction. It is clear that the model can be extended to other industry domains, and new levels of risks or attributes can be added because it is modular. The architecture also works as expected, assuring secure authentication with multifactor, and secure data share/access based in SoTRAACE decisions. The communication channel that SoTRAACE uses was also protected with a digital certificate. At last, the architecture was tested within different Android versions, tested with static and dynamic analysis and with tests with security tools. Future work includes the integration of health data standards and evaluating the proposed system by collecting users' opinion after releasing the system to real world. ; Hoje em dia vivemos em um paradigma móvel de acesso em qualquer lugar/hora, sendo que os dispositivos móveis são a tecnologia mais presente no dia a dia da sociedade. Devido à sua portabilidade, disponibilidade, fácil manuseamento, poder de comunicação, acesso e partilha de informação referentes a várias áreas e domínios das nossas vidas, a aceitação e integração destes dispositivos é cada vez maior. No entanto, devido ao seu potencial e aumento do número de utilizadores, os dispositivos móveis são cada vez mais alvos de ataques, e tal como outras tecnologias, aplicações móveis continuam a ser vulneráveis. Sistemas de informação de saúde são compostos por ferramentas e softwares que permitem recolher, administrar, analisar e processar informação médica (tais como documentos de saúde eletrónicos). Portanto, tais sistemas podem potencializar a performance e a manutenção dos serviços de saúde, promovendo assim a disponibilidade, acessibilidade e a partilha de dados vitais referentes ao registro médico geral dos pacientes, entre serviços e instituições que estão geograficamente fragmentadas. O rápido acesso a informações médicas apresenta uma grande importância para o setor da saúde, dado que acelera os processos de trabalho, resultando assim numa melhor eficiência na utilização do tempo e recursos. Consequentemente haverá uma melhor qualidade de tratamento. Porém os sistemas de informação de saúde armazenam e manuseiam dados bastantes sensíveis, o que levanta sérias preocupações referentes à privacidade e segurança do paciente. Assim se explica o aumento de incidentes maliciosos dentro do domínio da saúde. Os dados de saúde são altamente sensíveis e são sujeitos a severas leis e restrições regulamentares, que pretendem assegurar a proteção dos direitos e privacidade dos pacientes, salvaguardando os seus dados de saúde. Juntamente com estas legislações, requerimentos de segurança devem ser analisados e medidas implementadas. Dentro dos requerimentos necessários para aceder aos dados de saúde, uma autenticação segura, gestão de identidade e controlos de acesso são essenciais para fornecer meios adequados para a proteção de dados contra acessos não autorizados. No entanto, além do uso de modelos simples de autenticação, os modelos tradicionais de controlo de acesso são normalmente baseados em políticas de acesso e cargos pré-definidos, e são inflexíveis. Isto resulta em decisões de controlo de acesso uniformes para diferentes pessoas, tipos de dispositivo, ambientes e condições situacionais, empresas, localizações e diferentes alturas no tempo. Apesar dos modelos existentes permitirem assegurar algumas necessidades dos sistemas de saúde, ainda há escassez de componentes para accesso dinâmico e proteção de privacidade , o que resultam em níveis de segurança não satisfatórios e em o paciente não ter controlo directo e total sobre a sua privacidade e documentos de saúde. Dentro desta tese de mestrado, depois da investigação e revisão intensiva do estado da arte, foi publicado um modelo inovador de controlo de acesso, chamado SoTRAACE, que molda as diferenças de acesso inerentes e requerimentos de segurança presentes nesta tese. Para isto, o SoTRAACE agrega atributos de vários ambientes e domínios que ajudam a executar uma avaliação de riscos, no momento em que os dados são requisitados. A avaliação dos fatores de risco identificados neste trabalho são baseados num estudo de Delphi. Um conjunto de peritos de segurança de vários domínios industriais foram selecionados, para classificar o impacto de cada atributo que o SoTRAACE agrega. O SoTRAACE foi integrado numa arquitectura para acesso a dados médicos, com requerimentos bem fundados, baseados nas melhores normas e recomendações (OWASP, NIST 800-53, NIST 800-57), e em revisões intensivas do estado da arte. Esta arquitectura é posteriormente alvo de uma análise de segurança e modelos de ataque. Como prova deste conceito, o modelo de controlo de acesso proposto é implementado juntamente com uma arquitetura focada no utilizador, com dois protótipos para aplicações móveis, que providênciam vários tipos de acesso de pacientes e profissionais de saúde. A arquitetura é constituída também por servidores web que tratam da gestão de dados, controlo de acesso e autenticação e gestão de identidade. O resultado final mostra que o modelo funciona como esperado, com transparência, assegurando a privacidade e o controlo de dados para o utilizador, sem ter impacto na sua interação e experiência. Consequentemente este modelo pode-se extender para outros setores industriais, e novos níveis de risco ou atributos podem ser adicionados a este mesmo, por ser modular. A arquitetura também funciona como esperado, assegurando uma autenticação segura com multi-fator, acesso e partilha de dados segura baseado em decisões do SoTRAACE. O canal de comunicação que o SoTRAACE usa foi também protegido com um certificado digital. A arquitectura foi testada em diferentes versões de Android, e foi alvo de análise estática, dinâmica e testes com ferramentas de segurança. Para trabalho futuro está planeado a integração de normas de dados de saúde e a avaliação do sistema proposto, através da recolha de opiniões de utilizadores no mundo real.

