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'Ricardo Barcelona addresses the thornier issues of energy strategy. In this book he moves from the certainties assured by financial modelling to explore the tough questions that astute practitioners ask themselves - why do things never turn out as they were projected? Is energy strategy always going to be a tale of unfulfilled promises? His research findings and his insights make a must read for anyone in this field.' --Patrick H. "Paddy" Miller, Author, Innovation as Usual, Hong Kong The book offers rigour, depth, and relevance in tackling approaches that prove sustainable and transformational for business and society.' --Juan Miranda, Managing General Director, Asian Development Bank 'The book is timely in that it provides good insights on how to address the uncertainty and volatility facing today's energy markets. A good read for anyone involved in the energy sector.' --Stephen A. Paradies, Board Director, Union Bank, and former Chief Financial Officer, Aboitiz Equity Ventures, Philippines 'Containing original insights into the financing and economics of the energy industry, this book should be read by those working in and studying the future of the energy sector.' --David Parker, Emeritus Professor of Economics, Cranfield University School of Management, and former member, Competition Commission, United Kingdom This book examines what lies behind the uncertainties surrounding the fuel and power markets. Exploring the role of renewables and how they potentially disrupt or create opportunities, it challenges widely accepted wisdoms in investment. The author asks questions such as: Are "business as usual" strategies that favour fossil fuels the best route to future prosperity? What prospects do firms face when their competitors diversify into renewables? Why do generous subsidies to renewables often fail to achieve wide-scale deployment? Illustrating how real options and option games reasoning yield vastly different insights from those gained from NPVs, Energy Investments offers case studies and simulations to demonstrate how firms can benefit from the methods it showcases.

Within the foreseeable future, refrigerators will be using 30% less electricity in some countries. Homes in the United States will be emitting 4% less carbon dioxide. Dozens of other common energy-using products will have become cleaner and more energy efficient. And all because of the growing use of energy labels and standards in industrialised countries. Energy labels and standards are only one way in which governments can diminish energy use, improve performance and slash greenhouse gas emissions. But they have proved remarkably effective, and their use is steadily spreading. This report by

Fossil fuels reserves are diminishing rapidly across the world, intensifying the stress on existing reserves due to increased demand. Moreover, the production of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions driven by human activities, in particular the combustion of fossil fuels, presently contributing to 81% of the world primary energy, inflict disastrous impacts on human health, economics and environment of the planet. Increase in GHG concentrations is directly responsible for the rise in the earth average temperature and its associated climate change implications. The Chilean economy grew at a rate of 4% between 2003 and 2015 and is forecast to continue to grow over the coming years. As for most developing countries, pressures from economic and population growth have traditionally forced governments to look at cost-effective options, mainly those exploiting fossil fuel sources, to cope with the increased demand for electricity from households and industry. However, besides the serious concerns on whether the actual strategy is environmentally sustainable, the lack of fossil fuel sources in Chile makes also the country vulnerable to supply disruptions of foreign fossil fuel and energy price volatility, and thus raises concerns over satisfying the country energy demand. Therefore, there is an urgent need to look at sustainable options for energy production and energy saving in Chile, especially since the Chilean government pledged to reduce the country GHG emissions by 30% below 2007 levels by 2030 at the latest Paris climate negotiations in December 2015. The present work is aimed to demonstrate that sustainability in the field of energy can be achieved in a cost effective manner in Chile, through clean energy generation from renewable sources and efficient use of energy in buildings. The energy sector has a key role in the production of environmentally harmful substances. It has thus become crucial for the sustainability of modern societies to switch over of energy systems from conventional to renewables. Solar energy represents an attractive alternative to conventional fossil energy, as it is freely available in abundant and inexhaustible quantity and can make an important contribution towards a sustainable future. The study explores the economic viability of large scale solar technologies for clean electricity generation, in terms of levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) on the Atacama Solar Platform (PSDA) for a solar-solar hybrid energy mix with the objective of evaluating new options for continuous solar electricity delivery. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.

