Suchergebnisse

У статті розглянуто теоретичні засади та особливості реалізації макропруденційної політики центрального банку як засобу підтримання фінансової безпеки держави. Зазначено, що фінансова система чинить вагомий вплив на фінансову безпеку держави. Визначено основні цілі державного фінансового регулювання. Охарактеризовано цілі діяльності макропруденційного регулятора та інструменти, які знаходяться в його арсеналі. Досліджено використання інструментів макропруденційного регулювання в економіці України. Проаналізовано динаміку індикаторів фінансової стійкості, які НБУ використовує для оцінки виникнення фінансового ризику. Досліджено вплив основних інструментів макропруденційної політики на параметри економічної системи. Визначено основні негативні чинники, які впливають на фінансову безпеку держави. Досліджено іноземний досвід щодо регулювання фінансової системи. Встановлено особливості у застосуванні інструментів макропруденційного регулювання у вітчизняній економіці. Наведено можливі шляхи вдосконалення політики Національного банку України. ; The article deals with the theoretical principles and peculiarities of the macroprudential policy of the central bank of the country as a means of maintaining financial security of the state. In the modern world, when the economic frontiers of the states are erased, the issue of maintaining financial security becomes particularly relevant. It is noted that the financial system has a significant impact on the financial security of the state. Ensuring the sustainability of the financial system is one of the priorities of the central bank policy. The main goals of the state financial regulation are determined. The objectives of the macroprudential regulator and the tools that are in its arsenal are described. The use of instruments of macroprudential regulation in the Ukrainian economy and the effectiveness of their application is explored. The macroprudential policy of the central bank has a significant impact on the economic and social processes in the country. The actions of the central bank in the field of financial and credit regulation affect the level of inflation and GDP, volumes of savings, consumption, lending to the economy, economic growth and increased business activity in the country. The dynamics of indicators of financial stability, which the NBU uses to assess the emergence of financial risk, is analyzed. The influence of the main instruments of macroprudential policy on the parameters of the economic system is investigated. It is also important to ensure the interaction of the National Bank as the main conductor of macroprudential policy with other authorities, as well as international financial and regulatory organizations. The NBU has in its arsenal sufficient macroprudential tools to ensure economic growth, but it is important for them to clearly structure and determine the role of each in the monetary policy of the National Bank in the context of European integration processes. The main negative factors influencing financial security of the state are determined. Foreign experience in regulating the financial system has been researched. The peculiarities in application of instruments of macroprudential regulation in the domestic economy are established. Possible ways to improve the policy of the National Bank of Ukraine are presented.

BACKGROUND: Current World Health Organization recommendations for the management of malaria include the need for a parasitological confirmation prior to triggering appropriate treatment. The use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for malaria has contributed to a better infection recognition and a more targeted treatment. Nevertheless, low-density infections and parasites that fail to produce HRP2 can cause false-negative RDT results. Microscopy has traditionally been the methodology most commonly used to quantify malaria and characterize the infecting species, but the wider use of this technique remains challenging, as it requires trained personnel and processing capacity. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the feasibility of an on-line system for remote malaria species identification and differentiation has been investigated by crowdsourcing the analysis of digitalized infected thin blood smears by non-expert observers using a mobile app. METHODS: An on-line videogame in which players learned how to differentiate the young trophozoite stage of the five Plasmodium species has been designed. Images were digitalized with a smartphone camera adapted to the ocular of a conventional light microscope. Images from infected red blood cells were cropped and puzzled into an on-line game. During the game, players had to decide the malaria species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium knowlesi) of the infected cells that were shown in the screen. After 2 months, each player's decisions were analysed individually and collectively. RESULTS: On-line volunteers playing the game made more than 500,000 assessments for species differentiation. Statistically, when the choice of several players was combined (n > 25), they were able to significantly discriminate Plasmodium species, reaching a level of accuracy of 99% for all species combinations, except for P. knowlesi (80%). Non-expert decisions on which Plasmodium species was shown in the screen were made in less than 3 s. CONCLUSION: These findings show that it is possible to train malaria-naïve non-experts to identify and differentiate malaria species in digitalized thin blood samples. Although the accuracy of a single player is not perfect, the combination of the responses of multiple casual gamers can achieve an accuracy that is within the range of the diagnostic accuracy made by a trained microscopist. ; M.L. held a postdoctoral Fellowship of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (FPDI-2013-16409) and holds a grant from the Spanish Society of Hematology and Hemotherapy. This work was supported by the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (COOP-XVII-02), Spain's Science, Innovation & Universities Ministry (TEC2015-66978-R), Madrid Regional Government (TOPUS S2013/MIT-3024), the CDTI NEOTEC SNEO-20171197 grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, the European Regional Development Funds, Amazon Web Services, Fundación Renta Corporación and Ashoka. ISGlobal is a member of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Sí