The contribution aims to illustrate the evolution of national and European legislation on the subject of the protection of unaccompanied minors; the effectiveness of the Italian discipline and the French one in a comparative perspective as well as the European strategy are the core of the analysis. The adoption of the Italian Law 7 Aprile 2017 n. 47, so called Zampa Law, represents an important step towards the recognition of a complete protection of migrant child in the national background; the study on the enforcement of the reform will allow the evaluation of the Italian legal system's efficiency. On the other hand, I will analyze the remedies offered by the French system; in this context the regulation concerning children in civil code gets along with different legal source. Particular attention will be paid to the state of art in the European context looking for common rules or guidelines. 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Touzenis, UNESCO 2010. ; Fulchiron H., La circulation des personnes et de leur statut dans un monde globalisé, 2019. ; Fulchiron H., Malaurie P., Droit de la famille, 7 ed., Paris 2020. ; Gelblat A., Medard Inghilterra R., L'interet superieur de l'enfant: radiographie d'une exigence constitutionelle, "La Reveu des droit de l'homme" 2019, 19. ; Giovannetti M., l'accoglienza incompiuta. Le politiche dei comuni italiani verso un sistema di protezione nazionale per i minori stranieri non accompagnati, Bologna 2008. ; Giovannetti M., Percorsi di accoglienza e di esclusione dei minori non accompagnati, "Diritto, Immigrazione e cittadinanza" 2008, 2. ; Guarnier T., La condizione giuridica dei minori stranieri non accompagnati in Italia: inadeguatezze e rischi del sistema di accoglienza, [in:] Temi attuali sui diritti sociali in un'ottica multidisciplinare, M. C. De Cicco, A. 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Problem setting. Latin America and the Caribbean traditionally referred to as a large and ambiguous region in an out-side territorial scientific environment. A whole stratum of problems of identities, peculiarities of self-awareness, civilization affiliations of messianic 'appointments ' in the history of the region and the world, the development of ways of cultural and historical development corresponding to them, the affirmation of the tendencies of state formation is in a scientific researcher focus. Among the many aspects that conceptualize the demandfor research in the region and its implementation, we would like to highlight the following: 1) Latin America and the Caribbean are, to some extent, «a territory of historically significant validation of modern trends» in their speculative lengthening, the field ofdeveloping new ones political and economic novations, including regarding various projections of the correlation of socio-political practices, institutional design and legal technologies, derived from the understanding of nature and the purpose of law. 2) The region 'provides ' a wide range of heterogeneous materials for analytical work, both concatenate-linear in nature, and combining poly-meaningful multidimensionality, multifaceted coexistence of values generated by contemporary media, the glare of meanings, signs, intentions of conscious transformations, random «breakthroughs» of network travel followers. In the discovery literature thatfollows only the analysis of statistical indicators, it is often noted that Latin America and the Caribbean is a region of polarization (the territory of the intersection of different values, gaps traditions, lifestyles, indicators of the difference between the needful and the wealth, the level of concentration of income, manifestations of crime, corruption, etc.). 3) Considering the full amount of opportunities and perspectives available, Latin America in general, in some associative formulation, is clearly «boxing at levels below its weight and its impact on international canvases», that is, there are some reasons for internal and external character that significantly reduce the region's role in the world, affecting accents of processes of political, legal and economic worsen the work «for the common good», underestimate «the bar of tasks and results» do not meet the expectations of the significance of the region.Recent research and publications analysis. The paper uses an interdisciplinary approach involving the research of representatives of various sciences. Concerning the approach to certain aspects of the constitutional process in the countries of Latin America and the Carribien was used the researches of Ukrainian authors Yu. M. Todyka, V. P. Kolisnyk, Yu. G. Barabash, M. P. Orzikh, T. M. Slinko, A. G. Kushnirenko, pertaining to in relation to consideration ofpeculiarities ofdevelopment andfunctioning of the model of the presidential state was launched analytical andfunctionality materials I. V. Protsiuk.On the conceptualization within the political science tradition in connection with the problems of the political regimes, their development in the conditions of conflict of the present, in the face of threats and challenges of a multifaceted nature are included the materials of methodological and theoretical importance M. P. Trebin, I. O. Polishchuk, D. Denisenko, G. M. Kutz, O. A. Fisun, M. A. Polovyi and, in the context of regional- geopolitical dimensions, V. Yu. Karasev. Among the foreign authors on the subject area of the study, we note the conceptual vision of the combination ofeconomic cycles and political and legal processes of the present Daniela Campello, the development of the author of the theory of «path dependence effect» by J. Mahoney and researchers of modifications of the development of neo-patrimonialism in Latin America and Karsten Bachle. Focused on the trends and innovations of the constitutional process in the countries of the region are the scientific orientations of Rogelio Nu'nez and P. I. Kostogryzov. A broad analytical and research base on the transformation of political regimes in Latina America and the Caribbean and the peculiarities ofpolitical processes in individual countries are provided by the works of B. Geddes, G. O'Donnell, L. Diamond, D. Ziblatta, S. Levitsky, Z. V. Ivanovsky, T. A. Vorotnikova, P. P. Yakovlev, D. V. Morozov, and others.Paper objective. The