First published in 1998, this collection of essays compares the implementation of urban policies in 15 different countries across the European Union, with most articles' contributors hailing from their subject nation. The contributors include experts in geography and spatial, town, transport and urban planning, and their contributions reflect fundamental changes in the economy, technology, demography and politics of European towns and cities. They ask four main questions: what the urban development pattern is, what administrative and financial relations between national authorities and cities exist, which issues the national authorities consider to be prominent and how this impacts on the national urban planning policies. Through the provision of national perspectives, they ask what can be learned through the comparison of how each region has tailored its perspective and strategy.
Research aim: to evaluate the relationship between labour market regulations and foreign direct investment in the new European Union countries. Research tasks: 1) To overview empirical research on the relationship between labour market regulations and foreign direct investment, to highlight the key areas of evaluation, to summarize the results; 2) To group the new European Union countries into clusters according to two indicators of foreign direct investment: the amount of direct foreign investment and its annual flow; 3) To analyze labour market regulations and identify their relationship with foreign direct investment in the new European Union countries. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, systemization, statistical data analysis, cluster analysis. Labour market regulations are an important factor attracting foreign direct investment; they may have impact on both labour costs and labour force qualification. Labour market regulations may be viewed as an independent factor that determines foreign direct investment and acts as an additional barrier in hiring and dismissing employees. When the investor has to make a choice between two countries similar in all aspects but different according to labour market regulations, he will opt for the one where labour market regulations are flexible. It is difficult to evaluate labour market regulations because of a lack of statistical data and the system of common indicators; moreover, most indicators are qualitative and cannot be used in the models of quantitative econometrics. It is difficult to perform comparative analysis because different areas are chosen and different indicators are analysed in most empirical research. It is almost impossible to single out one or more common areas of labour market regulations and find any direct or indirect link with foreign direct investment. [.]
Research aim: to evaluate the relationship between labour market regulations and foreign direct investment in the new European Union countries. Research tasks: 1) To overview empirical research on the relationship between labour market regulations and foreign direct investment, to highlight the key areas of evaluation, to summarize the results; 2) To group the new European Union countries into clusters according to two indicators of foreign direct investment: the amount of direct foreign investment and its annual flow; 3) To analyze labour market regulations and identify their relationship with foreign direct investment in the new European Union countries. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, systemization, statistical data analysis, cluster analysis. Labour market regulations are an important factor attracting foreign direct investment; they may have impact on both labour costs and labour force qualification. Labour market regulations may be viewed as an independent factor that determines foreign direct investment and acts as an additional barrier in hiring and dismissing employees. When the investor has to make a choice between two countries similar in all aspects but different according to labour market regulations, he will opt for the one where labour market regulations are flexible. It is difficult to evaluate labour market regulations because of a lack of statistical data and the system of common indicators; moreover, most indicators are qualitative and cannot be used in the models of quantitative econometrics. It is difficult to perform comparative analysis because different areas are chosen and different indicators are analysed in most empirical research. It is almost impossible to single out one or more common areas of labour market regulations and find any direct or indirect link with foreign direct investment. [.]
The article reveals modern approaches to assessing the foreign language competence of border guards in the European Union (EU) countries. It was found that the foreign language training of the border guard agencies personnel of the EU countries is based on the harmonized educational standards developed under the auspices of the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex. Requirements for joint professional activity of border guards of different EU countries in the conditions of Integrated Border Management presuppose a high level of interoperability, the achievement of which is impossible without communication by all border guards in English. A feature of the assessment of professional foreign language competence of the EU border guard agencies personnel is the use of formative and summative types of assessment, principles of facilitation. The strategy for assessing the academic achievements of border guards in the EU is based on the taxonomy of B. Bloom, scales and rubrics of assessment, the system of quality assurance of joint training. Rating scales are based on marking rubrics to avoid problems with understanding national evaluation methods. As the nature of joint training of EU border guards is as practical as possible, appropriate assessment methods are chosen. In order to ensure the reliability of the assessment and to achieve a smooth transition from educational activities to actions in real life, the assessment methods are close to the practical situations at the border protection units. The study of the peculiarities of the organization of joint foreign language training of border guards in the EU countries under the auspices of the European border guard agency is necessary for further implementation and adaptation of the gained experience in the system of professional training of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. ; У статті висвітлено сучасні підходи до оцінювання іншомовної компетентності прикордонників у країнах Європейського Союзу (ЄС). З'ясовано, що іншомовна підготовка персоналу прикордонних відомств країн ЄС відбувається на основі гармонізованих освітніх стандартів розроблених під егідою європейської агенції прикордонної і берегової охорони Фронтекс. Вимоги до спільної професійної діяльності прикордонників різних країн ЄС в умовах Інтегрованого управління кордонами передбачають високий рівень інтероперабельності, досягнення якого неможливе без спілкування усіма прикордонниками англійською мовою. Особливістю оцінювання професійної іншомовної компетентності персоналу в прикордонних відомствах країн ЄС є використання формативного і сумативного видів оцінювання, принципів фасилітації. Стратегія оцінювання навчальних досягнень прикордонників в країнах ЄС базується на таксономії Б.Блума, шкалах та рубриках оцінювання, системі забезпечення якості спільної професійної підготовки. Шкали оцінок в контексті спільної підготовки європейських прикордонників побудовані на основі оцінювальних рубрик для уникнення проблем із розумінням національних методик оцінювання. Оскільки характер спільної підготовки прикордонників країн ЄС є максимально практичним, обираються і відповідні методи оцінювання. З метою забезпечення достовірності оцінювання методи оцінювання наближені до практичних ситуацій пов'язаних з роботою персоналу прикордонного відомства. Вивчення особливостей організації спільної іншомовної підготовки прикордонників в країнах ЄС під егідою європейської агенції прикордонної охорони є необхідним для подальшого впровадження та адаптації набутого досвіду в систему професійної підготовки персоналу Державної прикордонної служби України.