Dyslipidemia and statin use have been associated with colorectal cancer (CRC), but prospective studies have shown mixed results. We aimed to determine whether dyslipidemia is causally linked to CRC risk using a Mendelian randomization approach and to explore the association of statins with CRC. A case-control study was performed including 1336 CRC cases and 2744 controls (MCC-Spain). Subjects were administered an epidemiological questionnaire and were genotyped with an array which included polymorphisms associated with blood lipids levels, selected to avoid pleiotropy. Four genetic lipid scores specific for triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), or total cholesterol (TC) were created as the count of risk alleles. The genetic lipid scores were not associated with CRC. The ORs per 10 risk alleles, were for TG 0.91 (95%CI: 0.72-1.16, p = 0.44), for HDL 1.14 (95%CI: 0.95-1.37, p = 0.16), for LDL 0.97 (95%CI: 0.81-1.16, p = 0.73), and for TC 0.98 (95%CI: 0.84-1.17, p = 0.88). The LDL and TC genetic risk scores were associated with statin use, but not the HDL or TG. Statin use, overall, was a non-significant protective factor for CRC (OR 0.84; 95%CI: 0.70-1.01, p = 0.060), but lipophilic statins were associated with a CRC risk reduction (OR 0.78; 95%CI 0.66-0.96, p = 0.018). Using the Mendelian randomization approach, our study does not support the hypothesis that lipid levels are associated with the risk of CRC. This study does not rule out, however, a possible protective effect of statins in CRC by a mechanism unrelated to lipid levels. ; This work was supported by the 'Acción Transversal del Cancer', approved by the Spanish Ministry Council on the 11th October 2007, by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, co-founded by FEDER funds –'a way to build Europe' [grants PI08/1770, PI08/0533, PI08/1359, PI09/00773, PI09/01286, PI09/01903, PI09/02078, PI09/01662, PI11/01403, PI11/01889, PI11/00226, PI11/01810, PI11/02213, PI12/00488, PI12/00265, PI12/01270, PI12/00715, PI12/00150, PI14/01219, PI14/00613, PI17/00092 and PI15/00069]. Support was also provided by the Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla (grant API 10/09]; the Junta de Castilla y León [grant LE22A10-2]; the Consejería de Salud of the Junta de Andalucía [2009-S0143]; the Conselleria de Sanitat of the Generalitat Valenciana [grant AP 061/10]; the Recercaixa [grant 2010ACUP 00310]; the Regional Government of the Basque Country; the Consejería de Sanidad de la Región de Murcia; European Commission grants FOOD-CT-2006-036224-HIWATE; the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) Scientific Foundation; the Catalan Government DURSI [grants 2017SGR723 and 2014SGR850]; the Fundación Caja de Ahorros de Asturias; the University of Oviedo; Societat Catalana de Digestologia; and COST action CA17118 Transcoloncan. ISGlobal and IDIBELL are members of the CERCA Programme, Generalitat de Catalunya. ; Sí

The purpose of the study is to find ways of overcoming the etatistician legal tradition of regulating human rights in Ukraine in relation to the rights of the nation and the people. The contradictions between the articles of the Constitution of Ukraine on a person and his rights with his articles on restriction of human rights are revealed; between articles about the Ukrainian people and articles about the nation and national interests. The causal relationship between the positivist understanding of law as established and regulated by the state and the practice of legal regulation of human rights, the nation and the people as subjective objects, and not the natural subjects of civil society and the state - theirs, is investigated. servant. Alternative legal regulation based on the dialectic of the individual (person), special (nation), general (people) with the defining role of the people in the law, which includes not only legislation, but also norms of morality, customs, traditions, treaties, is argued. The ideological extremes of legal regulation are criticized: the hypertrophy of anthropocentrism and the sovereignty of the people. The key importance of the elimination of poverty of the people and the creation of a majority of middle-class middle-class majority for the achievement of the main goal of legal regulation of human rights, nation and people – to ensure their freedom is substantiated. As a result of the study, conclusions are drawn: on the advisability of adopting an official legal doctrine in Ukraine on the basis of modern European law of understanding as a source of law; on scientific development of subjects of non-state legal regulation; on amendments to the Constitution of Ukraine regarding the relation between the concepts of nations and peoples and the possibility of limiting a person not in rights, but in their implementation; on the criteria for the equitable legal regulation of mutual human rights, the nation and the people: its fullest endorsement by the majority of these entities as equal in their rights on the basis of the widest consensus between them throughout Ukraine and its individual regions and a steady tendency to increase the middle class in composition people.Key words: legal regulation, etatism, anthropocentrism, human rights, people, nations. ; Мета дослідження – пошук шляхів подолання етатистської правової традиції правового регулювання прав людини у їх співвідношенні з правами націй та народу. Аргументується альтернатива, основана на діалектиці одиничного (людина), особливого (нація), загального (народ) з визначальною роллю народу щодо права, яке включає до свого змісту не тільки законодавство, але й норми моралі, звичаїв, традицій, договорів. Обґрунтовується ключове значення ліквідації бідності людей і створення в складі народу більшості середнього класу для досягнення головної мети правового регулювання прав людини, націй і народу – забезпечення їх свободи.Ключові слова: правове регулювання, етатизм, антропоцентризм, права людини, нації, народу.