purpose of this work is to find out the broad contexts of the relationship between economic and political and legal processes in Latin America and the Carribien countries with attention to the peculiarities of the rule of law formation. The tasks are to analyze a set of approaches to finding the causes of the difficulties of socio-political and institutional-legal development in the region with the involvement of interdisciplinary scientific experience and to identify some essential features of meaning- forming and socio-constructing phenomena in the contextual contours.Paper main body. One of the options for designating the specificity of the current state of affairs is framed in the concept of the so-called «curse of volatility» - the dependence of local, mainly commodity and export-oriented with low internal economy savings from cycles, fluctuations of the world economy. This dependence is a definite structural factor and has been forming for a long time. Also, macroeconomic indicators within the framework of a certain political economy methodology in the projection for the sum ofpolitical and legal events allow us to see the spread of ideology, whether left or right, the rise of populism, the tendency for further democratization of the way of life or vice versa from democracy, the relative calm of the political process or the turbulence ofpolitical events are, after all, tied to basic economic indicators, and often more or less relevant to us and corresponding to figures about the level of safety of life. The trajectory of development was laid down by some decisions at a time of critical juncture when privatization created the basis of the local economy as a structural part of the world capitalist system with its dynamics of development that facilitated the formatting and reproduction of the reactive sequences caused by different types of liberal reforms.Conclusions of the research. The particular attention in Latin America and the Caribbean countries on the expectations and responsibilities of building the future is focused on the development of Constitutional law as a leading sphere in the system of national law. Hence the numerous constitutional changes in the countries of the region, the constitutional reforms of different grades, which are intensively continued today. The lifestyle liberalization, resolving key property issues, attempts at democratization in Latin America and the Carribien countries took place in different ways, but after the foundations ofpublic law that were borrowed in outline in the USA. Between enshrined key provisions in the Constitutions and the coexistence of essentially diverse mass consciousnesses and aspirations on different 'floors' of the society, has raised multi-dimensional discord, that is emerging from the institutionalization of the liberal-democratic model of the state, generated in the context of understanding freedom as a key concept. Therefore the aspect ofan all-public agreement on coexistence rules does not appear to be fully realized, which gives rise to a search for a constitutional character. The focus remains on the relationship between multiple interests and ideas about the common good, by means of the formation of the general will in the structure and practice of constitutional-democratic regimes. It is inextricably linked to the transformation of the concepts of representation and citizenship. Democratic legitimation is correlated with ideas about the rule of the masses, the will of the majority in the living creation of the norms of life, and with the accompanying active and continuous participation in the political process of large groups, sectors of the population. The constitutional creativity of the countries of the region shows the element of an assertion of messianism, the designation of the special role of the country, its leader, ideology, the Constitution in the processes of historical implementation at the level of regional or the world. This moment of national pride for the country and its contribution to the cultural and civilizational space of history is realized in experimental projects of various expressions. ; В статье предпринята попытка выяснения природы связи циклов экономического развития и особенностей развития политико-правовых процессов в странах Латинской Америки и Карибского бассейна. Подчеркнута важность последствий процессов либеральных реформ в сложившейся традиции сочетания качества социальной жизни и конституционного творчества. Отмечено - общая векторность, динамика, связаны с диссонансами относительно местных акцентов понимания демократии в контексте доминирования представлений о равенстве и справедливости с той содержательной центрированностью понятия свободы, что вслед за либерально-конституционным пониманием демократии была отражена в формально-правовых конструкциях конституционного значения, еще изначально в основе своей заимствованных в США. Пространство стыков взаимодействия интересов значимых для региона элит и надежд большинства местных жителей актуализируют попытки переформатировать положения Конституции в поисках основания для современной модели общественного договора, дополненные поиском форм реализации мессианских назначений в истории. ; Анотація. В статті здійснена спроба з'ясування природи зв'язку циклів економічного розвитку та особливостей розвитку політико-правових процесів в країнах Латинської Америки та Карибського Басейну. Підкреслено значущість наслідків процесів ліберальних реформ в сформованій традиції сполучення якості соціального життя й конституційної творчості. Наголошено - загальна векторність, динамі­ка змін, пов'язані з дисонансами відносно місцевих акцентів розуміння демократії (як демократії участі) в контексті домінування уявлень про рівність і справедливість з тією змістовною центрованістю поняття свободи, що слідом за ліберально- конституційним розумінням демократії було відтворено в формально-правових конструкціях конституційного значення, що в своїй основі ще початково були запозиченими в США. Простір стиків сполучення інтересів значимих для регіону еліт і сподівань більшості місцевих жителів актуалізують намагання переформатувати положення Конституції в пошуках підвалин для сучасної моделі суспільного договору, що є доповненими пошуком форм реалізації месіанських призначень в історії.

