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Economic crises cause significant shortages in disposable income and a sharp decline in the living conditions, affecting healthcare sector, hitting the profitability and sustainability of companies leading to raises in unemployment. At micro level, these sharp decreases in earnings associated with unemployment and furthermore with the lack of social protection will impact the quality of life and finally the health of individuals. In time of crisis, it becomes vital to support not only the critical sectors of the economy, the assets, technology, and infrastructure, but to protect jobs and workers. This health crisis has hit hard the jobs dynamics through unemployment and underemployment, the quality of work (through wages, or access to social protection), and through the effects on specific groups, with a higher degree of vulnerability to unfavorable labor market outcomes. In this context, providing forecasts as recent as possible for the unemployment rate, a core indicator of the Romanian labor market that could include the effects of the market shocks it becomes fundamental. Thus, the paper aims to offer valuable forecasts for the Romanian unemployment rate using univariate vs. multivariate time series models for the period 2021-2022, highlighting the main patterns of evolution. Based on the univariate time series models, the paper predict the future values of unemployment rate based on its own past using self-forecasting and implementing ARFIMA and SETAR models using monthly data for the period January 2000 - April 2021. From the perspective of multivariate time series models, the paper uses VAR/VECM models, analyzing the temporal interdependencies between variables using quarterly data for the period 2000Q1-2020Q4. The empirical results pointed out that both SETAR and VECM provide very similar results in terms of accuracy replicating very well the pre-pandemic period, 2018Q2–2020Q1, reaching the value of 4.1% at the beginning of 2020, with a decreasing trend reaching the value of 3.9%, respectively, 3.6% at the end of 2022.

The BREXIT verdict has shaken the world economy by and large. There is a lot of uncertainty in UK and EU from economic perspective. Irrespective of the referendum, it is a question mark on the relations between UK and EU. The changes visualized immediately after Britain voted in favor of Brexit, was the currency impact, changes in banking and financial system and skilled labor being affected because of downsizing. Top companies are taking decisions on how to manage the turmoil of this world event. This paper tries to give a bird's eye view on the talent perspective of UK and consequences there on. It rides through some of the issues like global talent issues, talent issues at Britain and its consequences on India too.

This is a 1968 report generated by the Union County (S.C.) Chamber of Commerce and the South Carolina State Development Board to provide potential industrial developers with information about industry in Union County and to promote new development. The report includes detailed statistics and descriptive information about industry in Union County in the form of text statements as well as charts and maps. This information covers, at the county and city levels: community services, public services, local climate, available natural resources, local government, local commerce and financial resources, communications, labor supply, education, taxation information (individual and corporate), utility and transportation availability, fuel supply, local recreation, current industries, and industrial site availability.

Order, Constitutional Guarantees and Structural Unemployment, Starting Points to Think Regulatory Proposals Tending to Increase Employment in Number and Quality. -- Abstract: Faced with a serious and persistent social economic problem such as unemployment, it is proposed to evaluate the viability of a special employment regime for the smallest business units, the micro enterprises, with the aim of encouraging this type of organizations to hire employees when they do not have them or to increase their facilities. For such a proposal, the constitutional rule of equal treatment, the social rights standards derived from art. 14 bis of the National Constitution, the national antecedents in matters of particular labor statutes and the incidence of the registration procedures and management of dependent employment in charge of the employers. Specifically, it seeks to focus on the dramatic situation experienced by hundreds of thousands of inhabitants of the country who suffer the scourge of structural unemployment and whom the legal regime of labor relations in force today does not seem to take into account. ; Fil: Maza, Miguel Ángel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Derecho. Cátedra Derecho del Trabajo y la Seguridad Social. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; Tema: El Derecho del Trabajo en la Actualidad / Adrián O Goldin, coord. -- Sección Doctrina. -- Resumen: Frente a un problema económico social grave y persistente como es el desempleo, se propone evaluar la viabilidad de un régimen especial de empleo para las más pequeñas unidades empresariales, las microempresas, con el objetivo de incentivar a ese tipo de organizaciones a contratar empleados cuando no los tengan o a aumentar sus planteles. Para tal propuesta se analiza la regla constitucional de la igualdad de trato, los estándares de derechos sociales derivados del art. 14 bis de la CN, los antecedentes nacionales en materia de estatutos particulares de trabajo y la incidencia de los trámites de registración y gestión del empleo dependiente a cargo de los empleadores. Especialmente se procura hacer foco en la dramática situación que viven cientos de miles de habitantes del país que sufren el flagelo del desempleo estructural y a los que el régimen jurídico de relaciones laborales hoy vigente no parece tener en consideración.

