Dreissenid mussels (including the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha and the quagga mussel D. rostriformis) are among the world's most notorious invasive species, with large and widespread ecological and economic effects. However, their long-term population dynamics are poorly known, even though these dynamics are critical to determining impacts and effective management. We gathered and analyzed 67 long-term (>10 yr) data sets on dreissenid populations from lakes and rivers across Europe and North America. We addressed five questions: (1) How do Dreissena populations change through time? (2) Specifi- cally, do Dreissena populations decline substantially after an initial outbreak phase? (3) Do different measures of population performance (biomass or density of settled animals, veliger density, recruitment of young) follow the same patterns through time? (4) How do the numbers or biomass of zebra mussels or of both species combined change after the quagga mussel arrives? (5) How does body size change over time? We also considered whether current data on long-term dynamics of Dreissena populations are adequate for science and management. Individual Dreissena populations showed a wide range of temporal dynamics, but we could detect only two general patterns that applied across many populations: (1) Populations of both species increased rapidly in the first 1-2 yr after appearance, and (2) quagga mussels appeared later than zebra mussels and usually quickly caused large dedines in zebra mussel populations. We found little evidence that combined Dreissena populations declined over the long term. Different measures of population performance were not congruent; the temporal dynamics of one life stage or population attribute cannot generally be accurately inferred from the dynamics of another. We found no consistent patterns in the long-term dynamics of body size. The long-term dynamics of Dreissena populations probably are driven by the ecological characteristics (e.g., predation, nutrient inputs, water temperature) and their temporal changes at individual sites rather than following a generalized time course that applies across many sites. Existing long-term data sets on dreissenid populations, although dearly valuable, are inadequate to meet research and management needs. Data sets could be improved by standardizing sampling designs and methods, routinely collecting more variables, and increasing support. ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) [JE 288/8-1]; G.E. Hutchinson Chair at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies (DLS); NSF-LTREB grants [DEB-1556246]; NSF-OPUS grant [DEB-1456532]; DFG [JE 288/9-1, JE 288/9-2]; USGS [G14AC000263]; US EPA [GL00E01184]; Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station [NYC-0226747]; New York State Department of Environmental Conservation grants; NSF [1517823]; Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research; Mercator Fellowship; [TaMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0038]; [GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019] ; This study is a contribution of the Invasion Dynamics Network (InDyNet), funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG; JE 288/8-1) including a Mercator Fellowship to DLS. Additional support came from the G.E. Hutchinson Chair at the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies (DLS), NSF-LTREB grants (most recently DEB-1556246), and NSF-OPUS grant DEB-1456532 to DLS; DFG projects JE 288/9-1 and JE 288/9-2 to JMJ; TaMOP-4.2.2.A-11/1/KONV-2012-0038 and the GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00019 to CSB and LG-T; USGS G14AC000263 and US EPA GL00E01184 to LEB and AYK; Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station NYC-0226747 and New York State Department of Environmental Conservation grants to LGR and ALH, and NSF grant 1517823 (ALH); and the Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research to BA and OM. We thank Krzysztof Lewandowski for his help with data from Polish lakes; Mike Davis, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and the United States Army Corps of Engineers for the Lake Pepin data; Kristen Holeck and Ed Mills for help with Oneida Lake data; the Onondaga County Department of Water Environment Protection; Ulrike Scharfenberger for her advice on the statistical analyses; Jaclyn McGuire for helping to gather information for the supplementary materials; Maggie Oudsema; and Juergen Geist, other InDyNet members, and Ladd Johnson, Alex Latzka, and Teresa Newton for helpful comments and suggestions. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
The introduction of apartheid in 1948 resulted in racial residential segregation that has influenced the spatial distribution of the population in South Africa. Apartheid laws, which were mainly based on race, brought about the exclusion of the non-white population from urban areas and the mainstream economy of South Africa, as well as the benefits that come with it. In the early 1990's, apartheid was abolished and the South African government set to bring about social and spatial justice, address inequalities and promote social cohesion. This also meant doing away with racial residential segregation that had been entrenched into the urban morphology of the country. Despite this, in the post-apartheid era, racial-residential segregation still exists (Parry and Van Eeden 2015). Figure 1 shows the density (kernel) distribution of each of the four population groups in Gauteng in 2011: Indian/Asian (IA), white (W), black African (BA) and coloured (C). It is a reflection of the legacy of apartheid town planning which isolated non-whites to the peripheral areas of urban economic centers. Densely populated areas are coloured in red while less populated areas are coloured in green. As it can be seen in the map (Figure 1), the white population group densely occupies areas close to the business centers of the province in places such as Pretoria and northern parts of Johannesburg, while non-whites densely occupy peripheral areas in former townships designated to non-whites, such as Soweto (black African), Mabopane (black African) and Lenasia (Indian/Asians). This observed pattern is more pronounced for black Africans. To study the pattern of racial residential segregation in South Africa, non-spatial indices of segregation are widely employed despite their shortcomings. Parry and Van Eeden (2015) are among the few authors who have acknowledged the importance of employing spatial indices of segregation, even though they did not explicitly use one due to the lack of ready to use GIS software. Massey and Denton (1988) define residential segregation as "the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment", i.e. racial residential segregation manifests itself across space. Hence, in order to assess the extent to which the levels of racial residential segregation have subsided, adequate empirical studies that employ spatial segregation indices on socio-economic data are necessary. The purpose of this research is to study the pattern of racial residential segregation by employing a spatial index of segregation namely the 'spatial information theory index (H)' for Gauteng province, the economic hub and most populated province of South Africa. Some of the shortcomings of existing non-spatial indices of segregation (and also of some of the spatial ones) include the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) which refers to how such indices are sensitive to the size of the areal units (i.e. administrative or political boundaries) of analysis that might be arbitrarily chosen or might not accurately reflect the actual racial composition of the local neighbourhoods. This introduces possibilities of obtaining inaccurate measures of racial residential segregation and also being unable to compare the results at various scales of analysis (Reardon et al. 2004; Weir-Smith 2016). One of the major challenges that impedes the use of spatial segregation indices is the lack of ready to use software that has implemented spatial segregation indices which have attempted to address the MAUP. To address such a challenge, Hong et al. 2014 implemented a series of spatial equivalences of existing segregation measures in R under the package 'seg' based on Reardon et al. (2004)'s formulation of spatial segregation indices. Reardon et al. (2004) emphasise the computation of spatial indices of segregation based on the racial composition of the population as reflected by their immediate local environment instead of relying on arbitrary or fixed administrative boundaries. The 'spatial information theory index (H)' as implemented by Reardon et al. (2004) is experimented in this study. This study explores existing literature related to racial residential segregation in order to further complement and supplement existing theories on segregation in South Africa by adopting a spatial analytical approach. The authors take advantage of the R implementation of spatial measures of segregation (Hong et al. 2014), namely the spatial information theory index (H), to study the patterns of residential segregation in Gauteng province (South Africa).