"Chronoastrobiology: are we at the threshold of a new science? Is there a critical mass for scientific research?" A simple photograph of the planet earth from outer space was one of the greatest contributions of space exploration. It drove home in a glance that human survival depends upon the wobbly dynamics in a thin and fragile skin of water and gas that covers a small globe in a mostly cold and vast universe. This image raised the stakes in understanding our place in that universe, in finding out where we came from and in choosing a path for survival. Since that landmark photograph was taken, new astronomical and biomedical information and growing computer power have been revealing that organic life, including human life, is and has been connected to invisible (non-photic) forces in that vast universe in some surprising ways. Every cell in our body is bathed in an external and internal environment of fluctuating magnetism. It is becoming clear that the fluctuations are primarily caused by an intimate and systematic interplay between forces within the bowels of the earth - which the great physician and father of magnetism William Gilbert called a 'small magnet' - and the thermonuclear turbulence within the sun, an enormously larger magnet than the earth, acting upon organisms, which are minuscule magnets. It follows and is also increasingly apparent that these external fluctuations in magnetic fields can affect virtually every circuit in the biological machinery to a lesser or greater degree, depending both on the particular biological system and on the particular properties of the magnetic fluctuations. The development of high technology instruments and computer power, already used to visualize the human heart and brain, is furthermore making it obvious that there is a statistically predictable time structure to the fluctuations in the sun's thermonuclear turbulence and thus to its magnetic interactions with the earth's own magnetic field and hence a time structure to the magnetic fields in organisms. Likewise in humans, and in at least those other species that have been studied, computer power has enabled us to discover statistically defined endogenous physiological rhythms and further direct effects that are associated with these invisible geo- and heliomagnetic cycles. Thus, what once might have been dismissed as noise in both magnetic and physiological data does in fact have structure. And we may be at the threshold of understanding the biological and medical meaning and consequences of these patterns and biological-astronomical linkages as well. Structures in time are called chronomes; their mapping in us and around us is called chronomics. The scientific study of chronomes is chronobiology. And the scientific study of all aspects of biology related to the cosmos has been called astrobiology. Hence we may dub the new study of time structures in biology with regard to influences from cosmo-helio- and geomagnetic rhythms chronoastrobiology. It has, of course, been understood for centuries that the movements of the earth in relation to the sun produce seasonal and daily cycles in light energy and that these have had profound effects on the evolution of life. It is now emerging that rhythmic events generated from within the sun itself, as a large turbulent magnet in its own right, can have direct effects upon life on earth. Moreover, comparative studies of diverse species indicate that there have also been ancient evolutionary effects shaping the endogenous chronomic physiological characteristics of life. Thus the rhythms of the sun can affect us not only directly, but also indirectly through the chronomic patterns that solar magnetic rhythms have created within our physiology in the remote past. For example, we can document the direct exogenous effects of given specific solar wind events upon human blood pressure and heart rate. We also have evidence of endogenous internal rhythms in blood pressure and heart rate that are close to but not identical to the period length of rhythms in the solar wind. These were installed genetically by natural selection at some time in the distant geological past. This interpretive model of the data makes the prediction that the internal and external influences on heart rate and blood pressure can reinforce or cancel each other out at different times. A study of extensive clinical and physiological data shows that the interpretive model is robust and that internal and external effects are indeed augmentative at a statistically significant level. Chronoastrobiological studies are contributing to basic science - that is, our understanding is being expanded as we recognize heretofore unelaborated linkages of life to the complex dynamics of the sun, and even to heretofore unelaborated evolutionary phenomena. Once, one might have thought of solar storms as mere transient 'perturbations' to biology, with no lasting importance. Now we are on the brink of understanding that solar turbulences have played a role in shaping endogenous physiological chronomes. There is even documentation for correlations between solar magnetic cycles and psychological swings, eras of belligerence and of certain expressions of sacred or religious feelings. Chronoastrobiology can surely contribute to practical applications as well as to basic science. It can help develop refinements in our ability to live safely in outer space, where for example at the distance of the moon the magnetic influences of the sun will have an effect upon humans unshielded by the earth's native magnetic field. We should be better able to understand these influences as physiological and mechanical challenges, and to improve our estimations of the effects of exposure. Chronoastrobiology moreover holds great