Ein erheblicher Teil der an- und ungelernten Beschäftigten in Deutschland übt Fachkrafttätigkeiten aus, für die eigentlich ein formaler Berufsabschluss erforderlich ist. Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht vor diesem Hintergrund die Rolle von non-formalen betrieblichen Weiterbildungsaktivitäten für berufliche Aufstiege von An- und Ungelernten im internen Arbeitsmarkt. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Frage nach der Rolle regulierender Strukturen. Ausgehend von der Humankapital- und Filtertheorie sowie dem Labor-Queue-Modell werden Hypothesen zum Einfluss betrieblicher Weiterbildungsaktivitäten auf berufliche Statusveränderungen und Lohnzuwächse von vollzeitbeschäftigten An- und Ungelernten formuliert und mit Linked-Employer-Employee Daten (LIAB) für den Zeitraum von 2005 bis 2010 getestet. Unterschiede der Regulierung des internen Arbeitsmarktes werden bezüglich tariflicher Standards, einer formalisierten Personalarbeit oder Interessenvertretungsstrukturen untersucht. Darüber hinaus wird die Rolle von Betriebswechseln berücksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen positiven Zusammenhang von regelmäßigen betrieblichen Weiterbildungsinvestitionen und beruflichen Statusverbesserungen für An- und Ungelernte, die im Untersuchungszeitraum nicht den Betrieb gewechselt haben ("Stayer"). Dieser ist stärker in regulierten internen Arbeitsmärkten ausgeprägt und geht dort auch eher mit einer höheren Lohnentwicklung einher. Bei einer hohen Weiterbildungsquote von An- und Ungelernten sinken hingegen die Chancen, zur Fachkraft aufzusteigen. Damit ist der berufliche Aufstieg für An- und Ungelernte in den Betrieben erschwert, die in der Weiterbildung dieser Gruppe besonders aktiv sind. Berufliche Statusverbesserungen lassen sich unter diesen Bedingungen eher im Rahmen von Betriebswechseln ("Mover") realisieren. Insgesamt verweist die Untersuchung auf die Wichtigkeit regulierender Strukturen des internen Arbeitsmarktes für den beruflichen Aufstieg von An- und Ungelernten im Rahmen betrieblicher Weiterbildung.

The paper presents empirical evidence on the international effects of US fiscal policy from structural vector autoregressions identified through external instruments in a panel setting for the G7 countries. An exogenous increase in US government spending is estimated to produce sizeable positive responses of output and consumption in the rest of the G7 countries, both about half as large as their domestic US counterparts, while strongly depreciating the US terms of trade and lowering short-run real interest rates. Moreover, fiscal shocks are estimated to have a strongly positive impact on hourly labor productivity in the private sector. We solve a two-country New Keynesian model in closed form and show that a low cost elasticity of varying technology utilization can simultaneously explain the positive productivity, consumption and international spillover effects as well as the real depreciation resulting from expansionary US government spending shocks.

The purpose of this Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) is to identify the most critical development constraints facing Djibouti and how to make growth more inclusive and sustainable while promoting shared prosperity. The findings and recommendations of the SCD are based on analytical work carried out by a World Bank Group team with expertise in macroeconomics and poverty analytics, human capital development and labor markets, infrastructure and private sector development, governance and climate change. The team also undertook consultations with the Government of Djibouti and representatives from civil society, private sector stakeholders and the donor community. The SCD provides analysis and recommendations for policies that the Government might pursue to reduce barriers to inclusive and sustainable growth and achieve its vision of becoming a modern economy and regional hub for trade and logistics, which can create jobs and raise living standards for Djiboutians.