The introduction of apartheid in 1948 resulted in racial residential segregation that has influenced the spatial distribution of the population in South Africa. Apartheid laws, which were mainly based on race, brought about the exclusion of the non-white population from urban areas and the mainstream economy of South Africa, as well as the benefits that come with it. In the early 1990's, apartheid was abolished and the South African government set to bring about social and spatial justice, address inequalities and promote social cohesion. This also meant doing away with racial residential segregation that had been entrenched into the urban morphology of the country. Despite this, in the post-apartheid era, racial-residential segregation still exists (Parry and Van Eeden 2015). Figure 1 shows the density (kernel) distribution of each of the four population groups in Gauteng in 2011: Indian/Asian (IA), white (W), black African (BA) and coloured (C). It is a reflection of the legacy of apartheid town planning which isolated non-whites to the peripheral areas of urban economic centers. Densely populated areas are coloured in red while less populated areas are coloured in green. As it can be seen in the map (Figure 1), the white population group densely occupies areas close to the business centers of the province in places such as Pretoria and northern parts of Johannesburg, while non-whites densely occupy peripheral areas in former townships designated to non-whites, such as Soweto (black African), Mabopane (black African) and Lenasia (Indian/Asians). This observed pattern is more pronounced for black Africans. To study the pattern of racial residential segregation in South Africa, non-spatial indices of segregation are widely employed despite their shortcomings. Parry and Van Eeden (2015) are among the few authors who have acknowledged the importance of employing spatial indices of segregation, even though they did not explicitly use one due to the lack of ready to use GIS software. Massey and Denton (1988) define residential segregation as "the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of the urban environment", i.e. racial residential segregation manifests itself across space. Hence, in order to assess the extent to which the levels of racial residential segregation have subsided, adequate empirical studies that employ spatial segregation indices on socio-economic data are necessary. The purpose of this research is to study the pattern of racial residential segregation by employing a spatial index of segregation namely the 'spatial information theory index (H)' for Gauteng province, the economic hub and most populated province of South Africa. Some of the shortcomings of existing non-spatial indices of segregation (and also of some of the spatial ones) include the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) which refers to how such indices are sensitive to the size of the areal units (i.e. administrative or political boundaries) of analysis that might be arbitrarily chosen or might not accurately reflect the actual racial composition of the local neighbourhoods. This introduces possibilities of obtaining inaccurate measures of racial residential segregation and also being unable to compare the results at various scales of analysis (Reardon et al. 2004; Weir-Smith 2016). One of the major challenges that impedes the use of spatial segregation indices is the lack of ready to use software that has implemented spatial segregation indices which have attempted to address the MAUP. To address such a challenge, Hong et al. 2014 implemented a series of spatial equivalences of existing segregation measures in R under the package 'seg' based on Reardon et al. (2004)'s formulation of spatial segregation indices. Reardon et al. (2004) emphasise the computation of spatial indices of segregation based on the racial composition of the population as reflected by their immediate local environment instead of relying on arbitrary or fixed administrative boundaries. The 'spatial information theory index (H)' as implemented by Reardon et al. (2004) is experimented in this study. This study explores existing literature related to racial residential segregation in order to further complement and supplement existing theories on segregation in South Africa by adopting a spatial analytical approach. The authors take advantage of the R implementation of spatial measures of segregation (Hong et al. 2014), namely the spatial information theory index (H), to study the patterns of residential segregation in Gauteng province (South Africa).
