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During her early career Piama Gaidenko was a subtle and erudite interpreter of 19th century German philosophy, primarily of Fichte. Her turn to philosophy and the history of science occurred rather by chance, when in 1969 she became a staff member of the Institute of the History of Science and Technology. Still became one of the leading historians of scientific thought, displaying high stan­dards of skill and professionalism to succeeding generations. P.P. Gaidenko is es­pecially remembered for her works on philosophical and scientific programs of Antiquity and Modernity. Since the 1990s she has also been actively address­ing the topic of religious – primarily Christian – premises for the development of scientific thought. Her work is an example of a philosophical (or conceptual) history of science that looks not at the social and material conditions for the de­velopment of scientific practice, but at the general ideas about matter, motion, and the methods of their knowledge incorporated into scientific theories. Often, within this approach, the researcher uses historical material to illustrate general theses about the course of scientific progress. We will consider the application of this approach on the example of P.P. Gaidenko's works on the formation of the modern science.

AbstractEthical concerns associated with social science research are heightened in conflict-affected environments, due to increased insecurity and the vulnerability of many research participants. This article considers some of the main challenges faced by researchers in conflict-affected environments and how they can be addressed, focusing in particular on ethical and security challenges. It also considers other challenges, which are often overlooked, such as the epistemological and methodological challenges of acquiring knowledge in conflict-affected environments, where research participants may be from different cultures, may speak different languages, and may be deeply traumatized and distrustful of others. In such places, research participants may employ techniques to assuage or discourage the researcher, including projecting borrowed narratives or remaining silent. This article argues that navigating security and ethical challenges, attending to issues of power, and remaining genuinely self-reflective can help fulfill the optimal potential of research in conflict-affected environments, which is to challenge narratives that perpetuate conflict, harm, and insecurity and to contribute to a better understanding and, thus, response to the challenges of conflict and peacebuilding.

The term "undone science" refers to absences of scientific research that social movement and other civil society organizations find when attempting to make epistemic claims in the political field. The existing literature has identified various pathways for addressing the knowledge needs of civil society organizations, including asking elected and appointed political leaders to shift funding priorities and directly seeking support and partnerships with scientists. Here, a third pathway is identified and explored: civil society organizations that have the resources to fund their own research. A sample of such "civil society research" from large, mainstream, U.S. environmental organizations demonstrates that although the large organizations do engage in such research, most of it is not published in peer‐reviewed journals. The peer‐reviewed research is found almost exclusively in large preservation and conservation organizations that have staffs of scientists. Most of the other research reports are oriented toward documenting environmental problems and providing policy and management solutions. The research is highly applied and does not represent fundamental contributions to large mainstream scientific fields. Comparisons with civil society research in the author's previous research projects on religion, health, and economic development are discussed to assess applicability of the concept for other sociological subfields.

Disability support systems have undergone significant changes in contexts of rapid neoliberalisation. Services that were once provided or commissioned by the state are now increasingly delivered on an individual basis, through cash budgets and other forms of 'individualised funding' (IF). These changes have been driven by both state and non-state advocates of a greater role for markets in the provisioning of welfare, as well as significant sections of the disability rights movement. While these are widely recognised as part of a global process of market-oriented state restructuring, a lacuna exists in the critical literature in regard to the international diffusion of IF models. This study addresses this gap though a cross-national investigation of IF as an object of neoliberal policy mobility. The study traces the movement and mutation of IF in and between England, Scotland and Australia, and explains how and why it has proliferated in the ways that it has. I highlight IF's inherent spatial, relational and political character, and the ways it has moved and mutated between countries, deploying a policy mobilities approach as a theoretical point of departure. These themes are explored empirically through a methodology of following the policy through global networks and identifying the key players involved in its dissemination. To follow the policy, I developed a multi-site extended case study design, comprising three key sites of policy adaptation: England, Scotland and Australia. Through analysis of documentary materials and 30 semi-structured interviews with civil society actors, disability movement actors and policy makers, the thesis maps the spread of IF models through transnational networks. It highlights the ways in which networks actors themselves are embedded within, and conditioned by, global and national webs of norms, ideologies and structural constraints.The thesis finds that the variety of actors involved in the transnational diffusion of market-based models is much wider than is often acknowledged. In addition to state and commercial actors, social movements and transnational advocacy networks also play an important role in shaping and at times facilitating neoliberal policy mobility, even where this is not necessarily their intention. Such diffusion is always mediated by the national institutional contexts, political economies and path dependencies encountered, which modify the form, if not the substance, of IF regimes targeted at the disability sector.

Disability support systems have undergone significant changes in contexts of rapid neoliberalisation. Services that were once provided or commissioned by the state are now increasingly delivered on an individual basis, through cash budgets and other forms of 'individualised funding' (IF). These changes have been driven by both state and non-state advocates of a greater role for markets in the provisioning of welfare, as well as significant sections of the disability rights movement. While these are widely recognised as part of a global process of market-oriented state restructuring, a lacuna exists in the critical literature in regard to the international diffusion of IF models. This study addresses this gap though a cross-national investigation of IF as an object of neoliberal policy mobility. The study traces the movement and mutation of IF in and between England, Scotland and Australia, and explains how and why it has proliferated in the ways that it has. I highlight IF's inherent spatial, relational and political character, and the ways it has moved and mutated between countries, deploying a policy mobilities approach as a theoretical point of departure. These themes are explored empirically through a methodology of following the policy through global networks and identifying the key players involved in its dissemination. To follow the policy, I developed a multi-site extended case study design, comprising three key sites of policy adaptation: England, Scotland and Australia. Through analysis of documentary materials and 30 semi-structured interviews with civil society actors, disability movement actors and policy makers, the thesis maps the spread of IF models through transnational networks. It highlights the ways in which networks actors themselves are embedded within, and conditioned by, global and national webs of norms, ideologies and structural constraints.The thesis finds that the variety of actors involved in the transnational diffusion of market-based models is much wider than is often acknowledged. In addition to state and commercial actors, social movements and transnational advocacy networks also play an important role in shaping and at times facilitating neoliberal policy mobility, even where this is not necessarily their intention. Such diffusion is always mediated by the national institutional contexts, political economies and path dependencies encountered, which modify the form, if not the substance, of IF regimes targeted at the disability sector.

Die demokratische Öffnung Brasiliens hat nicht einen Prozeß breiter Massenmobilisierung eingeleitet, sondern die Macht der herrschenden Klassen noch verstärkt. Der Klientelismus, die Privatisierung öffentlicher Güter sowie die Diskriminierung des ärmsten Teils der Bevölkerung wurden forciert. Die soziale Krise hat das Selbstbild der Sozialwissenschaften in Frage gestellt. Gefordert wird die Abkehr vom "engagierten Intellektuellen" zum professionell arbeitenden Wissenschaftler