Starting from 18 October 2018, public procurement procedures with a value equal to and exceeding the amounts specified in the secondary legislation issued pursuant to Article 11 (8) of the Public Procurement Law (i.e. above the so-called EU thresholds) are covered by the obligation of full electronic communication between the contracting authority and economic operators. Currently, a tender (or an application to participate in the procedure) in a procedure above the EU thresholds, to be valid, must be submitted only in electronic form (and not in paper form) and signed with a qualified electronic signature. The new legal situation resulted in the need to employ, both by economic operators and contracting authorities, new IT tools allowing them to achieve compliance in this regard. Meanwhile, many economic operators, especially medium and small ones, have not had sufficient IT infrastructure (especially software) as well as sufficient knowledge of the ways and methods of electronic preparation and implementation of public procurement processes. A provisional way to implement new solutions is to provide the miniPortal for e-Procurement, which allows for the safe submission of a tender or application for participation in proceedings and statements, including a European Single Procurement Document compliant with the requirements laid down in both the EU law and national law. However, this tool poses many technical problems, causing a number of disruptions in the public procurement process. The publication contains information stemming from the author's and other practitioners' direct observation of the communication between parties in the public procurement process. ; Począwszy od 18 października 2018 r. w postępowaniach o zamówienie publiczne o wartości równej i przekraczającej kwoty określone w przepisach wykonawczych, wydawanych na podstawie art. 11 ust. 8 Prawa zamówień publicznych (czyli powyżej tzw. progów unijnych), obowiązuje pełna elektroniczna komunikacja pomiędzy zamawiającym a wykonawcami. Obecnie ofertę (lub wniosek o dopuszczenie do udziału w postępowaniu) w postępowaniu o wartości powyżej progów unijnych składa się, pod rygorem nieważności, wyłącznie w postaci elektronicznej (a nie papierowej) i opatruje kwalifikowanym podpisem elektronicznym. Nowy stan prawny spowodował konieczność skorzystania przez wykonawców, lecz także zamawiających, z nowych narzędzi informatycznych umożliwiających spełnienie wymogów w tym zakresie. Tymczasem wielu wykonawców, zwłaszcza tych średnich i małych, nie posiadało i nadal nie posiada dostatecznej infrastruktury informatycznej (zwłaszcza oprogramowania) oraz wystarczającej wiedzy o sposobach i metodach elektronicznego przygotowania i realizacji zamówień publicznych. Doraźnym sposobem służącym wdrożeniu nowych rozwiązań jest udostępnienie miniPortalu e-Zamówień, pozwalającego na bezpieczne złożenie oferty lub wniosku o dopuszczenie do udziału w postępowaniu oraz oświadczeń (w tym jednolitego europejskiego dokumentu zamówienia) zgodnych z wymogami przewidzianymi w prawie zarówno unijnym, jak i krajowym. Narzędzie to sprawia jednak wiele problemów natury technicznej, co powoduje szereg perturbacji w procesie zamówień publicznych. Niniejsze opracowanie zawiera informacje wynikające z bezpośredniej obserwacji komunikowania się stron w zamówieniach publicznych dokonanej przez autora oraz innych praktyków w tej dziedzinie.

The article is dedicated to the study of the legal system, which is one of the basic theoretical concepts of the contemporary legal studies. The concept of legal system has been in focus of a number of studies in different legal disciplines, from the theory of law and state to classical international law. However, the multi-functional use of this concept as well as diverse approaches to its understanding from the perspective of different schools of legal thinking reaffirms the need for the continuation of the discussion as for the essence of this concept with the particular focus on the possibility to utilize this concept and the term with regards to the law of the European Union.The article provides the analysis of this concept from the perspective of three different scientific approaches: comparative legal studies, international law, and general theory of state and law. It refers to a diverse number of research papers, including both the works of classical scientists in the area of state and law and the innovative researchers of recent years.As the result of the analysis the article offers a number of conclusions. First of all, it reaffirms the idea of the potential possibility to use the concept of the legal system with regards to both national and international law, despite the differences existing between these systems. Second, the principal structural elements of the "legal system" concept are identical for both cases. These elements are law (or the system of law), legal practice, institutional and psychological components. Third, the provided analysis offers the ground for the determination of the essence of the theoretical concept "legal system" via the analysis of the four mentioned principal structural elements. In its turn, this provides theoretical basis for the analysis of other inter-state legal systems, which are different from both national and international law. ; Статья посвящена изучению концепции правовой системы, которая является одной из базовых теоретических категорий современной правовой науки. Предлагается анализ указанной концепции с позиции трех разных научных подходов: сравнительного правоведения, международного права и общей теории государства и права. Основным выводом является тезис о принципиальной возможности использования концепта «правовая система» как по отношению к национальному, так и к международному праву. При этом состав принципиальных структурных элементов теоретического концепта «правовая система» является идентичным в обоих случаях. К таким элементам следует отнести право (или систему права), юридическую практику, институциональную и психологическую составляющие. ; Статтю присвячено розгляду концепції правової системи як однієї з базових теоретичних категорій сучасної правової науки. Проаналізовано вказану концепцію з позиції трьох різних наукових підходів: порівняльного правознавства, міжнародного права та загальної теорії держави та права. Основним висновком є теза про принципову можливість використання концепту «правова система» як до національного, так і до міжнародного права. При цьому склад принципових структурних елементів теоретичного концепту в обох випадках є ідентичним. До таких елементів слід віднести право (або систему права), юридичну практику, інституційну та психологічну складові.