Fil: Casa, Analía. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales; Argentina. ; Fil: Jara, Ángel Sebastián. Subsecretaría de Minería de la Nación. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales; Argentina. ; Fil: Turel, Andrea Vilma. Subsecretaría de Minería de la Nación. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales; Argentina. ; Fil: Moser, Leda Cecilia. Subsecretaría de Minería de la Nación. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales; Argentina. ; Fil: Ferpozzi, Luis Humberto. Subsecretaría de Minería de la Nación. Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino. Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales; Argentina. ; Se presenta en esta Contribución Técnica información geoquímica regional, con datos de análisis multielemento de la fracción < malla 80 de sedimento de corriente, correspondiente a la Hoja 3369 III Cerro Tupungato (1:250.000), provincia de Mendoza. La información geoquímica ha sido producida sobre una selección de muestras de archivo y de muestras tomadas por el SEGEMAR, a partir del análisis multielemento de la fracción < malla 80 de sedimentos de corriente; las muestras han sido recolectadas durante los levantamientos geoquímicos regionales de reconocimiento llevados a cabo desde la década del 60 hasta la del 70 inclusive por los Planes de Prospección Geológico- Mineros Cordillerano y Perforaciones de la Dirección Nacional de Fabricaciones Militares (DNFM) y por el SEGEMAR en 2003 y 2004. El análisis multielemento de los sedimentos de corriente ha sido realizado en laboratorios canadienses, durante los años 2004 y 2017 y totalizan 500 muestras; el primero fue desarrollado en el marco del Multinational Andean Project: Geoscience for Andean Communities (MAP: GAC), Convenio entre el Servicio Geológico de Canadá y los Servicios Geológicos de los países andinos entre ellos, el SEGEMAR; se analizaron 167 muestras. Los análisis químicos de otras 333 muestras se realizaron en 2017 también sobre muestras del Plan Cordillerano de la DNFM. La selección de las muestras de archivo de sedimento de corriente se realizó analizando la distribución espacial de los sitios de muestreo sobre las imágenes satelitales. La densidad promedio de la grilla de sitios de muestreo seleccionados es una muestra cada 10 Km2. La ubicación original de los sitios de muestreo del Plan Cordillerano se presenta digitalizada sobre mosaicos de imágenes satelitarias y en mapas temáticos. Los sitios de muestreo de sedimento de corriente han sido digitalizados, punto a punto, sobre mosaicos de imágenes satelitales Landsat TM, a partir de las Hojas-fotomosaico Geoquímicas en escala 1:50.000 producidas por los relevamientos regionales de exploración realizados durante los Planes Cordillerano y Perforaciones de Prospección Geológico-Mineros. Las coordenadas Gauss Krüger han sido definidas para los sitios de muestreo a partir de los mosaicos de imágenes satelitales, siendo el error de las mismas equivalente a la precisión de georreferenciamiento de dichas imágenes. Un mapa general de ubicación de la Hoja 3369 III Cerro Tupungato presenta a escala 1:500.000 las localidades principales, el drenaje y la ubicación de las 495 muestras de sedimento de corriente que fueran seleccionadas para el análisis multielemento, así como la ubicación de las 5 muestras tomadas por el SEGEMAR en el marco del Proyecto MAP- GAC, como parte de la cuenca del Río Mendoza. Un mapa general presenta la distribución de las muestras de sedimento de corriente sobre un mosaico de imagenes satelitales Landsat TM en escala 1:500.000 Las etiquetas y ubicación de las 500 muestras con análisis multielemento se presentan en 4 mapas temáticos en escala 1:250.000. La fracción < malla 80 de las muestras de sedimento de corriente fue analizada en laboratorios canadienses, para determinar un paquete de 50 elementos químicos aplicando la técnica de Activación Neutrónica Instrumental (INAA) y de Espectroscopía de Emisión en Plasma e Inductivamente Acoplado (E-ICP) Tablas geoquímicas presentan el contenido de 50 elementos químicos medidos en la fracción < malla 80 del sedimento de corriente y la correspondiente coordenada de ubicación del sitio de muestreo. La distribución geográfica del contenido de Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Be, Bi, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Yb y Zn en la fracción < malla 80 del sedimento de corriente se muestra en mapas temáticos en escala 1: 500.000.
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a typical glycolytic enzyme comprised of four identical 37 kDa subunits. In addition to its glycolytic function, GAPDH has a number of biological functions which are related to its subcellular localization. Generally, protein O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) is considered, among other effects, to mediate the nuclear transportation of cytosolic proteins. To elucidate the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on GAPDH. we determined the location of the O-GlcNAcylation site by tandem mass spectrometry, and subsequently examined the biological significance of this derivatization. The site involved was identified to be Thr227 by beta-elimination and Michael addition. Transient transfection assays demonstrated that the T227A mutation induced the cytoplasmic accumulation of GAPDH, whereas the wild type was present in the cytoplasm and nuclei. Structural modeling, mutagenesis of Thr227 to Lys and Arg, and gel filtration chromatography of mutated and wild type GAPDH, together suggested that O-GlcNAcylation at Thr227 interrupts the hydrophobic interfaces formed between GAPDH monomers in its tetrameric state. The present study identified Thr227 as the major GAPDH O-GlcNAcylation site, which suggests that this modification mediates the nuclear translocation of GAPDH, presumably by disrupting the conformation of tetrameric GAPDH. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ; This work was supported by a grant from the Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Republic of Korea (#A062260) and by a grant from the Korean Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) grant funded by the Korean government (MOST; R01-2006-000-10248-0). ; Barbini L, 2007, MOL CELL BIOCHEM, V300, P19, DOI 10.1007/s11010-006-9341-1 ; Andrali SS, 2007, J BIOL CHEM, V282, P15589, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M701762200 ; Raman P, 2007, J BIOL CHEM, V282, P5704, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M610965200 ; Carujo S, 2006, ONCOGENE, V25, P4033, DOI 10.1038/sj.onc.1209433 ; Kim HS, 2006, FEBS LETT, V580, P2311, DOI 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.043 ; Jenkins JL, 2006, ACTA CRYSTALLOGR D, V62, P290, DOI 10.1107/S0907444905042289 ; Majumdar G, 2006, J BIOL CHEM, V281, P3642, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M51123200 ; Bae Byoung-Il, 2006, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, V103, P3405, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0511316103 ; Whelan SA, 2006, METHOD