Suchergebnisse

На основе архивных источников, данных из научной литературы и российских нормативно-правовых актов в статье изучается процесс развития суда Зарго и осуществления судопроизводства в Калмыкии в XIX в. В статье представлено постепенное вовлечение калмыцкого народа в сферу действия российского законодательства. С принятием Положений об управлении калмыцким народом 1834 и 1847 гг. были установлены российские основы судопроизводства у калмыков с небольшим сохранением местных норм права. В XIX в. калмыки были интегрированы в общероссийскую систему правосудия. ; This article based on literary sources and Russian regulatory acts researches the process of a Zargo court development and judicial proceedings in Kalmykia in the XIX century. The article shows the step by step integration of the Kalmyks into Russian legislation system. In the XVII-XVIII centuries the highest judicial authority was represented by khan. Judicial authority was as well given to feudal aristocracy such as noyons and zaysangs. Zargo court, a Kalmyk court was an important judicial and administrative institute. Zargo was an advisory unit under Kalmyk khan and did administrative management and jurisdiction on the most important affairs. Judicial procedure in the XVII-XVIII centuries was based on mongol-oyrats' laws of the 1640s and additional decrees of Kalmyk khan Donduk-Dashi. After the biggest part of the Kalmyk population left Russia, Russian government made arrangements in establishing management for the Kalmyks remained including the organization of the judicial procedure and functioning of the Zargo court. Rules for Kalmyk nation management dated by the year of 1825 determined that the Zargo court should deal with the civil cases up to 400 rubles, and ulus courts should deal with the cases up to 200 rubles. Criminal cases were considered by Russian authorities. After the Regulations of Kalmyk Nation Management of the years 1834 and 1847 were passed, Russian judicial fundamentals were established. According to the Regulation of the year 1834, the Zargo court became the Kalmyks' highest judicial authority. In Zargo court one could appeal against judgments and decisions of ulus courts. The decisions of the Zargo court could be appealed against only in Senate. Criminal cases verdicts were to be confirmed by Astrakhan military governor who sent them for an execution. The Zargo court was disestablished after the issue of the Regulations of the year 1847. There remained only ulus Zargo courts where the civil cases up to 30 rubles and small crimes were considered. At the same time, civil cases of Kalmyks were considered according to Mongol-Oyrats' (Kalmyk) rules and habits. Criminal cases needed to be considered according to Russian laws. So here how it comes that Kalmyks were integrated into Russian judicial system in the XIX century.

Fishing Prud'homies are communities of ship-owners that were created in France in the Middle Ages on the Mediterranean coast in Provence and were able to survive despite regime changes, while being supervised by the central government. Governed to this day by the decree, only slightly modified, of November 19th 1859 on the police of fishing in the maritime fifth arrondissement in Toulon, prud'homies have an original character. Ambiguous and hybrid institutions, prud'homies form both a professional community and jurisdiction of fishermen. At their head, prud'hommes fishermen, elected by their peers, have under the control of the Maritime Administration a plurality of powers : regulatory, disciplinary, policing and judicial often exorbitant compared to common law and procedures. They know perfectly the fishing areas and perform an economic and ecological regulation of fishing in the Mediterranean sea. As such, they appear as important actors in the protection of maritime areas and the conservation of fishing resources. Their history and status report on their evolution in response to changes in sea fishing. This trend raises questions about the effectiveness of their role in relation to other fishing organisations, both national and European. ; Les prud'homies de pêche sont des communautés de patrons pêcheurs qui sont nées en France au Moyen-Âge sur les côtes méditerranéennes en Provence et ont su se maintenir malgré les changements de régime tout en étant encadrées par le pouvoir central. Régies jusqu'à nos jours par le décret, à peine modifié, du 19 novembre 1859 sur la police de la pêche dans le cinquième arrondissement maritime de Toulon, les prud'homies ont des caractères originaux. Institutions ambiguës et hybrides, les prud'homies de pêche constituent à la fois une communauté professionnelle et une juridiction de pêcheurs. À leurs têtes, des prud'hommes pêcheurs élus par leurs pairs, exercent, sous le contrôle de l'administration maritime, une pluralité de pouvoirs : réglementaires, disciplinaires, de ...

El presente artículo pretende plantear, a partir de las teoríasdesarrolladas por Norberto Bobbio en sus obras El tiempode los Derechos, Liberalismo y Democracia e Igualdad yLibertad, la postura protectora, reguladora y garante delos Derechos Humanos Sexuales y Reproductivos que debeasumir un Estado Social de Derecho como Colombia. Paraello, y a manera de estrategia, se hará un análisis sobre elorigen y la fundamentación naturalista de los derechoshumanos que se presenta en la obra del referido autor,para aplicarlo luego, de manera específia, a los derechossexuales y reproductivos que no fueron tratados por estede manera concreta en su literatura; posteriormente,se recopilarán los planteamientos más importantes queen cuanto al Estado liberal y al Estado de Derecho seidentifian en las mencionadas obras, resaltando losdeberes que le competen en tanto garante de la justicia;fialmente, se propondrá un modelo de conducta estatalque verdaderamente asegure a sus coasociados el ejerciciopleno y efectivo de los derechos sexuales y reproductivosde los que son titulares, en tanto derechos humanos queson. ; This article is intended to present, from the theories developed by Norberto Bobbio in his works "The Time of Rightsâ€, "Liberalism and Democracy†and "Freedom and Equalityâ€, the protective posture, regulatory and guarantor of Sexual and Reproductive Human Rights that must assume a social and democratic state of law as Colombia. To do this, and as strategy, it will analyze the origin and the naturalistic foundation of human rights, presented in the work of that author, to apply it then, specifically, to the sexual and reproductive rights which were not treated it concretely in his literature; then, it will collect the most important approaches in terms of liberal State and State of law that are identified in the aforementioned works, and finally will propose a model of state behavior that truly ensure full and effective enjoyment of sexual and reproductive rights to society, as human rights they are, through the regulation of assisted human reproduction.