The file associated with this record is under embargo until 12 months after publication, in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. The full text may be available through the publisher links provided above. ; Peatlands are globally important areas for carbon preservation; although covering only 3% of global land area, they store 30% of total soil carbon. Lowland peat soils can also be very productive for agriculture, but their cultivation requires drainage as most crops are intolerant of root-zone anoxia. This leads to the creation of oxic conditions in which organic matter becomes vulnerable to mineralisation. Given the demand for high quality agricultural land, 40% of the UK's peatlands have been drained for agricultural use. In this study we present the outcomes of a controlled environment experiment conducted on agricultural fen peat to examine possible trade-offs between celery growth (an economically important crop on the agricultural peatlands of eastern England) and emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4)) at different temperatures (ambient and ambient +5 °C), water table levels (-30 cm, and -50 cm below the surface), and fertiliser use. Raising the water table from -50 cm to -30 cm depressed yields of celery, and at the same time decreased the entire ecosystem CO2 loss by 31%. A 5 °C temperature increase enhanced ecosystem emissions of CO2 by 25% and increased celery dry shoot weight by 23% while not affecting the shoot fresh weight. Fertiliser addition increased both celery yields and soil respiration by 22%. Methane emissions were generally very low and not significantly different from zero. Our results suggest that increasing the water table can lower emissions of greenhouse gases and reduce the rate of peat wastage, but reduces the productivity of celery. If possible, the water table should be raised to -30 cm before and after cultivation, and only decreased during the growing season, as this would reduce the overall greenhouse gas emissions and peat loss, potentially not affecting the production of vegetable crops. ; This research would not be possible without the assistance of Martin Hammond and his son, Alexander Hammond, from Rosedene Farm. We thank them for their help and for allowing us to take soil samples from the farm. Funding for this project was provided by the Grantham Centre for Sustainable Futures. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 727890, and NERC UAMS Grant (NE/P002552/1) to Donatella Zona. Jonathan Leake (NE/M017044/1), Susan Page and Joerg Kaduk (NE/P014097/1) acknowledge funding support from the NERC Soil Security Programme. Steven Banwart (NE/N007514/2) acknowledges funding from the NERC UK-China critical zone science programme on soil and water resources. ; Peer-reviewed ; Post-print

The article studies the national elite of the Rurikids' princely dynasties, the Kyivan Rus owners and the Chernihiv Siversky branches of the Olgovichs and Davidovichs, as the only inherited Eastern Slavic community of the Indo-European origin. In the basis of the family and hereditary traditions of property division, the custom of dividing property among the children remained and was inherited by the Rurikids. The aim of the article is to generalize the national historical experience of the traditions' transformation of a family law, on the example of the genealogical origin of the Rurikids' princely dynasties. The branches of the Olgovichs and the Davidovichs, the owners of Chernihiv Siverskyi principality in the Kyivan Rus, state association. Research methodology is based on the heuristic method of modern and classical scientific historiography systematization, which reveals the historical process of culturological thought of the Rurikids' family and hereditary property division: the Olgovichs, the owners of Chernigiv Siverskyi region on the system of "rota system" order of the princely thrones'replacement . The scientific novelty is to systematize the social and cultural history, including the transformations of national-independent, family and hereditary traditions of property relations, on the example of the Rurikids'Chernihiv-Siverskyi principality, which is still now embodied in the Civil Code of Ukraine – "law of inheritance". As a result, on the basis of the declared historiography, the editions of Rurikids' history, the Rus owners, including the Chernigiv-Siversky region. Some of their achievements in the development of a state association Kyivan Rus were about 80 cities under the dynasty's command; the management system with elements of self-government; the democracy through a nationwide town's meeting; political diplomatic, socio-legal, tradeeconomic, financial-monetary relations; social, cultural, secular architecture; the development of art. The historical and cultural heritage of the Rurikids' dynasty ruling elite, including the dynasty of the Olgovichs, the Davidovichs, is kept in the traditions of the material, spiritual culture of the Chernihiv-Siverskyi region, both in the museum treasury and in the reserves of "Ancient Chernihiv", Glukhiv, Putivl, Liubech, etc.Article received 20.04.2018 ; У статті узагальнено історико-культурологічний досвід ролі і значення національної еліти князівських династій Рюриковичів, володарів Київської Русі та Чернігово-Сіверської гілки Ольговичів, Давидовичів у створенні одного з найбільших у Європі державного об'єднання Київська Русь. Основою збереження своїх територіальних володінь князями були українські традиції сімейного розподілу майна. Системний розподіл престолонаслідування серед нащадків Рюриковичів відбувся після заповіту Ярослава Мудрого, тобто набув соціально-правової норми, названий «лествичним» порядком. Система передбачала успадкування майна дітьми від старшого до молодшого брата, зокрема коли старший князь чернігівський здобував Київ – до Чернігова переходив князь новгород-сіверський, такі переходи відбувалися по лінії брата, спочатку серед старшої лінії, а потім – молодшої. Вони з часом трансформувались у національні традиції сімейного права, що закріплені Цивільним кодексом України.Матеріал надійшов 20.04.2018