Since 2008, Spain's economy has suffered from an unemployment crisis. In response, voters elevated the Partido Popular (PP) to power in 2011 after becoming frustrated with the Partido Socialista Obrero Español's (PSOE) lack of effective action. However, since the election of 2011, very little has changed in Spain's stagnant economy. Unemployment remains high despite initially promising reforms in Spain's labor market and a bailout for Spain's larger banks in 2012 has done little to bring foreign investment back into the country. In this paper, I contend that the PP's timid response to the unemployment crisis is the result of a conservative ideology among political elites. These elites are empowered to maintain these policies by a weak legislative representation system, rampant conflicts of interest between the government and financial institutions, and pressure by the international community to continue austerity measures without a temporary increase in public spending.

This paper makes two contributions to the literature on the determinants of international migration flows. First, we compile a new dataset on annual bilateral migration flows covering 15 OECD destination countries and 120 sending countries for the period 1980-2006. We also collect data on time-varying immigration policies that regulate the entry of immigrants for our destination countries over this period. Second, we extend the empirical model of migration choice across multiple destinations developed by Grogger and Hanson (2011) by allowing for unobserved individual heterogeneity between migrants and non-migrants. Our estimates show that international migration flows are highly responsive to income per capita at destination. This elasticity is twice as high for within-EU migration, reflecting the higher degree of labor mobility within the European Union. We also find that tightening of laws regulating immigrant entry reduce rapidly and significantly their flow.

In this paper we develop a discrete model of optimal taxation of married couples and empirically discuss the optimality of income taxation for this group. To this end, we derive the social welfare function which guarantees that joint taxation of married couples is optimal. We will contrast this welfare function with the one that makes a system of individual taxation optimal. For the empirical application we use a static structural labor supply model to estimate the preferences of households. We find that the system of joint taxation is only optimal when the government has a high taste for redistribution towards one-earner couples and a very low or even negative taste for redistribution towards couples in which both partners earn a similar amount of income. In contrast, the optimality of individual taxation is less dependent of the working composition within the household.

AbstractGoverning Poverty Amidst Plenty:Philanthropic Investments and the California DreambyErica L. KohlDoctor of Philosophy in EducationUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Harley Shaiken, ChairDescribed as the `New Appalachia,' California's Central Valley ranks number one on the Brookings Institution's American poverty list. In the past two years newspapers ranging from the Los Angeles Times to the Washington Post ran headline stories featuring the Central Valley's dependence on large-scale agriculture and its resulting income stagnation, `brain drain', and deepening poverty and insecurity in isolated migrant farmworker settlements across the region. This dissertation is a historical study of philanthropic interventions into migrant farmworker poverty across California's Central Valley from the 1960's Farm Worker Movement to the present. It explores the ways in which foundation driven programs to address migrant poverty amidst great agricultural wealth manage or `govern' the work of farmworker organizers and institutions across the region. Over the past ten years an unprecedented number of private foundation grants have been made to farmworker organizations across California's Central Valley. While philanthropic investments in migrant institutions have not significantly altered the terrain of farmworker organizing, they have promoted institutional arrangements and theoretical frameworks that contain the work of farmworker organizations and advocates. In this dissertation I specifically interrogate how processes of professionalization and `participatory' ideas promoted through foundations such as self-help, community development, immigrant integration, civic participation, and asset-based community development are negotiated by institutional 'grantees,' and ultimately structure the ways in which historic farm worker movement organizations build institutions and organizing strategies. Through an analysis of archival data and interviews with historic movement leaders and current foundation and nonprofit staff, this dissertation shows how, while philanthropic investments in farmworker communities are greater than ever, regional program managers are more reluctant to address the problems faced by farmworkers such as pesticides poisoning, low wages, and substandard health and housing conditions. The specific `win-win' asset based approach popular with the most recent foundation initiatives facilitates processes that identify the places where growers and workers can work together, avoiding problem-based causes where growers' economic interests may be challenged. Operating under the 'win-win' model, at a time when growers and workers alike are suffering from the financial crisis and drought, advocates find themselves further away from addressing the structural issues of a farm labor system that relies on constant streams of migrant workers from poor pueblos in Mexico. This dissertation contributes to the emerging body of scholarship on philanthropy and social change by complicating arguments that either promote foundations as positive agents of social progress or critique them as monolithic imperialist institutions with clear agendas of co-optation and control. In complicating theories of social control and cooptation, my intention is not to defend private grant making foundations as effective agents of social movements or even to disagree with the ultimate dilution of organizing agendas that foundation grants often initiate. My aim is to encourage scholars and activists to confront the current paradigm where foundations are viewed as unified institutions of power with clearly articulated political agendas of which we have little understanding and therefore no ability to change. Throughout the dissertation, I do this by showing how decisions made between funders and movement leaders are, while not without consequences, often multi-layered and contingent, as opposed to being driven by a single political agenda of cooptation and repression as is now commonly argued. This is the first scholarly work on California foundations, and their relationship to farmworker institutions.

