The trading of goods between communities is as old as humanity itself. Trade has shaped civilizations, and along the most important trading routes - such as the Silk Road, the Mediterranean Sea or the transatlantic trade routes - empires were formed. The 20th century has seen the complete globalization of trade and, along with it, an institutional framework that aims to create for it a fair and balanced legal environment. This book aims to provide readers with a comparative analysis of the customs rules of economies that play an important role in global trade. Whereas most publications discuss the legislation of a given country in detail, the approach of this publication is unique. The information it contains provides a useful overview of customs practices in selected countries, serving as a valuable reference tool for customs professionals and finance managers, as well as other professionals interested in the customs implications of trade. The book starts with a general overview of customs-related topics regulated on an international level. This is followed by a practical analysis of the most important customs rules in Brazil, the European Union, India, Japan, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea and the United States. The country chapters adhere to a common outline, allowing easy comparison of topics between countries
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An article published in : Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 25 (7): 1380-1389, 2017 ; This paper tackles the legal and regulatory framework of food security in Palestine. The revision aimed at exploring the subject matter in terms of the acknowledgement level of the concept itself in national legislation; international human rights covenants and comparative law; and analysing the prevailing legal framework and coordination mechanisms among competent authorities to identify the associated shortcomings and gaps and suggest proposals for reform. ; Palestine Economic Policy Research Institute (MAS). World Food Programme and Food Security Sector members.
Examining board: Prof. Fabrizio Cafaggi (Supervisor)-EUI ; Prof. Giovanni Sartor, Marie Curie Professor at EUI ; Prof. Giovanni Comandé, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa ; Prof. José-Luis Pinar Manas, San Pablo-CEU University, Madrid ; Defence date: 9 October 2007 ; First made available online: 19 July 2021 ; L'utilizzo della rete Internet quale mezzo per la commercializzazione di beni e/o di servizi ha richiesto un ripensamento da parte dell'operatore del diritto circa le regole che si applicano alla fase propedeutica alla stipulazione del contratto, dovuto soprattutto alle nuove forme di interazione disponibili per l'utente telematico, che possono portare a nuove condizioni di squilibrio di potere contrattuale fra le parti contraenti. Il momento in cui tali ipotesi possono prospettarsi è in particolare la fase pre-contrattuale, che si estende, nell'ambito telematico, fin dallo svolgimento dell'attività promozionale da parte del prestatore dei servizi della società dell'informazione. L'estensione della fase pre-contrattuale si colloca, infatti, in un processo di contrattualizzazione dell'informazione pre-contrattuale che trova un ulteriore giustificazione tecnica sulla base del mezzo di comunicazione utilizzato, giacché quest'ultimo consente un'immediata e diretta interazione fra i potenziali contraenti, tanto da rendere sempre più raro il momento dedicato alle trattative. Lo strumento prescelto dal legislatore europeo - sulla scia della legislazione consumeristica - per ovviare alle possibili ipotesi di squilibrio contrattuale è stato quello di imporre un dovere di informazione nei confronti della parte contrattuale in condizione di svantaggio, così da consentire a tale soggetto di poter giungere ad una decisione informata in merito alla conclusione del contratto. Il legislatore, tuttavia, ha riunito in un unico strumento dedicato al 'contratto telematico' (la direttiva n. 2000/31/CE sul commercio elettronico) una serie di obblighi informativi che non soltanto differiscono dal tradizionale 'information paradigm' - poiché non legati esclusivamente allo status di consumatore dell'utente telematico - ma individuano anche obiettivi di tutela fra loro diversificati, andando a coprire le ipotesi di lesione della sfera privata dell'utente, la necessità di trasparenza del contratto, ed infine l'educazione dell'utente rispetto al nuovo mezzo di comunicazione da questi prescelto per la contrattazione. L'analisi di queste tre ipotesi proposte dal legislatore comunitario appare dunque interessante sia per valutare la coerenza dello stesso paradigma informativo rispetto a rapporti che non contemplano solo ed esclusivamente il consumatore, sia per comprendere se esso abbia la possibilità di essere efficacemente utilizzato anche per la tutela di interessi che tradizionalmente non sono contemplati nella sua sfera di applicazione.
"Supplement [p.3-48 at end] . present[s] references to current statutory law, to the later court decisions, and to distinctions in the earlier decisions that were not specifically discussed in the original publication." --Foreward for revised issue, dated June 1, 1942. ; Bibliographical foot-notes. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Societies have proscribed bestiality, or sex between humans and nonhuman animals, since the earliest recorded legal codes. In the early American colonies, religious prohibitions against bestiality provided the grounds for punishing those who engaged in such acts. In the 1800′s, Henry Bergh imported the animal welfare approach to the United States, which modernized the legislative treatment of animals in the country. Until recently, however, many laws in the U.S. have been outdated and vague and have utilized moralistic terminology. Since the 1960′s, a growing body of literature has developed suggesting that individuals who harm animals may also interpersonally offend. This concept, known as the Link, has served as a major motivation for advocates to promote new legislation criminalizing bestiality, to modernize old state statutes, and to expand penalties for individuals convicted of having sex with animals. Unfortunately, data supporting the Link between bestiality and interpersonal violence are limited and of questionable generalizability to the broad public. The Link's weaknesses can assist in guiding further research. This article summarizes the history of bestiality law, the current state of bestiality legislation in the United States, the body of Link-related literature on bestiality and interpersonal violence and other problematic sexual behaviors, and the empirical weaknesses and needs revealed by this legislation.
Questionable questions are studied on the annulment of the measure of procedural coercion applied in the form of seizure of property in the event of termination of a criminal proceeding (criminal prosecution) with voluntary compensation for damages caused by a crime. The authors propose to specify the cases in which it is possible to cancel the seizure of property, that is, in case of expiration of the period of detention imposed on the property established by the court, or refusal of extension, as well as in cases of termination of the criminal case (criminal proceedings) and the refusal of the plaintiff of the declared civil claim. Attention is also given to the issues of seizure of property to compensate for moral damage caused by a crime. Based on the results of the consideration of this issue, it is concluded that the use of a measure of procedural coercion in the form of a seizure of property is possible not only for the purpose of compensating for property damage but also to create legal guarantees. Guarantee compensation for moral damage caused by a crime, as specific additions to the current criminal procedure law in Russia are justified.
Against a backdrop of international economic turbulence, China passed the new Foreign Investment Law aiming to boost the trust of international investors. This Perspective highlights its three focal points: the efforts on investment facilitation, the establishment of a National Treatment and Negative List mechanism, and investment protection.