Due to the social changes that are currently taking place, schools must attend to the emotional training of students. Part of a larger European project on student emotions and current conditions of education systems from participating partners, this study shows the results obtained in Spain (Malaga) for a period of 6-10 years. Specifically, the authors conducted a qualitative study based on the affective dimension of education. In total, 17 teachers participated. The results show that the curriculum is focused on the cognitive dimension, leaving aside the emotional dimension to existing legislation that explicitly stipulates that dimension. Schools should, however, should contemplate their educational function concerning the holistic development of its students, and this process should be designed and implemented on the basis of promoting all dimensions of the person. ; En la actualidad, debido a los cambios sociales que se están produciendo es necesario que la escuela atienda de manera directa la formación emocional del alumnado. En este trabajo se presenta un estudio enmarcado en un Proyecto Europeo, cuya finalidad es conocer las condiciones actuales de los sistemas educativos de los socios participantes respecto a las emociones, en este caso concreto se muestran los resultados obtenidos en España (Málaga) en la franja de 6-10 años. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio de corte cualitativo fundamentado en el tópico: la dimensión afectiva de la educación. En total han participado 17 docentes. Los resultados muestran que el currículum está centrado en la dimensión cognitiva, dejando al margen la dimensión emocional, a pesar de que en la actual legislación se contempla explícitamente dicha dimensión. La escuela, hoy día, para poder contemplar su función educativa debe posibilitar el desarrollo integral de su alumnado, para ello los procesos educativos deben diseñarse e implementarse en base al fomento de todas las dimensiones de la persona. ; Nos dias de hoje, é necessário que a escola tenha em conta questões de mudanças sociais que estão a ocorrer na sociedade, na formação emocional dos alunos. Neste artigo apresenta-se um estudo enquadrado num projeto Europeu, cuja finalidade é conhecer as condições atuais dos sistemas de ensino dos parceiros participantes no que diz respeito às emoções. Aqui apresentam-se os resultados obtidos em Espanha (Málaga), relativos a crianças de 6-10 anos de idade. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, baseado no tema "a dimensão afetiva da educação". No total, participaram 17 professores. Os resultados mostram que o currículo está focado na dimensão cognitiva, deixando de lado a dimensão emocional, apesar da legislação atual contemplar explicitamente essa dimensão. A escola, hoje em dia, para poder contemplar a sua função educativa deve permitir o desenvolvimento integral dos seus alunos. Para isso, os processos educativos devem ser concebidos e implementados com base na promoção de toda as dimensões da pessoa.

The article is dedicated to the study of the legal system, which is one of the basic theoretical concepts of the contemporary legal studies. The concept of legal system has been in focus of a number of studies in different legal disciplines, from the theory of law and state to classical international law. However, the multi-functional use of this concept as well as diverse approaches to its understanding from the perspective of different schools of legal thinking reaffirms the need for the continuation of the discussion as for the essence of this concept with the particular focus on the possibility to utilize this concept and the term with regards to the law of the European Union.The article provides the analysis of this concept from the perspective of three different scientific approaches: comparative legal studies, international law, and general theory of state and law. It refers to a diverse number of research papers, including both the works of classical scientists in the area of state and law and the innovative researchers of recent years.As the result of the analysis the article offers a number of conclusions. First of all, it reaffirms the idea of the potential possibility to use the concept of the legal system with regards to both national and international law, despite the differences existing between these systems. Second, the principal structural elements of the "legal system" concept are identical for both cases. These elements are law (or the system of law), legal practice, institutional and psychological components. Third, the provided analysis offers the ground for the determination of the essence of the theoretical concept "legal system" via the analysis of the four mentioned principal structural elements. In its turn, this provides theoretical basis for the analysis of other inter-state legal systems, which are different from both national and international law. ; Статья посвящена изучению концепции правовой системы, которая является одной из базовых теоретических категорий современной правовой науки. Предлагается анализ указанной концепции с позиции трех разных научных подходов: сравнительного правоведения, международного права и общей теории государства и права. Основным выводом является тезис о принципиальной возможности использования концепта «правовая система» как по отношению к национальному, так и к международному праву. При этом состав принципиальных структурных элементов теоретического концепта «правовая система» является идентичным в обоих случаях. К таким элементам следует отнести право (или систему права), юридическую практику, институциональную и психологическую составляющие. ; Статтю присвячено розгляду концепції правової системи як однієї з базових теоретичних категорій сучасної правової науки. Проаналізовано вказану концепцію з позиції трьох різних наукових підходів: порівняльного правознавства, міжнародного права та загальної теорії держави та права. Основним висновком є теза про принципову можливість використання концепту «правова система» як до національного, так і до міжнародного права. При цьому склад принципових структурних елементів теоретичного концепту в обох випадках є ідентичним. До таких елементів слід віднести право (або систему права), юридичну практику, інституційну та психологічну складові.