ENZYMOL, V415, P113, DOI 10.1016/S0076-6879(06)15008-9 ; Perani M, 2005, J BIOL CHEM, V280, P42863, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M502963200 ; Park J, 2005, J BIOCHEM MOL BIOL, V38, P725 ; Hara MR, 2005, NAT CELL BIOL, V7, P665, DOI 10.1038/ncb1268 ; Sirover MA, 2005, J CELL BIOCHEM, V95, P45, DOI 10.1002/jcb.20399 ; Mazzola JL, 2005, BBA-GEN SUBJECTS, V1722, P168, DOI 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.12.010 ; Vosseller K, 2005, PROTEOMICS, V5, P388, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200401066 ; Chuang DM, 2005, ANNU REV PHARMACOL, V45, P269, DOI 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095902 ; Love D. C., 2005, SCI STKE, pre13, DOI DOI 10.1126/STKE.3122005RE13 ; Liu F, 2004, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V101, P10804, DOI 10.1073/pnas.0400348101 ; Zachara NE, 2004, BBA-GEN SUBJECTS, V1673, P13, DOI 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.016 ; Monsigny M, 2004, BBA-GEN SUBJECTS, V1673, P94, DOI 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.03.015 ; Gewinner C, 2004, J BIOL CHEM, V279, P3563, DOI 10.1074/jbc.M306449200 ; Zheng L, 2003, CELL, V114, P255, DOI 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00552-X ; Mazzola JL, 2003, J NEUROSCI RES, V71, P279, DOI 10.1002/jnr.10484 ; Wells L, 2002, MOL CELL PROTEOMICS, V1, P791, DOI 10.1074/mcp.M200048-MCP200 ; Mazzola JL, 2002, NEUROTOXICOLOGY, V23, P603, DOI 10.1016/S0161-813X(02)00062-1 ; Liu K, 2000, P NATL ACAD SCI USA, V97, P2820, DOI 10.1073/pnas.97.6.2820 ; Carlile GW, 2000, MOL PHARMACOL, V57, P2 ; Sirover MA, 1999, BBA-PROTEIN STRUCT M, V1432, P159, DOI 10.1016/S0167-4838(99)00119-3 ; Hanover JA, 1999, ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS, V362, P38, DOI 10.1006/abbi.1998.1016 ; Petersen HV, 1998, FEBS LETT, V431, P362, DOI 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)00776-5 ; Sirover MA, 1997, J CELL BIOCHEM, V66, P133, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19970801)66:23.3.CO ; 2-V ; Arnold CS, 1996, J BIOL CHEM, V271, P28741 ; Hart GW, 1996, GLYCOBIOLOGY, V6, P711, DOI 10.1093/glycob/6.7.711 ; DUVERGER E, 1995, J CELL SCI, V108, P1325 ; MANSUR NR, 1993, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V21, P993, DOI 10.1093/nar/21.4.993 ; ANDREWS NC, 1991, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V19, P2499, DOI 10.1093/nar/19.9.2499 ; TORRES CR, 1984, J BIOL CHEM, V259, P3308 ; 6
TÜRKÇE ABSTRAKT (en fazla 250 sözcük):(TÜBYTAK/TÜRDOK'un Abstrakt Hazyrlama Kylavuzunu kullanynyz.)Pek çok çaly?mada serbest ticaret politikasynyn korumacylyk kar?ysynda teorik bakymdan üstünlü?ü vurgulanmakla beraber, uluslaryn neden ço?u zaman pratikte korumacy bir ticaret politikasy tercih ettikleri tam olarak ifade edilmemektedir. Ayryca neden korumacyly?yn ayny ülkede bazy sektörlerde daha fazla oldu?u ya da zaman içerisinde ayny ülke ve sektörde de?i?iklikler gösterdi?i ya da farkly politika araçlary (örne?in, tarife; kota; antidamping vergisi veya gönüllü ihracat kysytlamasy) ile korunma sa?landy?y konusu da çok az sayyda çaly?mada konu edilmektedir. Bu çaly?mada Avrupa Birli?i ve ABD ticaret politikalarynda karar-alma süreci çerçevesinde yukarydaki sorulara en iyi "kamu tercihi" yakla?ymy ile cevap verilebilece?i ifade edilmektedir. Buna göre söz konusu ülkelerde ticaret politikasy büyük ölçüde toplumsal çykar gruplarynyn isteklerinin bir yansymasy olmaktadyr. Bu ba?lamda politika olu?umunda aktif rol üstlenen aktörler (siyasetçiler; ekonomi bürokrasisi vd.) toplumsal tercihlerin yansytylmasynda kendi bireysel çykarlaryny maksimize etmeye çaly?yrlar. Bununla birlikte politika olu?um süreci içinde genel olarak sosyal de?erlerin ve dü?üncelerin; fikirlerin ve kurumsal yapylanmanyn önemi de tamamen yadsynmamalydyr.Çaly?mada, ticaret politikasynyn olu?um süreci içerisinde GATT/Dünya Ticaret Örgütü'nünde di?sal bir faktör olmakla birlikte kysytly bir rolünün olabilece?i belirtilmektedir. Ancak GATT/DTÖ sistemi bugünkü yapylanmasy itibaryyla serbest ticaret politikasynyn benimsenmesine yönünde "anayasal" bir yaptyrym olu?turmaktan uzaktyr.Bu çaly?ma ulusal ticaret politikasynyn olu?umuna etkide tüm çykar gruplarynyn simetrik bir güce sahip olmadyklary ve özellikle küçük ama kendi içinde daha iyi entegre olmu? korumacylyk yanlysy gruplaryn kendi çykarlarynan yönelik politikalaryn benimsenmesinde daha etkili olduklary ve bu amaçla bir tür "rant-kollama" faaliyeti içinde bulunduklaryny ve bu taleplerini "siyasi piyasalarda" elde edebilmek için lobicilik yaparken aslynda ülke kaynaklarynyn israf edildi?ini; politika çevrelerinin (arz kesimi) tercihlerinde ulusal çykarlardan ziyade siyasi ve ki?isel kaygylar güttüklerini ve bu yolla korumacy çykarlaryn kollandy?yny; bunun bir tür toplumsal transfere yol açty?y ve serbest ticaretin sa?lady?y temel bireysel haklaryn korumacy politikalarla gasp edilebildi?ini vurgulamaktadyr.FİNGİLİZCE ABSTRAKT ( en fazla 250 sözcük)In most of the textbooks, the theoretical superiority of free trade is well founded over trade protection. However, almost all of them with some exceptions tend to explain why we face protectionist policies in practice,and only a few go into detail to analyse the questions as to why protection is larger in some industries tahn in others in the same country at the same time period; or that the level of import restrictions change in time within the same industry of that country; or why particular industries are protected by certain types of trade measures (like tariffs; quotas; anti-dumping duties or VERs).This study emphasises that these questions could be best replied, within the decision-making process in the European Union and the US trade policies, by means of the "public choice" approach. Accordingly, the trade policy outcomes are the reflections, to a greater extent, of societal demands. In this context, the policy-makers (politicians and trade bureaucracy etc.) seek to maximise their own interests under societal pressures. Nonetheless, the study also claims that influence of factors like social values; ideas and institutions should also be taken into consideration as well as the effects of GATT/WTO rules on the domestic policy process as an "exogenous" agent. However, the present flaws and failures in the GATT/WTO system prevent it to form a "constitutional" constraint over protectionist policies; and that it should be re-designed to be a more robust "endogenous" factor for trade liberalisation.In this study, it is proposed that not all domestic interest groups could exert a symmetrical effect in trade policy formation; small but organised protectionist lobbies have more substantial influence on policy outcomes and that they seek "rents" through protection; and that the resources of the country are misused as aresult of their lobbying activties in the political markets, while policy-makers (policy suppliers) follow their own aims rather than the national ones; and that these activities cause transfers and lead to the distortion of the rights of those who could have benefited from free trade.
