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After the economic shock in 2009, the European Union (EU) changed its economic governance system considerably. The question is how social policies fare within this new system. Does stricter economic governance limit the sovereignty of states to deal with social risks? To answer this question, the article determines the nature of the EU's stricter economic governance package and explains how the interconnection between coordination mechanisms brings employment and social policy areas within the range of strengthened economic coordination. The article combines an analysis of new regulations with a study of the actual interaction between the EU and seven member states in 2011. It concludes that stricter economic governance gives the EU options to also strengthen employment and social policy coordination. Yet, the policy response of seven member states shows that there is leeway still in reacting to new EU demands.

This paper studies the possibility of using financial regulation that prohibits the use of money substitutes as a tool for mitigating the adverse effects of deviations from the Friedman rule. When inflation is not too high regulation aimed at eliminating money substitutes improves welfare by economizing on transaction costs. The gains from regulation depend on the distribution of income and the level of direct taxation. The area under the demand for money curve is equal to the welfare cost of inflation only when there are no direct taxes and no proportional intermediation cost: otherwise, the area under the demand curve overstates the welfare cost of inflation when money substitutes are not important and understates the welfare cost when money substitutes are important.

This groundbreaking book shows how major shifts in federal policy are spurring local public housing authorities to demolish their high-rise, low-income developments, and replace them with affordable low-rise, mixed income communities. It focuses on Chicago, and that city's affordable housing crisis, but it provides analytical frameworks that can be applied to developments in every American city. ""Where Are Poor People to Live?"" provides valuable new empirical information on public housing, framed by a critical perspective that shows how shifts in national policy have devolved the U.S. welfar

Includes 1st report issued in summary format, Jan. 8, 1958 and the accompanying: Report to the Legislative Committee to Visit State Institutions, Jan. 15, 1958. ; WI docs no.: CLN S.1:1955-1975 ; At head of title 1972-1973: Special report. ; 1971 report has Addendum. ; Report period ends June 30 (varies 1957-67). ; Includes 1st report issued in summary format, Jan. 8, 1958 and the accompanying: Report to the Legislative Committee to Visit State Institutions, Jan. 15, 1958. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Resumes: Biennial report of the Southern Wisconsin Colony and Training School, 1924-36.