The following protocol is intended to respond to the requirements set by the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directives (MSFD) for the D10C3 Criteria reported in the Commission Decision (EU), related to the amount of litter ingested by marine animals. Standardized methodologies for extracting litter items ingested from dead sea turtles along with guidelines on data analysis are provided. The protocol starts with the collection of dead sea turtles and classification of samples according to the decomposition status. Turtle necropsy must be performed in authorized centers and the protocol described here explains the best procedure for gastrointestinal (GI) tract isolation. The three parts of the GI (esophagus, stomach, intestine) should be separated, opened lengthways and contents filtered using a 1 mm mesh sieve. The article describes the classification and quantification of ingested litter, classifying GI contents into seven different categories of marine litter and two categories of natural remains. The quantity of ingested litter should be reported as total dry mass (weight in grams, with two decimal places) and abundance (number of items). The protocol proposes two possible scenarios to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES). First: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having Y g or more plastic in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region", where Y is the average weight of plastic ingested and X% is the percentage of sea turtles with more weight (in grams) of plastic than Y. The second one, which considers the food remain versus plastic as a proxy of individual health, is: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having more weight of plastic (in grams) than food remains in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region". ; C1 [Matiddi, Marco; Silvestri, Cecilia; Piermarini, Raffaella; Daffina, Roberto; Pisapia, Marco; Genta, Daniela] Italian Natl Inst Environm Protect & Res ISPRA, Rome, Italy. ; [deLucia, Giuseppe A.; Camedda, Andrea] Inst Coastal Marine Environm Natl Res Council IAM, Rome, Italy. ; [Darmon, Gaelle; Gambaiani, Delphine; Miaud, Claude] Univ P Valery, PSL Res Univ, UMR 5175 CE3FE,EPHE, CNRS,UM,IRD,INRA,SupAgro,Biogeog & Ecol Vertebras, Montpellier, France. ; [Tomas, Jesus; Revuelta, Ohiana] Univ Valencia, Cavanilles Inst Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, Valencia, Spain. ; [Pham, Christopher K.; Vandeperre, Frederic; Rodriguez, Yasmina] Univ Acores, Dept Oceanog & Pescas, Inst Mar Okeanos, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. ; [Vandeperre, Frederic] Univ Acores, MARE Marine & Environm Sci Ctr, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. ; [Claro, Francoise; Moussier, Judicaelle] Museum Natl Hist Nat, Paris, France. ; [Kaska, Yakup; Sozbilen, Dogan] Pamukkale Univ, Sea Turtle Res & Applicat Ctr DEKAMER, Pamukkale, Turkey. ; [Kaberi, Helen; Tsangaris, Catherine] Hellenic Ctr Marine Res, Inst Oceanografy, Anavyssos, Greece. ; [Bradai, Mohamed N.; Chaieb, Olfa] INSTM, Salammbo, Tunisia. ; [Loza, Ana L.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.