promise in broadening our perspectives and powers in medicine and public health right here upon the surface of the earth. Even the potential relevance of chronoastrobiology for practical environmental and agricultural challenges cannot be ruled out at this early stage in our understanding of the apparently ubiquitous effects of magnetism and hence perhaps of solar magnetism on life. The evidence already mentioned that fluctuations in solar magnetism can influence gross clinical phenomena such as rates of strokes and heart attacks, and related cardiovascular variables such as blood pressure and heart rate, should illustrate the point that the door is open to broad studies of clinical implications. The medical value of better understanding magnetic fluctuations as sources of variability in human physiology falls into several categories: 1) The design of improved analytical and experimental controls in medical research. Epidemiological analyses require that the multiple sources causing variability in physiological functions and clinical phenomena be identified and understood as thoroughly as possible, in order to estimate systematic alterations of any one variable. 2) Preventive medicine and the individual patients'care. There are no flat 'baselines', only reference chronomes. Magnetic fluctuations can be shown statistically to exacerbate health problems in some cases. The next step should be to determine whether vulnerable individuals can be identified by individual monitoring. Such vulnerable patients may then discover that they have the option to avoid circumstances associated with anxiety during solar storms, and/or pay special attention to their medication or other treatments. Prehabilitation by self-help can hopefully complement and eventually replace much costly rehabilitation. 3) Basic understanding of human physiological mechanisms. The chronomic organization of physiology implies a much more subtle dynamic integration of functions than is generally appreciated. All three categories of medical value in turn pertain to the challenges for space science of exploring and colonizing the solar system. The earth's native magnetic field acts like an enormous umbrella that offers considerable protection on the surface from harsh solar winds of charged particles and magnetic fluxes. The umbrella becomes weaker with distance from the earth and will offer little protection for humans, other animals, and plants in colonies on the surface of the moon or beyond. Thus it is important before more distant colonization is planned or implemented to better understand those magnetism-related biological-solar interactions that now can be studied conveniently on earth. Thorough lifelong maps of chronomes should be generated and made available to the scientific world. Individual workers should not have to rediscover cycles and rhythms, which can be a confusing source of variation when ignored. By contrast, once mapped, the endpoints of a spectral element in chronomes can serve everybody, for instance for the detection of an elevation of vascular disease risk. Chronomic cartography from birth to death is a task for governments to implement, thereby serving the interests of transdisciplinary science and the general public alike. Governments have supported the systematic gathering of physical data for nearly two centuries on earth in order to serve exploration, trade, and battle on land and on the seas, and indeed agriculture. These government functions have been augmented enormously with satellite technology in more recent decades. The biological comparison with regard to government support and chronomic needs would be the mapping of the human genome. The complete sequences of DNA might have eventually become available due simply to countless individual laboratories publishing piecemeal results in scattered journals. But there would have been enormous redundancy and confusion in assembling and piecing the information together. The waste of time and money involved in the redundancy and confusion would have been considerable. © 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

This paper offers an analysis of the possible COVID-19 post-lockdown effects on the powerful factors that constitute the Italian national interest. The interdisciplinary perspective, being at the base of this study, considers a scenario characterized by three factors: time, budgetary policy, and communication. Since the social post-lockdown crisis began, Italy has been facing a problem of social justice in terms of participation, which is absent for now, especially in the political framework. The policy proposals should take account of unpopular decisions, whereas from a legal and geopolitical perspective it is necessary to have a more defined foreign policy, a clearer Italian positioning concerning international alliances with national interest as a reference point. ; fabio.rattotrabucco@iuav.it ; Fabio Ratto Trabuco – PhD in Constitutional Law, Adjunct Professor in Public Law, University of Venice (Italy). Visiting researcher in several Universities of Central-Eastern EU countries. 