Energy transition is increasingly regarded as a promising opportunity for the economic development of rural areas. This possibility is associated with the siting and (co-)ownership of decentralized (small-scale) renewable energy facilities. The underlying productive link, however, has been taken for granted, rather than conceptually and practically cultivated. Thus, while renewable energy-based rural development has been stated as a desired by-product of energy transitions, its potential has remained largely unfulfilled. This review aims to illuminate the ambiguous interplay between renewable energy and rural development in the context of the current trajectories of the energy transition. In doing so, we first examine different ways renewable energy may contribute to rural development and explore how the synergetic conflation of renewable energy and rural development has played out in Denmark and Scotland, as two countries that have forged ahead with renewable energy in rural areas. Second, we draw on the different experiences in the two countries to critically discuss policy-related mismatches that hamper a more efficient contribution of renewable energy to rural development, and sketch out some thoughts about the need to bring rural matters and rural communities into the discussion if the synergies between energy transition and rural development are to be taken seriously.

"This book aims to introduce and discuss the policy issues and challenges surrounding the development of nuclear power energy in Southeast Asia (SEA). Nuclear energy is poised for substantial growth in a region that is in need of more sustainable and clean energy source against the background of rising energy demand and an increasingly narrower power supply and demand gap. However, there are many safety and security risks associated with nuclear power especially so for a region that remains vulnerable to political risks and military conflicts. This book will, therefore, discuss those policy issues and challenges and offers unique insights from the practitioners, industry experts, academics, and policymakers on how the SEA governments could mitigate those risks through good governance."--Publisher's website.

Thesis (Master)--Izmir Institute of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Izmir, 2018 ; Includes bibliographical references (leaves: 92-93) ; Text in English; Abstract: Turkish and English. ; In recent years, the developments in clean, renewable and efficient energy policies have been enabled to design new and innovative heat exchangers. The plate heat exchangers have crucial importance among these innovative products due to compact size and thermally efficient behaviour. There are many studies dealing with the thermo-fluidic behaviour of brazed plate heat exchangers. However, since the usage of these products often includes relatively high pressure and toxic fluids, the examination of structural stability of these products is cruical from the point of scientific perspective view. There are very few studies of plate heat exchangers regarding to mechanical aspects. Accordingly, in this thesis it is intended to investigate structural behaviour of brazed plate heat exchangers by numerical methods. For this purpose, the material properties of brazing interface of plate heat exchangers have been determined by experimental methods. The tensile and stress based fatigue experiments are carried out and the material models have been obtained. The validation of material model which is used in numerical analysis has been carried out by explicit method using maximum displacement as a boundary condition. The mechanical behaviour of chevron type brazed plate heat exchangers has been investigated by considering effect of chevron angle under different pressure conditions. The results have been obtained numerically in two stages; static structural analysis results and fatigue analysis. The numerical results show that the chevron angle has a significant effect on the formation of brazing points of plate heat exchangers. The dimensions of brazing points directly affects the overall structural behaviour of plate heat exchanger. It is observed that the single brazing point surface area and homogeneous distribution of brazing points on the plates are more critical than the total surface area. Finally, it is thought that the developed numerical methodology will lead to the structural design of brazed plate heat exchangers before the production of protoype molding and experimental testing. Eventually, it will be advantageous in terms of mold costs and time spent for experimental testing. ; Son yıllarda, temiz, yenilenebilir ve verimli enerji politikalarındaki gelişmeler yeni ve inovatif ısı değiştirgeci tasarımlarına olanak sağlamaktadır. Plakalı ısı değiştirgeçleri kompakt boyut ve ısıl verimlerindeki potansiyelleri açısından bu inovatif ürünler arasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Sert lehimli plakalı ısı değiştirgeçleri ile ilgili ısıl ve akışkan davranışını inceleyen birçok bilimsel çalışma olmasına rağmen bu ürünlerin kullanımı çoğunlukla yüksek basınç altında çalıştığından ve toksik akışkanlar ile etkileşimde olduğundan yapısal karalılık konusununda bilimsel açıdan irdelenmesi önem kazanmaktadır. Literatürde, plakalı ısı değiştirgecin yapısal davranışını inceleyen bilimsel çalışma sayısı oldukça azdır. Bu bağlamda, tez kapsamında plakalı ısı değiştirgecinin yapısal davranışının nümerik methodlar yardımıyla incelenmesi hedeflenmektedir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak plakalı eşanjörlerdeki sert lehim noktalarının malzeme özellikleri deneysel olarak elde edilmiştir. Çekme testi ve gerilme genliğini esas alan yorulma testleri yapılmış olup elde edilen veriler ile malzeme modelleri kurulmuştur. Nümerik analizlerde kullanılan malzeme modelinin validasyonu maksimum yer değiştirme sınır şartını kullanarak eksplisit yöntem ile doğrulanmıştır. Plakalı ısı değiştirgeçlerinin mekanik tasarımı çavuş açısı esas alınarak yapılmış ve yapısal davranışı farklı basınç değerleri altında incelenmiştir. Nümerik analizlerde çavuş açısının sert lehim noktalarının oluşumu üzerinde oldukça etkili olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Mekanik dayanım açısından tek bir sert lehim noktası yüzey alanı değerinin ve sert lehim noktalarının homojen dağılımının etkisinin toplam yüzey alanı değerinden daha kritik olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, tez kapsamında geliştirilen methodoloji ile prototip kalıp üretimi ve deneysel testler öncesinde sert lehimli plakalı ısı değiştirgeçlerinin tasarımına yön verileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu sayede kalıp maliyetleri ve testlere harcanan zaman açısından avantaj sağlanmış olacaktır.