The following protocol is intended to respond to the requirements set by the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directives (MSFD) for the D10C3 Criteria reported in the Commission Decision (EU), related to the amount of litter ingested by marine animals. Standardized methodologies for extracting litter items ingested from dead sea turtles along with guidelines on data analysis are provided. The protocol starts with the collection of dead sea turtles and classification of samples according to the decomposition status. Turtle necropsy must be performed in authorized centers and the protocol described here explains the best procedure for gastrointestinal (GI) tract isolation. The three parts of the GI (esophagus, stomach, intestine) should be separated, opened lengthways and contents filtered using a 1 mm mesh sieve. The article describes the classification and quantification of ingested litter, classifying GI contents into seven different categories of marine litter and two categories of natural remains. The quantity of ingested litter should be reported as total dry mass (weight in grams, with two decimal places) and abundance (number of items). The protocol proposes two possible scenarios to achieve the Good Environmental Status (GES). First: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having Y g or more plastic in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region", where Y is the average weight of plastic ingested and X% is the percentage of sea turtles with more weight (in grams) of plastic than Y. The second one, which considers the food remain versus plastic as a proxy of individual health, is: "There should be less than X% of sea turtles having more weight of plastic (in grams) than food remains in the GI in samples of 50-100 dead turtles from each sub-region". ; C1 [Matiddi, Marco; Silvestri, Cecilia; Piermarini, Raffaella; Daffina, Roberto; Pisapia, Marco; Genta, Daniela] Italian Natl Inst Environm Protect & Res ISPRA, Rome, Italy. ; [deLucia, Giuseppe A.; Camedda, Andrea] Inst Coastal Marine Environm Natl Res Council IAM, Rome, Italy. ; [Darmon, Gaelle; Gambaiani, Delphine; Miaud, Claude] Univ P Valery, PSL Res Univ, UMR 5175 CE3FE,EPHE, CNRS,UM,IRD,INRA,SupAgro,Biogeog & Ecol Vertebras, Montpellier, France. ; [Tomas, Jesus; Revuelta, Ohiana] Univ Valencia, Cavanilles Inst Biodivers & Evolutionary Biol, Valencia, Spain. ; [Pham, Christopher K.; Vandeperre, Frederic; Rodriguez, Yasmina] Univ Acores, Dept Oceanog & Pescas, Inst Mar Okeanos, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. ; [Vandeperre, Frederic] Univ Acores, MARE Marine & Environm Sci Ctr, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. ; [Claro, Francoise; Moussier, Judicaelle] Museum Natl Hist Nat, Paris, France. ; [Kaska, Yakup; Sozbilen, Dogan] Pamukkale Univ, Sea Turtle Res & Applicat Ctr DEKAMER, Pamukkale, Turkey. ; [Kaberi, Helen; Tsangaris, Catherine] Hellenic Ctr Marine Res, Inst Oceanografy, Anavyssos, Greece. ; [Bradai, Mohamed N.; Chaieb, Olfa] INSTM, Salammbo, Tunisia. ; [Loza, Ana L.] Univ Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Las Palmas Gran Canaria, Spain.

Background: TREM2 is a transmembrane receptor that is predominantly expressed by microglia in the central nervous system. Rare variants in the TREM2 gene increase the risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) resulting from shedding of the TREM2 ectodomain can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is a surrogate measure of TREM2-mediated microglia function. CSF sTREM2 has been previously reported to increase at different clinical stages of AD, however, alterations in relation to Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) deposition or additional pathological processes in the amyloid cascade (such as tau pathology or neurodegeneration) remain unclear. In the current cross-sectional study, we employed the biomarker-based classification framework recently proposed by the NIA-AA consensus guidelines, in combination with clinical staging, in order to examine the CSF sTREM2 alterations at early asymptomatic and symptomatic stages of AD. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1027 participants of the Alzheimer's Disease Imaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort, including 43 subjects carrying TREM2 rare genetic variants, was conducted to measure CSF sTREM2 using a previously validated enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ADNI participants were classified following the A/T/N framework, which we implemented based on the CSF levels of Aβ (A), phosphorylated tau (T) and total tau as a marker of neurodegeneration (N), at different clinical stages defined by the clinical dementia rating (CDR) score. Results: CSF sTREM2 differed between TREM2 variants, whereas the p.R47H variant had higher CSF sTREM2, p.L211P had lower CSF sTREM2 than non-carriers. We found that CSF sTREM2 increased in early symptomatic stages of late-onset AD but, unexpectedly, we observed decreased CSF sTREM2 levels at the earliest asymptomatic phase when only abnormal Aβ pathology (A+) but no tau pathology or neurodegeneration (TN-), is present. Conclusions: Aβ pathology (A) and tau pathology/neurodegeneration (TN) have differing associations with CSF sTREM2. While tau-related neurodegeneration is associated with an increase in CSF sTREM2, Aβ pathology in the absence of downstream tau-related neurodegeneration is associated with a decrease in CSF sTREM2. ; This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the framework of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (EXC 1010 SyNergy), a DFG funded Koselleck Project (HA1737/16-1 to CH) and the AFTD Biomarker Award (to MSC, JL, ME and CH). MSC received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie action grant agreement No 752310. This work was also supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01AG044546, RF1AG053303, RF1AG058501, and U01AG058922), YD was supported by a NIMH institutional training grant (T32MH014877). LP was supported by a grant from the Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM 2017/R/20). EM was supported by a grant from the Ad-Hoc Committee for Young Neurologist (Spanish Society of Neurology) and Health Institute Carlos III (funding program for the mobility of the researchers).