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One can note that the issue of children rights has always been topical and while there is still plenty of complex topics to be studied, the author yet invites to return to the basics of the child's rights, and in particularly, to the need to protect the child's identity as a legal value. The purpose of the article, therefore, is to clarify the meaning of the child's right to identity enshrined in the international, and in particularly, the 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child, and according Latvian legislation. With the assistance of a descriptive method in conjunction with a historical method the article marks the historical events of the last quarter of the 20th century leading to formation and contemporary understanding of the right to identity. Historical remarks are followed with a smooth transition into the analysis of the international and Latvian legal framework. The used sources among others include a number of international, European and Latvian legal acts, as well as accessible interpretative manuals, monographs, comments, transcripts and other sources for a better understanding of the contents of the legislation. The named analysis has been performed with the use of legal comparative, systemic and analytical research methods. ; anastasija.jumakova@gmail.com ; Latvijas Universitāte (University of Latvia, Latvia) ; Besson S., Enforcing the Child's Right to Know her Origins: Contrasting Approaches under the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the European Convention on Human Rights, "International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family" 2007, No. 21. ; Blair D.M.B., The Impact of Family Paradigms, Domestic Constitutions, and International Conventions on Disclosure of an Adopted Person's Identities and Heritage: A Comparative Examination, "Michigan Journal of International Law" 2001, Vol. 22. ; Blauwhoff R.J., Foundational facts, relative truths: A comparative law study on children's right to know their genetic origins, Antwerp 2009. ; Cerda J.S., The Draft Convention on the Rights of the Child: New Rights, "Human Rights Quarterly" 1990, vol. 12. ; Cohen C.P., Elasticity of Obligation and the Drafting of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, "Connecticut Journal of International Law" 1987, No. 71. ; Cohen C.P., Introductory Note to the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child. 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Official Journal of the European Union, C 83/289, 30.3.2010. ; European Convention on the Adoption of Children (Revised): https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/rms/0900001680084823 (access: 26.07.2020). ; Council Directive 2004/83/EC of 29 April 2004 on minimum standards for the qualification and status of third country nationals or stateless persons as refugees or as persons who otherwise need international protection and the content of the protection granted. OJ L 304, 30.9.2004. ; Latvijas Republikas Satversme : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 1993. 1.jūlijs, Nr. 43. English translation: The Constitution of the Republic of Latvia: https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/57980-the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-latvia (access: 26.07.2020). ; Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likums : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 1998. 19. jūlijs, Nr.199/200. English translation: Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights: https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/49096-law-on-the-protection-of-the-childrens-rights (access: 26.07.2020). ; Biometrijas datu apstrādes sistēmas likums : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2009. 10. jūnijs, Nr.90/4076. English translation: Biometric Data Processing System Law: https://likumi.lv/ta/en/en/id/193111-biometric-data-processing-system-law (access: 26.07.2020). ; Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā : LR likums. Latvijas Vēstnesis, 2000. 28. marts, Nr.11/112. English translation: Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights. ; Latvijas Republikas Civillikums : LR likums. Valdības Vēstnesis, 1937. gada 20. februāris, Nr. 41; Ziņotājs, 1993. 10. jūnijs, Nr. 22. English translation: The Civil law of the Republic of Latvia: https://likumi.lv/ta/id/90223-civillikums-pirma-dala-gimenes-tiesibas (access: 26.07.2020). ; Likuma "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā" 1. lasījums. Latvijas Republikas 7. Saeimas rudens sesijas vienpadsmitā sēde. Saeimas arhīvs: http://www.saeima.lv/steno/1999/st2810.html (access: 26.07.2020). English translation: The first of review of the law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights". Eleventh sitting of the autumn session of the 7th Parliament of the Republic of Latvia; ; Likuma "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā" 2. lasījums. Latvijas Republikas 7. Saeimas rudens sesijas deviņpadsmitā sēde. Saeimas arhīvs: http://www.saeima.lv/steno/1999/st1612.html (access: 26.07.2020). English translation: The second of review of the law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights". Nineteenth sitting of the autumn session of the 7th Saeima of the Republic of Latvia. ; Likuma "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā" 3. lasījums. Latvijas Republikas 7. Saeimas ziemas sesijas vienpadsmitā sēde. Saeimas arhīvs: http://www.saeima.lv/steno/2000/st0903.html (access: 26.07.2020). English translation: The third of review of the law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Children's Rights". Eleventh Session of the 7th Saeima of the Republic of Latvia ; Saeimas Cilvēktiesību un sabiedrisko lietu komisijas 1999.gada 30. novembra projekts 2. lasījumam "Priekšlikumi likumprojektam "Grozījumi Bērnu tiesību aizsardzības likumā"": http://helios-web.saeima.lv/bin/lasa?LP0381_2 (access: 12.06.2019). English translation: Draft of the Human Rights and Public Affairs Commission of the Parliament of November 30, 1999 for the Second Review "Proposals for the draft law "Amendments to the Law on the Protection of the Rights of the Child"". ; Explanatory Report on European Convention on the Adoption of Children, Treaty Office of Council of Europe: http://www.conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Reports/Html/058.htm (access: 26.07.2020). ; History of Argentina: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Argentina (access: 25.07.2020). ; Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disappearances/Pages/DisappearancesIndex.aspx (access: 25.07.2020). ; 19 ; 1 ; 223 ; 244