AbstrakKonstitusi hijau (green constitution) menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara yang memiliki konsekuensi yuridis konstitusional di dalam UUD 1945 untuk menerapkan prinsip-prinsip ekokrasi, yakni setiap kebijaksanaan atau pembangunan di bidang perekonomian selalu memerhatikan lingkungan hidup di segala sektor, termasuk kehutanan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan pilar-pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) secara seimbang demi menyejahterakan rakyat. Objek kajian ini adalah putusan MK No. 35/PUU-X/2012 dengan subjek hukumnya masyarakat adat yang telah dilanggar hak konstitusionalnya. Masyarakat hukum adat memiliki kearifan lokal (local wisdom) tersendiri dalam upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup atas sumber daya alam hutan adat, sehingga negara wajib melindungi dan bertindak sebagai fasilitator masyarakat hukum adat untuk mengelola hutan adatnya sendiri. Tujuan dari pengkajian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis konsistensi kewenangan negara atas doktrin welfare state atau negara kesejahteraan dalam pengelolaan hutan negara dengan kewenangan masyarakat adat dalam pengelolaan hutan adat berdasarkan kajian socio-legal atau hukum dalam fakta sosial atas putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Penulis menggunakan metodologi berdasarkan pengkajian putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, dengan menelaah aspek socio-legal dalam putusan ini. Selain itu, bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder sebagai pijakan yuridis normatif dan studi kepustakaan sebagai kerangka teori. Hasil kajian ini terungkap bahwa terdapat hubungan antara hak menguasai negara dengan hutan negara, dan hak menguasai negara terhadap hutan adat. Terhadap hutan negara, negara mempunyai wewenang penuh untuk mengatur dan memutuskan persediaan, peruntukan, pemanfaatan, pengurusan serta hubungan-hubungan hukum yang terjadi di wilayah hutan negara. Adapun hutan adat, wewenang negara dibatasi sejauhmana isi wewenang yang tercakup dalam hutan adat. Hak pengelolaan hutan adat berada pada masyarakat hukum adat, namun jika dalam perkembangannya masyarakat hukum adat yang bersangkutan tidak ada lagi, maka hak pengelolaan hutan adat jatuh kepada Pemerintah. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah hak menguasai negara dimaknai sebagai kewenangan dan kewajiban negara untuk mengelola sumber daya alam hutan dengan tujuan kesejahteraan masyarakat, termasuk masyarakat adat, sehingga negara berfungsi sebagai fasilitator.AbstractGreen constitution placed Indonesia as a country that has a constitutional juridical consequences constitution in 1945 to apply the principles of ecocracy, that is any wisdom or development in the field of economy always looking environment in all sectors, including forestry. It aims to implement the pillars of sustainable development in a balanced manner for the sake of welfare of the people (society). The study object is the Constitution Court decision No. 35/PUU-X/2012 with indigenous people's subject his constitutional rights. Indigenous and tribal peoples have local wisdoms of its own in the protection and management of natural resources of indigenous forest, so that the state shall protect and act as facilitators of indigenous communities to manage their own indigenous forests. The purpose of this study are to examine and analyze the consistency of state authority over the doctrine of welfare state in the management of state forest with indigenous authorities in the indigenous forest management based on socio-legal study of the Constitutional Court's decision. The author uses a methodology based on assessment of the Constitutional Court decision, by examining the socio-legal aspects of this decision. In addition, primary legal materials and secondary legal materials as a normative foundation and the study of literature as a theoretical framework. The results of this study revealed that is a relationship between the state is the state forest, and the state is customary forests. To the state forest, the state has full authority to organize and decide the inventory, allocation, utilization, management, and legal relations that occur in the forest region of the country. The indigenous forests, state authority is limited extent authorized content covered in indigenous forest. Indigenous forest management rights of indigenous communities, but if the development of indigenous communities in question no longer exists, then the rights of indigenous forest management falls to the Government. The conclusion is the state is interpreted as the authority and duty of the state to manage forest resources with the goal of public welfare, including indigenous peoples, so that the state serves as a facilitator. Unity traditional communities (indigenous peoples) are part of the eco-system of indigenous forest resource contains the values of local wisdom which has the right to manage indigenous forest, without the intervention of the state or private ; Konstitusi hijau (green constitution) menempatkan Indonesia sebagai negara yang memiliki konsekuensi yuridis konstitusional di dalam UUD 1945 untuk menerapkan prinsip-prinsip ekokrasi, yakni setiap kebijaksanaan atau pembangunan di bidang perekonomian selalu memerhatikan lingkungan hidup di segala sektor, termasuk kehutanan. Hal ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan pilar-pilar pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development) secara seimbang demi menyejahterakan rakyat. Objek kajian ini adalah putusan MK No. 35/PUU-X/2012 dengan subjek hukumnya masyarakat adat yang telah dilanggar hak konstitusionalnya. Masyarakat hukum adat memiliki kearifan lokal (local wisdom) tersendiri dalam upaya perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup atas sumber daya alam hutan adat, sehingga negara wajib melindungi dan bertindak sebagai fasilitator masyarakat hukum adat untuk mengelola hutan adatnya sendiri. Tujuan dari pengkajian ini adalah untuk menguji dan menganalisis konsistensi kewenangan negara atas doktrin welfare state atau negara kesejahteraan dalam pengelolaan hutan negara dengan kewenangan masyarakat adat dalam pengelolaan hutan adat berdasarkan kajian socio-legal atau hukum dalam fakta sosial atas putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Penulis menggunakan metodologi berdasarkan pengkajian putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi, dengan menelaah aspek socio-legal dalam putusan ini. Selain itu, bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder sebagai pijakan yuridis normatif dan studi kepustakaan sebagai kerangka teori. Hasil kajian ini terungkap bahwa terdapat hubungan antara hak menguasai negara dengan hutan negara, dan hak menguasai negara terhadap hutan adat. Terhadap hutan negara, negara mempunyai wewenang penuh untuk mengatur dan memutuskan persediaan, peruntukan, pemanfaatan, pengurusan serta hubungan-hubungan hukum yang terjadi di wilayah hutan negara. Adapun hutan adat, wewenang negara dibatasi sejauhmana isi wewenang yang tercakup dalam hutan adat. Hak pengelolaan hutan adat berada pada masyarakat hukum adat, namun jika dalam perkembangannya masyarakat hukum adat yang bersangkutan tidak ada lagi, maka hak pengelolaan hutan adat jatuh kepada Pemerintah. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah hak menguasai negara dimaknai sebagai kewenangan dan kewajiban negara untuk mengelola sumber daya alam hutan dengan tujuan kesejahteraan masyarakat, termasuk masyarakat adat, sehingga negara berfungsi sebagai fasilitator.