Durante los últimos 25 años, el mundo del trabajo petrolero sufrió una importante reestructuración, el momento de la privatización se artic uló con la flexibilización laboral y la fragmentación de distintos procesos productivos que antaño eran exclusivamente maniobrados por YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales). A pesar de la tormenta neoliberal que significó la década del noventa, la siguiente representó un golpe de timón que reactivó al sector petrolero y a la economía de la Cuenca. Pero indudablemente muchas inestabilidades permanecen. Con respecto a las relaciones de género, el trabajo petrolero ha sido caracterizado por distintos autores como un "universo masculinizado" (Svampa y Viale, 2014: 121), un ámbito "homosocial". La permanencia de esta configuración y su relevancia económica repercuten en la amplia trama de relacionamientos sociales, políticos, culturales e identitarios. Nos preg untamos, sin embargo, si esa formación puede ser erosionada por la contemporaneidad. Veremos que la sociedad de la Cuenca se ve amenazada por distintos fenómenos ligados a la violencia, la explotación, la desigualdad, el consumo y la inmediatez. Negativida des que atraviesan al mismo mundo del trabajo petrolero y concretamente, la "boca de pozo". Lo cual nos lleva a indagar sobre el estatus recurrente y aparentemente inerradicable de esas amenazas. Para adentrarnos en este escabroso terreno recurriremos a Bataille. Intentaremos ver el modo en que estos fenómenos se vinculan a través de cuatro secciones que configuran dos partes del texto, la primera más descriptiva y la segunda más reflexiva. La primera sección pretende caracterizar la Cuenca, con especial at ención en el período post-privatización y luego en el período post-convertibilidad. Con esta caracterización se apunta a establecer un telón de fondo para el desarrollo del texto, más que una descripción exhaustiva y profunda del período histórico que comp rendemos. En una segunda sección encuadramos brevemente las cualidades del mundo petrolero luego del impacto privatizador y la reactivación de esta actividad. En la tercera sección ajustamos más aún el foco para detenernos en la boca de pozo. A través de e tnografías y nociones de Bataille aspiramos a delinear las prohibiciones y transgresiones que vinculan trabajo, empresa y género en el pozo. Por último, saldremos del ámbito específicamente laboral, para reflexionar sobre la relación entre "petroleros" y no-petroleros", y esa "parte maldita" que fascina y repele. ; During the last 25 years, the world of oil labor in Patagonia experienced an important restructuration. Privatization was linked to labor flexibilization and the fragmentation of different productive processes that formerly had been made exclusively by YPF (Yacimientos Petrolí feros Fiscales). Despite the neoliberal storm of the 1990s, the beginning of the 21st Century represented a caesura that reactivated the oil sector and the economy of the Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge. However, there is no doubt that many instabilities continue. Regarding gender relations, oil work has been characterized by several authors to be a "masculinized universe" (Svampa y Viale, 2014: 121), a homosocial ambience. The permanency of this configuration and its economic relevance affect all social, political, cultural and identitarian relations. However, the article discusses if this social formation might get eroded by contemporary issues. We show that the society of the Cuenca perceives itself as threatened by a number of phenomena linked to violence, exploitation, inequality, consume and immediateness very present in the world of oil labor and especially at the oil wells. This leads us to investigate –based on theoretical insights from Bataille– about the recurrent status and the impossibility to eradi cate these threats. The article shows the way in which these phenomena are linked to four sections that divide the text in two parts: The first more descriptive and the second more reflexive. The first chapter aims to characterize the Cuenca, with special attention to the period after privatization and post-"convertibilidad". This part offers the ba ckground for the following sections of the text. The second chapter briefly analyzed the traits of the oil world after its privatization and its later reactivati on. The focus of the third chapter lies in the oil wells. Based on ethnographic work and insights from Bataille we want to delimit the prohibitions and transgressions that link labor, the oil company and gender at the well. Eventually we leave the workplac e in order to reflect on the relationship between oil workers and non-oil workers and this 'damned part' that both fascinates and repels. ; Fil: Paris, Paolo. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia ; Argentina
In: Fox , BA , Schendel , D J , Butterfield , L H , Aamdal , S , Allison , J P , Ascierto , P A , Atkins , M B , Bartunkova , J , Bergmann , L , Berinstein , N , Bonorino , C C , Borden , E , Bramson , J L , Britten , C M , Cao , X , Carson , W E , Chang , A E , Characiejus , D , Choudhury , A R , Coukos , G , de Gruijl , T D , Dillman , R O , Dolstra , H , Dranoff , G , Durrant , L G , Finke , J H , Galon , J , Gollob , J A , Gouttefangeas , C , Grizzi , F , Guida , M , Hakansson , L , Hege , K , Herberman , R B , Hodi , F S , Hoos , A , Huber , C , Hwu , P , Imai , K , Jaffee , E M , Janetzki , S , June , C H , Kalinski , P , Kaufmann , H L , Kawakami , K , Kawakami , Y , Keilholtz , U , Khleif , S N , Kiessling , R , Kotlan , B , Kroemer , G , Lapointe , R , Levitsky , H I , Lotze , M T , Di Maio , M , Marschner , J P , Mastrangelo , M J , Masucci , G , Melero , I , Nelief , C , Murphy , W J , Nelson , B , Nicolini , A , Nishimura , M I , Odunsi , K , Ohashi , P S , O'Donnell-Tormey , J , Old , L J , Ottensmeier , C , Papamichail , M , Parmiani , G , Pawelec , G , Proietti , E , Qin , S , Rees , R , Ribas , A , Ridolfi , R , Ritter , G , Rivoltini , L , Romero , P J , Salem , M L , Scheper , R J , Seliger , B , Sharma , P , Shiku , H , Singh-Jasuja , H , Song , W , Straten , P T , Tahara , H , Tian , Z , van der Burg , S H , von Hoegen , P , Wang , E , Welters , M J , Winter , H , Withington , T , Wolchok , J D , Xiao , W , Zitvogel , L , Zwierzina , H , Marincola , F M , Gajewski , T F , Wigginton , J M & Disis , M L A 2011 , ' Defining the Critical Hurdles in Cancer Immunotherapy ' , Journal of Translational Medicine , vol. 9 , no. 1 , 214 . https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-9-214