Bu çalışmada Orta Asya'da meydana gelen Modernleşme süresi kapsamında bölgede ve Özbekistan'da yaşanan Modernleşme süreci, bu sürecin sebep ve sonuçları incelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda Çarlık Rusyası tarafından bölgeye taşınan Batı tarzı Modernleşmenin Orta Asya/Özbekistan'daki gelişimi, Modernleşmeye verilen tepkiler ve cevaplar, bölgenin Modernleşmeye verdiği cevaplardan birisi olan Ceditçilik Hareketi temel alınarak analiz edilmektedir. Bunu yaparken dönemselleştirmeye gidilmiştir. Orta Asya bölgesi ile Özbekistan'ın ve Modernleşme sürecinin izlediği tarihi seyir Çarlık Rusyası İdaresi, Sovyetler Birliği Dönemi, Bağımsızlık Sonrası Yeni Bağımsız Özbekistan olarak dönemlere ayrılmış ve bu dönemleri incelemek için Ruslaşmak, Sovyetleşmek, Özbekleşmek ve İslamlaşmak isimli dört ana başlık kullanılmıştır. Ancak bu konu başlıkları açıklanmaya çalışılan süreçler tarihi seyir içinde bir arada bulunabildiği için Sovyetleşmek-Özbekleşmek, Özbekleşmek-İslamlaşmak gibi kavram çiftleri türetilmiş ve kullanılma yoluna gidilmiştir. Orta Asya ve Özbekistan'a Batı tarzı Modernleşme Çarlık Rusyası tarafından bu bölgedeki mevcudiyetini desteklemek için getirilmiş ve yönetiminin kalıcı olmasına yardımcı bir araç olarak görülmüştür. Bu yönetimin Orta Asya toplumunun bir kesiminde yarattığı etki Ceditçilik Hareketini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bölgede modernizmin kendisi ve sebep olduğu etkilerle başa çıkabilmek için onun usul ve yöntemlerini kullanmayı ve Modernizmle uyumlu olmayı savunan Ceditçilere tepki gelişmiştir. Bu tepkinin kaynağı olan Muhafazakâr grup-Kadimciler ise çözümün korumacı ve muhafazakâr bir tutum geliştirmekte yattığını savunmuşlardır. Sırasıyla Ceditçilere ve Modernleşmeye ayrıca Çarlık Rusyası ve Sovyet İdaresine tepki olarak Modern olan her şeyin reddini savunmuşlardır. Ancak bu tutumu istikrarlı bir şekilde sürdürmemişler karşı oldukları bu sisteminin sağladığı faydaları kullanma konusunda pragmatik bir tutum takınmışlardır. Buna en güzel örnek II. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasındaki dönemde parti kadrolarında oluşan boşlukların muhafazakârların yoğun olduğu kırsal kesimden gelen gençlere açılmasıdır.Modernleşme taraftarları Ceditçiler arasındaki önemli isimlerden birisi olan İsmail Gaspıralı ve ilk kuşak Ceditçiler Çarlık Rusya'sının bir gün devrini tamamlayıp dağılacağını, bu yüzden de o güne eğitim faaliyetleri yoluyla hazırlanılması gerektiğini savunurken, onlardan sonraki kuşak Ceditçiler ise bu amaçtan uzaklaşmaya ve Çarlık İdaresi içinde hak sahibi olmaya sıcak bakmaya başlamıştır. Bu durum 1917 Ekim Devriminden sonra daha da aleni bir hal alacak, Ceditçilerin bağımsızlık talepleri yerini yeni sistem içinde bir mevki işgal çabalarına bırakacaktır. Ancak bu kuşak daha sonraki yıllarda Sovyet idaresi tarafından yeteri kadar sadık bulunmadıkları için toptan tasfiye edilecektir. Bu tasfiye hareketine devam edilmesine Avrupa'da patlak veren II. Dünya Savaşı engel olmuş, Sovyetler Birliğini Orta Asya ile ilgili planlarını değiştirmeye mecbur bırakmıştır. Sovyetler Birliği kendini Nazi Almanya'sının saldırısından koruyabilmek için Sovyet sistemi yanlısı kadroları savaş meydanında kullanmıştır. Orta Asya ve Özbekistan'da onlardan boşalan kadrolara ise kırsal kesimden gelen eğitimsiz gençleri istihdam etmeye mecbur kalmıştır. İşte bu sayede kırsal bölgeye çekilen ve daha sonraki dönemlerde radikal hareketlerin de temelini oluşturacak olan Kadimci-radikal düşünce ve onun yansımaları devlet bürokrasisi içinde kendine yer bulabilmiştir. İlk olarak Brejnev dönemindeki kısmı gevşemeden yararlanarak varlığını hissettiren radikal hareketler 1991 yılında Sovyetler Birliğinin dağılmasından sonra yeniden gündelik ve siyasi hayatta söz sahibi olmaya çalışacaktır. Ancak bu girişimleri Sovyet Döneminde yetişen ve bağımsızlık sonrasındaki dönemde iktidarda kalmayı başaran Sovyet dönemi bakiyesi yönetici eliti endişelendirmiştir. Bunun sonucunda Özbekistan yönetimi kendisine muhalif gördüğü her şeyi önce baskı altına almayı denemiş daha sonra da ezmeye çalışmış, bunda da büyük oranda başarılı olmuştur. Özbek Devleti ve yönetiminin bu sert ve müsamahasız tutumu ülkedeki ılımlı ve barışçı kanat da dâhil olmak üzere muhalefetin tüm unsurlarının zamanla marjinalleşmesi ve radikalleşmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Özellikle muhafazakâr gruplar içindeki radikal unsurlar Modernizmin ürünü ve yansıması olarak kabul ettikleri ülke yönetimi ve otoriter siyasi sisteme karşı sert bir tutum geliştirme yoluna gitmişlerdir. Gördükleri siyasi-psikolojik şiddetin de etkisi ile ülke muhalefeti ve bunun içindeki radikal unsurlar kendilerinin de Özbekistan'da yaşanan Modernleşme sürecinin bir sonucu olduklarını gözden kaçırır hale gelmiştir.Sonuç olarak birbirlerinden çok farklı gözükseler de, 20. Yüzyıl Orta Asya'sının Modernleşme yanlıları olan Ceditçiler ve onların muhalifi Kadimciler ve bağımsızlık sonrası dönemin radikalleri de dâhil olmak üzere, bahsedilen grupların hepsi Modernleşme sürecinin bir sonucudurlar. İşte bu çalışmada siyasi denklemin farklı taraflarında yer alan bu aktörlerin birbirlerini besleyen ve üreten, değiştirip, dönüştüren bir süreç ortaya çıkardıklarına ve bu sürecin sonucu olduklarına vurgu yapılmaktadır. --- In this doctoral dissertation, the modernization process which Central Asian region and Uzbekistan experienced in the late 19th and early 20th centuries will be discussed under the title of Uzbek Modernization. Tsarist Russia was the agent of Modernization