Funding Information: Examples of feasible free-market tender options might follow the French model, with three clear contract deadlines: 2025, 2030 and 2035. The use of direct power purchase agreements for thermal solar power between consumers and generators would be considered. Competitive tender processes should be used to select the best technical – economical projects. Such projects should be eligible for financial support from the government or from the system as a whole by a sectoral funds review, for example, to compensate for higher technological costs. Regarding these results, a scenario of 186 plants of 100 MW each could be considered. ; Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the opportunity for the energy policy in Brazil to tackle the very high cost-effectiveness potencial of solar energy to the power system. Three mechanisms to achieve ambitious reductions in the greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector by 2030 and 2040 are assessed wherein treated as solar targets under ambitious reductions in the greenhouse gas emissions from the power sector. Then, three mechanisms to achieve these selected solar targets are suggested. Design/methodology/approach: This paper reviews current and future incentive mechanisms to promote solar energy. An integrated energy system optimization model shows the most cost-efficient deployment level. Incentive mechanisms can promote renewable sources, aiming to tackle climate change and ensuring energy security, while taking advantage of endogenous energy resources potential. Based on a literature review, as well as on the specific characteristics of the Brazilian power system, under restrictions for the expansion of hydroelectricity and ambitious limitation in the emissions of greenhouse gases from the power sector. Findings: The potential unexploited of solar energy is huge but it needs the appropriate incentive mechanism to be deployed. These mechanisms would be more effective if they have a specific technological and temporal focus. The solar energy deployment in large scale is important to the mitigation of climate change. Originality/value: The value of the research is twofold: estimations of the cost-effective potential of solar technologies, generated from an integrated optimization energy model, fully calibrated for the Brazilian power system, while tacking the increasing electricity demand, the expected reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the need to increase the access to clean and affordable energy, up to 2040; proposals of three mechanisms to deploy centralized PV, distributed PV and solar thermal power, taking the best experiences in several countries and the recent Brazilian cases. ; publishersversion ; published

Warm homes are fundamental to a sense of personal security and citizenship, but many lowincome families and households struggle to pay their energy bills, and energy prices are caught up in the politics of welfare and climate change. Our research uses a sociological perspective to investigate the experiences of low-income households, on a Glasgow housing estate, living through a major renovation programme to insulate homes and install community heating. The Housing Association's aim was to combine amelioration of fuel poverty with reduced greenhouse gas emissions. We examine the complex results from the renovation, which indicate that the UK economistic model of households as primarily consumers limited, rather than facilitated, the achievement of desired co-benefits for welfare and environment. We show the centrality of personal and domestic relationships to the future of affordable, secure and clean energy. We suggest that social scientists have an important contribution to public understanding of connections between families and relationships, localities and the politics of energy and environment.