Women who defy societal expectations of femininity have been labeled lesbians, whores, witches, and worse. The pattern recurs throughout American history, from the infamous witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts through the media's demonization of Hillary Clinton. Women who 'act like men,' who speak freely and confidently, especially on political issues, are often perceived with horror, fascination, and hatred. The friction between ladylike behavior and political involvement was especially prevalent during the Progressive Era (1890-1920). It was during this time that women were struggling to break into the public and political arena while still being stifled by pre-Civil War codes of feminine behavior. However, there were a few rare women who were able to shrug off the constraints of societal expectations to become full fledged political figures, equal to their male contemporaries. Mother Jones (August 1, 1837 - November 30, 1930) and Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869- May 14, 1940) broke out of the conventional roles deemed appropriate for women and became activists. Jones focused on worker's rights and child labor. Goldman spoke out on worker's rights, birth control, women's sexual liberation, and anarchism. Their reception was often mixed, some voices praised them and others damned them. Their political activism and rejection of the rules of ladylike behavior earned each of them the title of the "most dangerous woman in America," conferred by the United States government during criminal trials. But was the moniker deserved? Did these women really pose a major threat to the status quo or were they feared because of the larger implications of their disregard for societal expectations of women? To be dangerous during the Progressive Era, one could be a threat to societal values, public policy, or both, and these women-as political 1 activists and as activist women-were certainly a threat to both. And, while there is no scale to measure quantitatively how dangerous each woman was, there is value in comparison. By profiling Jones and Goldman side-by-side, one may hope to begin to decipher why they earned the label "the most dangerous woman in America." How did they differ? Jones and Goldman made very different lifestyle choices that would influence their public personas, creating two very distinct role models. Each handled their womanhood differently, and met with different results. What made them similar? Both women believed in the necessity of violence and employed similar resistance strategies, and they were incarcerated on numerous occasions. As for their ultimate effectiveness, Jones was successful in many of her activist goals, while Goldman met with disappointments and deportation. Goldman, however, endured to become a posthumous icon for the women's movement of the latter half of the twentieth century. This comparison will also show that the successes and failures of each woman were intricately tied to their gender. If Jones and Goldman had been men, they would not have been as dangerous or as effective. It was their rejection of the rules of ladylike behavior that made them shocking and gained them notoriety. Ladies of the Progressive Era did not support violence, did not march in the street, and certainly did not get arrested. Moreover, by studying Jones and Goldman, one may get a better understanding of the influence of societal expectations of gender that are still present today, powerfully influencing both the way women behave publicly and the way the public perceives this behavior.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal identificar las variables que explican por qué los Centros de Rehabilitación Laboral (CRL) para personas con enfermedad mental grave y duradera de la Comunidad de Madrid consiguen tasas de inserción sociolaboral cercanas al 50%, siendo un colectivo que presenta unas tasas de desempleo superiores al 80%. La metodología empleada en la investigación del recurso (documental, cualitativa y cuantitativa) demuestra que estos resultados son posibles gracias a la conjunción de varios elementos: financiación sostenible, método de trabajo, fuerte liderazgo político, trabajo con el tejido empresarial (presentando a las empresas, perfiles profesionales basados en un certero análisis de las competencias), trabajo en red, plazo de intervención marcado por la persona y la composición de los equipos multiprofesionales, entre otros factores. ; This article aims to identify the variables that explain why the Vocational Rehabilitation Centres (CRL) for people with severe and enduring mental illness of the Madrid get labor insertion rates close to 50 %, with a group that presents rates unemployment above 80%. The methodology used in the investigation of the resource (documentary, qualitative and quantitative ) shows that these results are possible thanks to the combination of several elements: sustainable financing, method of work and strong political leadership and work with the business community. This work is able to present the professional profiles companies based on a sound analysis of the skills and talents of its people served. More than half of employment intermediated by this resource belongs to standard companies. Other factors that explain these results are: networking, the term care is marked by the person or the composition of the multidisciplinary teams.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal identificar las variables que explican por qué los Centros de Rehabilitación Laboral (CRL) para personas con enfermedad mental grave y duradera de la Comunidad de Madrid consiguen tasas de inserción sociolaboral cercanas al 50%, siendo un colectivo que presenta unas tasas de desempleo superiores al 80%. La metodología empleada en la investigación del recurso (documental, cualitativa y cuantitativa) demuestra que estos resultados son posibles gracias a la conjunción de varios elementos: financiación sostenible, método de trabajo, fuerte liderazgo político, trabajo con el tejido empresarial (presentando a las empresas, perfiles profesionales basados en un certero análisis de las competencias), trabajo en red, plazo de intervención marcado por la persona y la composición de los equipos multiprofesionales, entre otros factores. ; This article aims to identify the variables that explain why the Vocational Rehabilitation Centres (CRL) for people with severe and enduring mental illness of the Madrid get labor insertion rates close to 50 %, with a group that presents rates unemployment above 80%. The methodology used in the investigation of the resource (documentary, qualitative and quantitative ) shows that these results are possible thanks to the combination of several elements: sustainable financing, method of work and strong political leadership and work with the business community. This work is able to present the professional profiles companies based on a sound analysis of the skills and talents of its people served. More than half of employment intermediated by this resource belongs to standard companies. Other factors that explain these results are: networking, the term care is marked by the person or the composition of the multidisciplinary teams.