Academic literature on elder care examines the quality of care, the structure of services, and the role of non-professional care. While fairly universal across developed countries, the cultural and social welfare contexts vary suggesting cross-country differences in how these issues are understood and addressed. The media both reflects and shapes what people regard as significant and is, therefore, one place to examine cross-cultural differences in approaches to care; however, studies that compare the discourse across countries with different social welfare structures are almost non-existent. In this study, we analyze print media published in four major newspapers in Finland and the United States. Using quality of care, structure of services, and non-professional care as our guiding framework, we conducted a thematic analysis of news reports, feature stories, and editorials published during May-June 2015 and March-April 2016. Quality of care was the most common theme in Finnish media with a focus on: 1) harmful or dangerous care practices, 2) neglect or lack of care, and 3) care falling behind set quality requirements. Despite the differences in the welfare regime, cost of care to the individual was a common theme in both countries as was a focus on increasing home care and informal care. There are weak signals in both countries of innovations that co-mingle aspects of informal and formal care such as intergenerational housing, employment opportunities for older adults, and co-locating day care and adult day care centers. These tend to be based on local initiative rather than strategic, governmental planning.

The last decades represented a severe strike to the public management model associated to the Welfare State. Different pressures from economics, financial, politics and ideological sources motivated the appearance of the so called New Public Management (NPM). Hood (1991) and Pollitt (1990) point out that the NPM introduced market type mechanisms, the adoption of private management practices, competition among public services, all of this with the specific goal to manage a better public service for the citizens and to raise efficiency and flexibility in public management. Osborne e Gabler (1992) argue that the NPM provides similar services to that delivery by the Welfare State, but it seeks to do it with new actors. It opened the public administration to private and third sector agents and promoted public-private and public-public parternership, creating a network of organizations responsible for public services delivery. All these changes, at government level, ended spreading themselves into the reform's agenda in the Local Government. Following the analysis made by Fenwick, Shaw and Foreman (1994), in Westminster countries the changes occured, by the introduction of the Compulsory Competitive Tendering and the Best Value program. In Portugal, which follows a Continental Model, the political and administrative system imposed barriers that made it difficult for such management reforms to take place. Recently, however, with the creation of public local enterprises we can speak of management changes. Until then the main issue was a progressive but careful decentralization from central to local government. This paper is a case study carried out in the Districts of Vila Real and Bragança which analyses the changes in Local Government caused by the creation of Municipal Enterprises. The main focus is to analyse how these changes can be interpreted through the bias of the New Public Management. It aims to understand and to analyze local services delivering through the Municipal Enterprises, in order to grasp how New Public Management influences a continental administrative system organised under a traditional bureaucracy (Araújo, 2002). The analysis draws on a case study undertaken on the 26 municipalities belonging to the Districts of Vila Real and Bragança. These districts, whose total population is about 367 825 habitants, are located in the North East of Portugal. Data was collected from interviews and a survey administered from August to December of 2004 to 26 City Councils and 7 Municipal Enterprises, where we asked about the use of market type mechanism, management changes, the establishment of new local structures and the new type of relationships and co- ordination with local government. The survey was directed to Mayors and top civil servants in the municipalities.

Public Interest Litigation was a revolutionary innovation which attempt to ensure implementation of rescue programme, framed for the benefit of the needy. In India the Judicial Scenario changed during the 1980s when the apex court allowed anybody with sufficient public interest to approach the court and request to enforce any public right or welfare scheme. It also compelled the government and its authorities to perform their task and for this revolutionary action, Justice P.N. Bhagwati & Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer have played a play role in promoting the avenue of approaching the apex court of the country, seeking legal remedies in area where public interests tare at state. PIL is an Innovative step towards Judicial Activism, and also it is an inexpensive legal remedy for those people who are poor, weak, helpless but still there is no awareness or less awareness about judicial activism through PIL in the society. So by this research paper I want to spread awareness. My Aim behind this is to give information to every people whose fundamental rights, Human rights, religious rights etc. are affected. My Aim behind this is to think the people of the society that; The Doctrine of Locus Standi and The Doctrine of the Natural Justice is still alive.