The EU's Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) sets a binding target for energy-savings in EU member states. The EED further requires member states to perform ex-ante evaluations of energy efficiency policies implemented to achieve these savings. However, ex-ante evaluation of energy efficiency policies is difficult as it requires detailed modelling of end-users' investment and energy demand behaviour. This paper details the Danish IntERACT modelling approach for ex-ante evaluation of energy efficiency policies directed at residential heating. IntERACT integrates the energy system model TIMES-DK into a computable general equilibrium framework. The paper explores the potential for meeting Denmark's EED-target through a policy-induced increase in households' investments in energy efficiency retrofits. The paper considers the effect of energy efficiency policies on households' investment behaviour by applying different levels of hurdle rates on households' investments in energy efficiency retrofits. The paper shows that reducing the hurdle rate from 25% to 4% could meet more than a third of Danish energy-saving requirements for the period 2021–2030. This result includes a direct rebound effect of 31%. Finally, the paper demonstrates that reducing the hurdle below 10% has a substantial negative impact on households' disposable income, making such policy less viable from a policy perspective.

As the automobile industry continues to evolve with car sharing services, electric vehicles and soon autonomous driving, the infrastructure that supports our present-day car culture will become obsolete. While the current advancement focuses on the future of car design and accompanying policies, there is a need to consider the evolution of our infrastructure from an adaptive reuse standpoint. Among the different kinds of automotive infrastructure, gas stations in particular, are the most environmentally problematic yet advantageous due to their abundance. The conversion of gas stations, however, is not a new notion. While these sites have been renovated into cafés, restaurants, and breweries, these are only solutions to the slow abandonment of a single unit. This infrastructure needs to be treated as part of a larger system. Economics, politics, as well as environmental, and social dynamics of a community will shift as a result of this adaptation. Therefore, it is important that we consider changes to the physical space through a systems lens. The proposed reuse strategy of gas stations extends beyond the boundary of the physical site. In addition to an architectural conversion, this intervention will lead to changes in the distribution of energy, provide a platform for citizens to engage with responsive information, and provide a shift in local energy ownership. As a result, this integrated system will respond to the existing infrastructure, support the current characteristics of the local context, and empower citizens within the community they live in.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Part I: Introduction -- 1 Introduction to the Routledge Handbook of Energy Law -- 2 From Stakeholders to Actors? The Progressive Integration of Environmental, Social and Cultural Considerations within International Energy Law -- 3 International Energy Law in Perspective: the Relationship Between National and International Energy Law -- 4 Reconceptualising Energy Security from a Legal Perspective in the Context of Climate Change -- Part II: Europe -- 5 Energy Market Liberalisation: from Monopolistic to Traded Markets in the European Union -- 6 Regulation of Electricity Markets in Europe in Light of the Clean Energy Package: Prosumers and Demand Response -- 7 Uses and Abuses of Eu Competition Law in Energy -- 8 The Role of State Aid Law in Energy -- 9 Shale Gas in Europe: A Case Study on Eu Energy and Environmental Law -- 10 Dispute Resolution in the European Energy Sector -- Part III: Russia -- 11 The Regulation of Petroleum Exploration and Production in Russia -- 12 Russian Renewable Energy: Regulations and Outcomes -- 13 Shifting Russian Energy Geopolitics -- Part IV: North America -- 14 Shale Gas Development, Economic Impacts and Regulation -- 15 Regulation of Natural Gas Pipeline Construction and Operation in the United States -- 16 Regulation of Low Carbon Energy Sources in the U.S. and Canada -- 17 Formula Rate Plans and Multi-Year Rate Plans: Can the Serve the Public Interest, and How? -- Part V: Latin America -- 18 Shale Gas Regulation in Mexico and Colombia: An Uncertain Future -- 19 Energy Justice as a Key Driver to Unlock the Transition from Energy Reform to Energy Counter-Reform: the Rise of the Immutability Theory -- 20 Low-Carbon Energy in Latin America: Post-Paris Advances in Renewable and Energy Efficiency Policies.