__Abstract__ This dissertation bundles three empirical studies in the area of corporate finance and banking. These studies investigate corporates' financing activity with a special focus on the interaction between the banking industry and corporate borrowers. By showing how changes in the banking industry affect firms' financing decision and performance, this dissertation highlights the important role of the banking industry in shaping the real economy in a world of market friction in place. Chapter 2 asks the question whether and how government interventions in the U.S. banking sector have benefited the U.S. corporate borrowers during the financial crisis of 2007-2009. We focus on firms' stock performance and find that government capital infusions in banks have a significantly positive impact on borrowing firms' stock returns. Chapter 3 looks into firm's bond maturity dispersion activity and the impact on firms' funding liquidity. We find that larger, more leveraged, less profitable, growth-oriented, and non-bank dependent firms exhibit the largest maturity dispersion of outstanding bonds. We further find that more bond maturity dispersion results in higher funding availability and lower funding costs. The effects are stronger for firms that face more funding liquidity risk. Chapter 4 investigates whether labor market frictions in the target market influence the mode in which out-of-state banks enter the new market following the U.S. interstate banking deregulation and consequently affect local economic activity. The result shows that banks enter new markets by establishing new branches after the relaxation of non-compete enforcement in the target market, while they enter by acquiring incumbent banks' branches after the enforcement becomes restrictive in the target market. Interestingly, only bank entries via new branches significantly increase bank competition, improve the availability of credit to small businesses, and facilitate economic growth.