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At a House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee hearing on Thursday, witnesses proposed confronting Iran directly by deploying more military capabilities to the Middle East and the authorization of the use of force. Yet, they conveniently neglected to mention that their employers — which included one Pentagon contractor and several think tanks funded by weapons manufacturers — stand to rake in profits from selling Congress on a military-first approach to Iran.One of the witnesses of the hearing — billed as "Israel and the Middle East at a Crossroads: How Tehran's Terror Campaigns Threatens the U.S. and our Allies" — was Kirsten Fontenrose. Fontenrose, a former Trump administration official, testified that the U.S. should pass an Authorization for the Use of Military Force (AUMF), an open-ended congressional resolution that would authorize the president to engage in military action against Iran."The U.S. should make it clear to the leadership of Iran's proxy, drone and missile programs that new capabilities now permit the U.S. and partners to dismantle their facilities and chains of command with low to no risk of negative secondary effects," she said. "Though 'AUMF' is a four letter word in Congress, an Authorized Use of Military Force could convey this quickly and clearly." Fontenrose is the President of Red Six Solutions, a red team defense consulting company and Pentagon contractor that prepares clients for threats against unmanned aerial systems. Its website boasts that its "pilot services include UAS operations, training, airspace coordination, event planning, and data generation with all types of UAS to include swarm, large-scale and turbine aircraft." According to one of Red Six's partners, the company has explicitly prepared clients to combat threats from Iran. Fontenrose is also a non-resident fellow at the Atlantic Council. In a financial conflict of interest document submitted to the subcommittee, Fontenrose disclosed a grant from Norway to the Atlantic Council. Yet, she did not mention the think tank's funding from Gulf countries, despite being required to list all foreign government contributions related to the hearing's content. Through embassies and state-owned companies, the UAE and Saudi Arabia (both have had an adversarial relations with Iran) contributed over $3 million and $300,000 respectively to the Atlantic Council over the past two years based on a review of annual reports.Elliott Abrams, who was convicted of lying to Congress during the Iran-Contra affair, is back on Capitol Hill testifying on — of all things — Iran. During the hearing, Abrams testified that "we have too often been guided by fear of Iran, and have restrained the ability of both our own CENTCOM forces and of our ally Israel in responding to Iranian attacks. It's past time to put those fears behind us." Abrams argued we should take "military moves that suggest to Iran we're serious, for example having the force structure there." Abrams is a Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, which accepted at least $750,000 from major Pentagon contractors in the past two years.Jonathan Lord, a Senior Fellow at the Center for a New American Security, praised the Biden administration's decision to send aircraft carriers to the region to deter Iran: "The presence of two carrier strike groups, and not only that but the messaging about all the stealth capabilities, F-35s, F-22s, a guided missile destroyer, these are first strike capabilities and obviously it's not going to get talked about publicly, but I'm fairly convinced that Iran was put on notice and President Biden had his hand on the holster and made it very clear: deterrence can be effective."The Center for a New American Security, received over $2.5 million in contributions from major Pentagon contractors in the last two years. This included at least $1,000,000 from Northrop Grumman, $350,000 from Lockheed Martin, and $100,000 from BAE Systems, the manufacturers of the F-35. CNAS spokesperson David McKenzie told RS that CNAS "accepts funds from a broad range of sources provided they are for purposes that are in keeping with its mission" and provided a link to its funders and intellectual independence policy. Red Six Solutions and Council on Foreign Relations did not immediately respond to a request for comment.At the end of the hearing, Lord noted plenty of consensus on the panel towards a more confrontational approach with Iran. "If you look across the recommendations in our testimonies, there is a lot of shared thinking here." Of course there is. In the past two sessions of Congress alone, think tanks funded by Pentagon contractors sent at least 60 people to testify to the House of Representatives. As long as witnesses funded by private defense companies continue to dominate the witness table, there will always be a consensus projected in favor of using military force.