In the cassation–type model of administrative jurisdiction, administrative courts in principle only investigate the administrative body's compliance with the law. The main weakness of this adjudication model is that the same case is consecutively heard by administrative authorities and administrative courts (of various instances), without a final decision being issued. However, the stereotype of a court coined in another epoch as a purely cassation–type body must not obscure the challenges of our times. A lot has changed in the world since then, and the ever–growing dependence of the individual on administration (public service) is its visible symptom. Effective protection of the interests of the former now requires the use of more diversified control tools affording a remedy sooner and at a lower cost, and, in specific situations, also allowing administrative courts to decide cases on their merits.

Following attacks on multiculturalism and its replacement with a de-racialized concept of community cohesion, the dimension of 'race' is steadily disappearing from public policy. The process was started during New Labour's last term of office but has accelerated since the election of the Coalition government. Equality is now officially a 'dirty word', equality impact assessments a bureaucratic burden, and the public sector equality duty an obstacle to rapid policy change at local level. National and local statutory and voluntary organizations concerned with racial equality are being dismantled or downsized and a series of political pronouncements gives nods and winks to those wishing to ignore the issue of racial disadvantage. Meanwhile, minorities are hit hardest by public expenditure cuts, are disproportionately criminalized in the criminal justice system, and are increasingly affected by racism and 'race' hate crime.

Desde os anos 1980, em resposta aos desafios trazidos pelas doenças raras, alguns países desenvolvidos vêm estabelecendo quadros regulatórios. Os países em desenvolvimento devem fazer o mesmo? Este artigo argumenta que a limitação de recursos de um país em desenvolvimento, embora seja um fator importante para se considerar cuidadosamente a distribuição dos gastos com saúde, não pode ser uma desculpa para negar a necessidade de uma regulamentação. O trabalho apresenta argumentos legais e políticos para o estabelecimento de tal regulação nos países em desenvolvimento. Também relata os recentes esforços legislativos para o cuidado das doenças raras por parte das autoridades locais chinesas, explica as razões para a adoção de uma nova definição de doenças raras e elabora os segmentos necessários dentro de um contexto integrado, racional e adequado à China para o cuidado dessas enfermidades. ; In response to the challenges posed by rare diseases, some developed countries have set up regulatory frameworks since 1980s. Should developing countries follow suit? This article argues that the limited resources of a developing country, although a major factor for carefully considering just distribution of health spending, should not be used as an excuse to reject the need for such a regulatory framework. It provides both policy and legal arguments for establishing such a framework in developing countries. It also reports the recent development of rare disease legislative efforts by local authorities in China, explains the reasons of a new definition of rare diseases adopted, and elaborates the necessary blocks in an integrated rational framework for rare diseases suitable for China.

In the cassation–type model of administrative jurisdiction, administrative courts in principle only investigate the administrative body's compliance with the law. The main weakness of this adjudication model is that the same case is consecutively heard by administrative authorities and administrative courts (of various instances), without a final decision being issued. However, the stereotype of a court coined in another epoch as a purely cassation–type body must not obscure the challenges of our times. A lot has changed in the world since then, and the ever–growing dependence of the individual on administration (public service) is its visible symptom. Effective protection of the interests of the former now requires the use of more diversified control tools affording a remedy sooner and at a lower cost, and, in specific situations, also allowing administrative courts to decide cases on their merits.

Any viable method of protecting property, dissuading the theft of property or ensuring the swift recovery of stolen property could be considered essential to general society. A number of crime preventive measures have been used in an attempt to achieve this objective. One such measure is property marking, employing various techniques to make property more readily identifiable. The study assesses technology to investigate effectiveness, both for dissuasion and for tracing once stolen. Mechanism for the disposal of stolen property forms an important part of this study, commencing with the mapping of the theft‐supply‐chain. Using a mixed methods approach, the research project has set out to identify if security technology could be used to break what is termed the 'theft‐chain‐cycle', whereby articles are stolen, stolen to order or for barter. The theft‐supply‐chain is not a single linear model; rather property passes through a number of formal and informal chains prior to reaching its "new" illegal owner. A significant factor is the ease of disposal linked to ease of detection using property marking to aid conviction. Based upon the findings, potential strategies and changes in legislation that better direct limited resources can be developed to assist in curbing the growing level of burglaries.