Spontaneous correlated activity in cortical columns is critical for postnatal circuit refinement. We used spatial discrimination techniques to explore the late maturation of synaptic pathways through the laminar distribution of the field potential (FP) generators underlying spontaneous and evoked activities of the S1HL cortex in juvenile (P14-P16) and adult anesthetized rats. Juveniles exhibit an intermittent FP pattern resembling Up/Down states in adults, but with much reduced power and different laminar distribution. Whereas FPs in active periods are dominated by a layer VI generator in juveniles, in adults a developing multipart generator takes over, displaying current sinks in middle layers (III-V). The blockade of excitatory transmission in upper and middle layers of adults recovered the juvenile-like FP profiles. In addition to the layer VI generator, a gamma-specific generator in supragranular layers was the same in both age groups. While searching for dynamical coupling among generators in juveniles we found significant cross-correlation in ∼one-half of the tested pairs, whereas excessive coherence hindered their efficient separation in adults. Also, potentials evoked by tactile and electrical stimuli showed different short-latency dipoles between the two age groups, and the juveniles lacked the characteristic long latency UP state currents in middle layers. In addition, the mean firing rate of neurons was lower in juveniles. Thus, cortical FPs originate from different intra-columnar segments as they become active postnatally. We suggest that although some cortical segments are active early postnatally, a functional sensory-motor control relies on a delayed maturation and network integration of synaptic connections in middle layers.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Early postnatal activity in the rodent cortex is mostly endogenous, whereas it becomes driven by peripheral input at later stages. The precise schedule for the maturation of synaptic pathways is largely unknown. We explored this in the somatosensory hindlimb cortex at an age when animals begin to use their limbs by uncovering the laminar distribution of the field potential generators underlying the dominant delta waves in juveniles and adults. Our results suggest that field potentials are mostly generated by a pathway in deep layers, whereas other pathways mature later in middle layers and take over in adults. We suggest that a functional sensory-motor control relies on a delayed maturation and network integration of synaptic connections in middle layers. ; This work was supported by the Spanish Ministries of (1) Economy and Competitiveness (Grants BFU2013-41533R and SAF2016-80100-R to O.H.); (2) Science, Innovation, and Universities (Grant SAF 2015-66603-P and the Cajal Blue Brain Project (C080020-09; the Spanish partner of the Blue Brain Project initiative from EPFL, Switzerland)], and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 785907 (Human Brain Project, SGA2) to J.D.F. We thank Fernando J. Chaure for assistance during the spike sorting analysis, Juan Aguilar for the helpful comments, and Nick Guthrie for editorial assistance.

High rearing densities are typical conditions of both inland and onshore intensive aquaculture units. Despite obvious drawbacks, this strategy is nonetheless used to increase production profits. Such conditions inflict stress on fish, reducing their ability to cope with disease, bringing producers to adopt therapeutic strategies. In an attempt to overcome deleterious effects of chronic stress, Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, held at low (LD) or high density (HD) were fed tryptophan-supplemented diets with final tryptophan content at two (TRP2) or four times (TRP4) the requirement level, as well as a control and non-supplemented diet (CTRL) for 38 days. Fish were sampled at the end of the feeding trial for evaluation of their immune status, and mortalities were recorded following intra-peritoneal infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida. Blood was collected for analysis of the hematological profile and innate immune parameters in plasma. Pituitary and hypothalamus were sampled for the assessment of neuro-endocrine-related gene expression. During the feeding trial, fish fed TRP4 and held at LD conditions presented higher mortalities, whereas fish kept at HD seemed to benefit from this dietary treatment, as disease resistance increased over that of CTRL-fed fish. In accordance, cortisol level tended to be higher in fish fed both supplemented diets at LD compared to fish fed CTRL, but was lower in fish fed TRP4 than in those fed TRP2 under HD condition. Together with lower mRNA levels of proopiomelanocortin observed with both supplementation levels, these results suggest that higher levels of tryptophan might counteract stress-induced cortisol production, thereby rendering fish better prepared to cope with disease. Data regarding sole immune status showed no clear effects of tryptophan on leucocyte numbers, but TRP4-fed fish displayed inhibited alternative complement activity (ACH50) when held at LD, as opposed to their HD counterparts whose ACH50 was higher than that of CTRL-fed fish. In conclusion, while dietary tryptophan supplementation might have harmful effects in control fish, it might prove to be a promising strategy to overcome chronic stress-induced disease susceptibility in farmed Senegalese sole. ; This work was partially supported by the Strategic Funding UID/Multi/04423/2019 and projects IF/00197/2015 and PTDC/CVT-CVT/32349/2017 through national funds provided by FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the programs COMPETE 2020, CRESC Algarve 2020, and PORTUGAL 2020. MM and BC were supported by FCT (SFRH/BD/108243/2015 and IF/00197/2015, respectively). This study was also partially supported by the grant AGL2016-76069-C2-1-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Spain) awarded to JMM. JM-S and JMM belong to the Fish Welfare and Stress Network (AGL2016-81808-REDT), supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (MINECO, Spanish Government).