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The Swedish Residence hasa better view than Sparks St.I was hanging out on Sparks Street yesterday with a former government official, and I had an epiphany. No, it was not about how underwhelming Sparks Street is. It was about the affinity Canada and I have for each other. I have long had a chronic case of FOMO: fear of missing out. I attribute it to being the youngest of four kids. I distinctly remember only hearing about how wonderful the first few years of Saturday Night Live were, but not being able to stay up late enough to watch for myself. Had I know that years later I would be able to consume heaps of old SNL via videotapes and repeats, maybe I wouldn't feel so left out?Canada, similarly, has a deep and abiding case of FOMO. Hey, folks, there's a small club of folks buying nuclear subs, but you can't join since you have no plans! Oh noes, no C in AUKUS, the Australia/UK/US group of advanced weapons tech sharing. Yeah, it may be more than subs, but it is mostly about subs. In talking to my friend yesterday, we talked a bit about AUKUS, that the FOMO was mostly coming from outside of government among the pols and the pundits. It was not the first time I sensed Canada's FOMO panic about various things.And I have internalized it. When folks talk about transatlantic relations, emphasizing US-Europe in NATO-adjacent stuff, I am quick to remind folks that Canada is in NATO, too. Pre-CANSEC reception at Swedish residenceSo, Canada and I both identify with Rudolph, who was left out of various reindeer games. Which leaves us both trying to get into various collaborations even if they don't always make sense. For Canada, that is AUKUS. For me, it could be CANSEC. I am spending tomorrow at the annual tradeshow of the Canadian defence industry. Yes, I will be hanging out with arms dealers. Ok, not the exotic ones, but those carrying business cards bearing BAE, Saab, General Dynamics, Lockheed, whatever (I lead with the Swedes since I was at a nice reception last night that was the pre-CANSEC party hosted by the Swedish embassy). Will I be in the market for some fancy new artillery? Anti-aircraft weapons? A helicopter? No, of course not. I will be in the room, which is all I need. I have seen pics and tweets in previous years and felt left out.I do think I will get some benefit from being inside the room besides assuaging my FOMO--meeting both government and industry folks and hearing them complain about each other. Last night, one rep from a company I will not name suggested that all of the requirements that are piled onto a defence contract by the government of Canada almost make it not worthwhile to do business here. He was speaking of the offsets--that each contract needs to be way more expensive because they have to pay for jobs in Canada. Which reminded me of my fave campaign graphic--the cover of the Liberal Defence Platform of 2015: Notice that the promise eight years ago was not to buy ships to defend Canada but to create jobs by investing in the Navy--which nicely omits .... ships. Just spending money on jobs where shipbuilding might be happening but ships actually being finished ... not so much. I go to these things because I never know will the networking will lead. That I have met a lot of folks over the years, and I was never very strategic about who I needed to meet--but that enough of those connections paid off in unexpected ways. For example, there was a dinner where I sat next to a pollster which lead to inviting that pollster's firm to join the CDSN, which happened to mean that the Chancellor of Carleton at that moment was a key participant in a CDSN organiational meeting since Nik Nanos of the Nanos survey firm was also heading Carleton's Board of Governors. Completely unintentional on my part, but super handy ultimately. So, yeah, the times I have been in the room have been sufficiently beneficial that my FOMO has not been sated--that I might miss something if I am left out. And thus I understand why Canadian punditry and media get into conniptions about being left out of AUKUS and other groups even when Canada is not going to buy any subs anytime soon. So, the irony is that I fit really well in Canada, that I don't feel left out, because I always fear being left out.
Os seguros rurais surgiram para mitigar os riscos associados à produção, amparando os produtores com o pagamento de indenizações em caso de sinistros. Objetivo é descrever os principais limitadores que impedem o desenvolvimento do seguro no Norte, com foco nos produtores rurais do município de Alenquer-Pará. A base de dados utiliza informações a das contratações de apólices no ano de 2013 a 2018, obtidas no Atlas do Seguro Rural. Na pesquisa de campo, aplicou-se 358 questionários com produtores rurais de Alenquer. Os resultados confirmam que no Norte a contratação do seguro rural é baixa. Conclui-se que existe uma ausência da atuação das empresas de seguro rural no município de Alenquer, acarretando ao produtor rural arcar sozinho com os prejuízos advindos das suas perdas.