and carried out Western style Modernization version to Central Asia. While Central Asia's indigenous population's response to Modernization occurred as a Jadidism (Usul-u Cedit) movement, which is one of the main components of that Modernization effort, will also be included and examined under the title. The unique Central Asian-Uzbek Modernization experience divided into 4 periods. Those periods are named as follows: Tsarist Russia Administration, Soviet Era, Construction of Uzbek ethnicity and Re-Islamization. But in order to explain the periods, dual concepts like Sovietness-Uzbekness, Uzbekness-Islamizaiton created and used together. Because those social and cultural evaluations can be found together in the same period.Western style Modernization perception was brought to Central Asia by Tsarist Russia to strengthen its presence in that region, and it was accepted as a necessity for the permanent rule in Central Asia. But because of that mandatory regulations opposition to Modernization process starts quickly. Inconvenience from the Modernization led disadvantaged ones look for a possible solution. In search for the possible options there has raised questions about how to recover the lost superiority in the Central Asian region. As in other parts of the world, the effects and reflections of the Modernization process have been experienced in Central Asia and Uzbekistan. The best solution to that unwanted situation, which failed to combat this new political and cultural structure that formed a new world order and reshaped the international space according to its own understanding, was the adoption of the ideas, discourses and methods of Modernization. This process worked similarly also in Central Asia, and a Modernization movement emerged among the Muslims of Russia in order to counter the threat from the Western Civilization and Tsarist Russia, regarded itself as the representative of Modernism in Asia. That unique Muslim modernization movement was called Jadidism.Although there has been a reaction to Jadits-Progressives. The Conservative ones-Kadimciler, argued that in order to avoid the possible damages of the Modernization a protectionist and conservative attitudes must be developed. Central Asian community must be sealed itself from the Modern world and lay in a perfect isolation. Within that context Conservative group advocated a rejection of all the notions of Modernization as a response to Jadids, as well as Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union, respectively. However, the did not maintain this attitude constantly, and they choose to took pragmatic attitude while gathering the benefits of the system, which they opposed.While İsmail Gaspıralı and the first generation of Jadits argued that one day the tsarist Russia would complete its life cycle and fall, so that Muslim Population of Tsarist Russia should be prepared to that situation through educational activities. But the following generations of Jadits began to move away from this aim and choose to have a post in Tsarist Administration bureaucracy. This situation will become more common after the October Revolution of 1917, and Jadits demands of self-determination and autonomy will be abandoned. However, this generation will be liquidated by the Soviet administration in the following years because they were not considered sufficiently loyal enough. That liquidation or Purges interrupted because of the II. World War II in Europe. That Purges forced the Soviet Union to change its plans for Central Asia. In order to protect itself from the attack of Nazi Germany and overcome uneasy situations in the battlefields the Soviet Union wasted its pro-Soviet cadres on the battlefield. The vacant positions form that enlisted cadres were filled with uneducated young people from rural areas in Central Asia and Uzbekistan in order to continue to governmental activities. That's the turning point for the radical thought that were retreat to the countryside and forced to go underground in order to survive. Thus, those radical thoughts which would later become the basis of radical movements, could sweep into state bureaucracy. The intransigent radical thoughts first express their presence during the Brezhnev era, because of the loosening state control and after the independence 1991, they did express their presence in daily life and in political stage more fearlessly and aggressively. However, the remaining Soviet-era ruling elite, that experienced Soviet style state bureaucracy and managed to stay in power in the post-independence period, panicked with the opposition actions. As a result, the Uzbek State administration first tried to suppress the opposition normally, and then crushed them bitterly. This harsh and intolerant attitude of the Uzbek State forced and marginalized the opposing parties. Because of the marginalization some of the strict elements of the opposition, those elements became radicalized. Those radicalized elements adopted a Post Modern attitude towards the authoritarian political system, which they regard it as the product and reflection of Modernism. With the effect of the political-psychological violence, Uzbek opposition groups and its radical elements have missed the point that they're also components and results of the Modernization process in Uzbekistan.As a result, although they appear to be very different from each other, Jadits and Conservatives and the radicals of the post-independence period are all the result of the Modernization process in the region. In this dissertation, it is emphasized that those actors on different sides of the political equilibrium generate a process that feeds and produces, changes and transforms each other and that they are the products of the Modernization epoch.