The study examined the effect of financial development on energy consumption in Nigeria from 1990 to 2020. The study made use of secondary data and the data was analyzed using the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (NARDL). Domestic credit to the private sector was used to measure financial development, while fossil fuel energy and renewable energy consumption were used to measure non-renewable and renewable energy respectively. Other variables included Gross domestic product, interest rate, and inflation. The study revealed that domestic private credit had a significant and negative impact on non-renewable energy only in the short run while changes in domestic credit had a significant and positive impact on renewable energy in Nigeria. This shows that the efforts of the financial sector so far in Nigeria have encouraged the consumption of renewable energy which therefore translates that the financial sector in Nigeria has a significant role to play in achieving Goal 7 target agenda of affordable and clean energy of the sustainable development. The study, therefore, recommends proper mobilization of funds from the financial sector towards investment in renewable energy considering the growing need for alternative energy sources in Nigeria. Also, policies that will discourage the use of non-renewable energy sources but encourage the use and affordability of renewable energy in Nigeria should be considered so that a reduction in environmental pollution, as well as improved health status, can be achieved.

Energy-efficiency projects were expected to constitute an important project type under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In South Africa, there is significant potential for energy savings in several sectors. The savings possible in industry have been demonstrated through plant-level energy audits, measurement and verification of Eskom's Demand Side Management (DSM) programme and national energy modelling. Enabling policy for energy efficiency and demand-side management has been adopted by government and the utility, Eskom. A dedicated National Energy Efficiency Agency (NEEA) was established in 2006. Yet, energy-efficiency still fails to realise its potential. The paper seeks to dispel the misconception that energy efficiency projects might not be 'additional' under the CDM. Analysis of barriers, which is well understood by those dealing with energy efficiency, can be used to demonstrate additionality. A standard tool for demonstrating additionality is now available, as are baseline methodologies for both large and small-scale CDM projects. It should, therefore, be clear that energy efficiency projects are not a priori ruled out as non-additional. Each project has to demonstrate additionality, as for any other project type. Finances are available from various sources, and the CDM can offer further funding for initial costs, or in removing the barriers to energy-efficiency projects. Internationally, energy efficiency initially did not account for large numbers of CDM projects, nor a major share of carbon credits. With the recent growth in CDM projects, however, the numbers of energy-efficiency projects are increasing internationally. In South Africa, analysis of the emerging CDM portfolio shows that energy-efficiency projects are much better represented at the concept stage than in fully designed CDM projects. The major elements for implementing energy efficiency projects exist – dedicated institutions, enabling policy frameworks, approved methodologies and even an electricity crisis to raise awareness. Funding is available from various sources, and the CDM can offer further funding for initial costs or in removing the barriers to energy-efficiency projects. The CDM rules should soon allow for registration of entire programmes, which could include energy efficiency standards or demand-side management. Innovative financing solutions such as clean energy lending can assist as well. All that seems to be needed is a concerted effort to realise the potential. Such efforts could be driven by the Designated National Authority or the National Energy Efficiency Agency. Together with initiatives from the private sector, a dedicated effort might help South Africa find a clear route for energy-efficiency projects under the CDM in South Africa.

Education has contributed to a society-wide awareness of environmental issues, and we are increasingly confronted with the need for new ways to generate energy, save water and reduce pollution. Thus new forms of work are emerging and government, employers and educators need to know what 'green' skills South Africa needs and has. This creates a new demand for 'green skills' research. We propose that this new knowledge field – like some other educational fields – requires a transformative approach to research methodology. In conducting reviews of existing research, we found that a transformative approach requires a reframing of key concepts commonly used in researching work and learning; multi-layered, mixed method studies; researching within and across diverse knowledge fields including non-traditional fields; and both newly configured national platforms and new conceptual frameworks to help us integrate coherently across these. Critical realism is presented as a helpful underpinning for such conceptual frameworks, and implications for how universities prepare educational researchers are flagged.