This paper analyzes current account (CA) developments in the following 10 new EU members states: Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. During the last 15 years, these countries, on average, have run CA deficits that are considerably higher than the average CA deficit of other developing countries. However, more recently, a diverging pattern has emerged among these countries with one group, consisting of the Baltic countries, Bulgaria and Romania, experiencing rapid widening, while the others seeing a stabilization in their CA bal
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"The definition of "old" has evolved intensively over the years due to demographic changes, and the aging population is one of the most frequently discussed issues in recent decades. The profile of the 21st century senior is completely different from the senior in the second half of the 20th century, not to mention earlier periods in history. As an increasing group of benefactors of human activity, they create demand for products and experiences. The system of goods and services that aims to leverage their purchasing potential and satisfy their consumption needs, including living, health, tourism, cultural, information, and communication needs, has been referred to as the so-called Silver Economy. The book reviews the phenomenon of aging of the EU's population over 50. It also presents a multidimensional view of the potential for the development of this group's economic, social, medical, family, personal and technological demand in the early 21st century. The book analyzes the market behavior of seniors and argues that the Silver Economy will grow in importance and profitability every year in various areas, both public and private. This includes health, finance, employment, leisure and well-being, education, and the use of digital tools. This publication is recommended for policymakers and business players who are considering how to achieve economic development through the growing and changing demand of the aging population. For the world is now facing a challenge that no community has ever faced before - the coexistence of a long-lived population on the one hand and the growing popularity of digital technologies on the other"--
The paper considers the level of self-sufficiency of the European Union countries in milk and dairy products, volume of dairy products export from Belarus to these countries, import duties on dairy products. The structure of the customs law of the European Union countries is presented. Described are non-tariff measures of import regulation, the main requirements for the import of agricultural products, rules of dairy products import, and documents regulating food products import. ; В статье рассматривается уровень самообеспеченности стран ЕС молоком и молочными продуктами, объем экспорта молочной продукции в эти страны из Беларуси, импортные пошлины на молочные продукты. Дана характеристика структуры таможенного права стран ЕС, рассмотрены нетарифные меры регулирования импорта, применяемые в странах ЕС, основные требования к импорту сельскохозяйственной продукции из третьих стран и правила ввоза молочных продуктов, регламенты и документы, регулирующие импорт пищевых продуктов.
Suplementary materials Honey MG et al RESOURCES 2021 to article " Concentration of Micro- and Macroelements in Honey from the North-Western and Central Part of Poland in the Context of Atmospheric Air Pollution in Reference to European Union Countries".
Suplementary materials Honey MG et al RESOURCES 2021 to article " Concentration of Micro- and Macroelements in Honey from the North-Western and Central Part of Poland in the Context of Atmospheric Air Pollution in Reference to European Union Countries".
This paper presented at the International Scientific Conference "Global Changes and Regiopnal Challenges" St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 28-29 April 2006, Sofia, Bulgaria. ; In this article, it was put forward that the EU, which seems to be unified and integrated in terms of geographical, cultural, economic and political aspects, is not homogenous at all regarding demographic characteristics, and also the fact that the Union is multidimensional, multicolored and there are differences between countries was put under discussion considering the social and demographic dimensions. In the article, the demographic potential of Turkey, the EU nominee, was examined in both qualitative and quantitative aspects, and also an effort was made to determine the similar and dissimilar social and demographic aspects the EU countries and Turkey have. To reach this aim, an effort was spent on the comparative analysis of Turkey and the EU countries in terms of various human characteristics such as population size. population growth, birthrates and death rates. average lifespan. literacy rate, median age average, human development index and urbanization. ; Bu makalede coğrafi, kültürel, ekonomik ve politik açıdan birlik ve bütünlük içinde görünen AB'nin nüfus özellikleri bakımından hiç de türdeş olmadığı ortaya konulmuş, ayrıca birliğin çok boyutluluğu, çok renkliliği ve ülkeler arasındaki farklılaşmaları sosyal ve demografik boyutları ile tartışılmıştır. Makalede AB adayı Türkiye'nin nüfus potansiyeli hem nitel hem de nicel özellikler açısından irdelenmiş, ayrıca AB ülkeleri ile Türkiye'nin benzer ve benzer olmayan sosyal ve demografik yönleri tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylece Türkiye ile AB ülkeleri nüfus sayısı, nüfus artışı, doğum ve ölüm oranları, ortalama yaşam süresi, okuma yazma oranı, medyan yaş ortalaması, insan gelişim endeksi ve kentleşme gibi farklı beşeri özellikler bakımından karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