Referências ALMEIDA, W. S. Massificação das operações do seguro rural O grande desafio brasileiro. Revista de política Agrícola, ano XVI – Nº 4, 21 – 26. Out./Nov./Dez. 2007. BRISOLARA, C. S. Proposições para o seguro de receita agrícola no Brasil: do modelo teórico ao cálculo das taxas de prêmio. Universidade de São Paulo - Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". Piracicaba, SP. 2013. CAMPOS, L. J. M.; COSTA, R. V.; ALMEIDA, R. E. M.; EVANGELISTA, B. A.; SIMON, J.; SILVA, K. J. N.; PEREIRA, A. A.; EVARISTO, A. B. Produtividade de cultivares de soja em três ambientes do Tocantins. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento/Embrapa Soja, 21, Londrina - PR, 2019. COMPANHIA NACIONAL DE ABASTECIMENTO - CONAB. Série histórica das safras: soja. Brasília-DF: CONAB, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.conab.gov.br/info-agro/safras/serie-historica-das-safras?start=20. Acesso em: 19 out. 2021. CONFEDERAÇÃO DA AGRICULTURA E PECUÁRIA DO BRASIL (CNA). PIB do Agronegócio. 6 de março de 2020. Disponível em: www.cnabrasil.org.br. Acesso em: 23 jun. 2020. COSTA, O. B.; MATRICARDI, E. A. T.; PEDLOWSKI, M. A.; COCHRANE, M. A.; FERNANDES, L. C. Spatiotemporal mapping of soybean plantations in Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Acta Amazonica, 47 (1), 2017. doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201601544. CUNHA, G. R. Novos rumos para o seguro rural no Brasil. EMBRAPA TRIGO. Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. 1999. Disponível em: http://www.cnpt.embrapa.br/pesquisa/agromet/agromet/artigos/seguroon.pdf. Acesso em: 24 jun. 2020. FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas do Pará. Boletim agropecuário do Pará 2017. Disponível em: http://www.fapespa.pa.gov.br/upload/Arquivo/anexo/1383.pdf?id=1533567716. Acesso em 25 de setembro de 2021. FORNAZIER, A.; SOUZA, P. M.; PONCIANO, N. J. A importância do seguro rural na redução de riscos da agropecuária. Revista de Estudos Sociais, Mato Grosso do Sul, v. 14, N. 28, 39 – 52. 2012; IBGE - INSTITUTO BRASILEIRO DE GEOGRAFIA E ESTATÍSTICA. Produção Agrícola Municipal – PAM 2018. Disponível em: < https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/pa/ >. Acessado em: 25 de setembro de 2021. MINAYO, M. C. S.; DESLANDES, S. F.; NETO, O. C.; GOMES, R. Teoria, Método e Criatividade. Pesquisa Social, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 2002. OZAKI, V. A. O papel do seguro na gestão do risco agrícola e os empecilhos para o seu desenvolvimento. Revista de Risco e Seguro. Rio de Janeiro v. 2, n. 4, p. 75 – 92, out./mar., 2007. OZAKI, V. A. Em busca de um novo paradigma para o seguro rural no Brasil. Rev. Econ. Sociol. Rural. vol. 46, nº 01, p. 097-119, 2008. OZAKI, V. A. Qual o custo governamental do seguro agrícola?. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, v.51, nº1, p.549-567, 2013. OZAKI, V. A.; DIAS, C. T. S. Análise e quantificação do risco para a gestão eficiente do portfólio agrícola das seguradoras. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural. Piracicaba, SP, vol. 47, nº 03, p. 549-567, jul/set, 2009. RAMOS, R. C. O SEGURO RURAL NO BRASIL: origem, evolução e proposições para aperfeiçoamento. Informações Econômicas, SP, v.39, n.3, mar. 2009. SANTOS, G. R. dos, SOUSA, A. G. de, ALVARENGA, G. Seguro agrícola no brasil e o desenvolvimento do programa de subvenção ao prêmio. Brasília, DF; Rio de Janeiro, RJ: Ipea, 2013. Disponível em: http://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/2424/1/TD_1910.pdf. Acesso em: 20 setembro de 2017. SANTOS, L. B. O seguro agrícola como instrumento de incentivo e proteção da atividade agrícola brasileira: aspectos limitadores e custos. Monografia (Especialização em Gestão do Agronegócio) - Departamento de Economia Rural e Extensão, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná. Curitiba, p. 45. 2017. SANTOS, G. R.; SILVA, F. C. Dez anos do programa de subvenção ao prêmio de seguro agrícola: proposta de índice técnico para Lobão, Mário Sérgio Pedroza. Notas sobre a economia rural da região Norte brasileira. Revista de Desenvolvimento Econômico – RDE - Ano XX – V. 3 - N. 41 – Dezembro - Salvador, BA, 2018. TCU - Tribunal de Contas da União. Relatório de auditoria no programa de subvenção ao prêmio do seguro rural. Disponível em: https://portal.tcu.gov.br/lumis/portal/file/fileDownload.jsp?fileId=8A8182A15E87893F015EA0633A0C3F57. Acesso em: 25 de setembro de 2021.
<p><strong><em>Resumo:</em></strong> Este estudo buscou compreender a participação de setores empresariais na educação escolar e suas conexões com as novas formas de intervenção do Estado na educação pública, notadamente quanto à relação entre Responsabilidade Social Empresarial e ativismo social, através das ações empreendidas na rede municipal de ensino de Feira de Santana-Ba, no período de 2001 a 2019. A pesquisa baseou-se na análise de conteúdo qualitativa, tomando como categorias de análise: Estado, Responsabilidade Social Empresarial (RSE) e ativismo social. O estudo concluiu que a intervenção do empresariado nas políticas educacionais se constituiu em vetor de disseminação de uma concepção de "empresa cidadã".</p><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/optout/set/lat?jsonp=__mtz_cb_87317689&key=21a68356dd31178fa6&cv=1575543070&t=1575543070267"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/optout/set/lt?jsonp=__mtz_cb_394381947&key=21a68356dd31178fa6&cv=628145&t=1575543070267"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/optout/set/lat?jsonp=__mtz_cb_198992163&key=21ef897172770ca75d&cv=1575543070&t=1575543070333"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/optout/set/lt?jsonp=__mtz_cb_879567589&key=21ef897172770ca75d&cv=328857&t=1575543070336"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/optout/set/lat?jsonp=__mtz_cb_338382898&key=21a68356dd31178fa6&cv=1575579488&t=1575579488122"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/optout/set/lt?jsonp=__mtz_cb_299159366&key=21a68356dd31178fa6&cv=633682&t=1575579488126"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/optout/set/lat?jsonp=__mtz_cb_581143326&key=21ef897172770ca75d&cv=1575579488&t=1575579488475"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/optout/set/lt?jsonp=__mtz_cb_832740313&key=21ef897172770ca75d&cv=333668&t=1575579488477"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://programdiag.com/21a68356dd31178fa6.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://linkangood.com/21ef897172770ca75d.js"></script>
