Suchergebnisse

[spa] La mejora educativa de las escuelas se ha convertido con las décadas en una demanda social que hace que los países planifiquen estrategias, realicen reformas y lleven a cabo planes de intervención que llegan a las escuelas con el objetivo de mejorar las experiencias de aprendizaje de los niños y niñas. La escuela en este contexto es parte de un entramado político y social que conlleva fines externos como superar la desigualdad y lograr más equidad. Al mismo tiempo fines internos como las demandas por aprendizajes acordes a las exigencias de la sociedad. A partir de lo anterior, la mejora educativa es entendida como acciones que conllevan cambios y transformaciones que permiten a las escuelas mejorar la calidad de las experiencias de enseñanza y aprendizaje, orientada al desarrollo presente y futuro de las y los estudiantes. Esta investigación busca aportar nuevos conocimientos a la discusión teórica sobre los modelos de mejora de la escuela que son impulsados por la política pública actual. A partir de una exploración empírica comparada en escuelas seleccionadas en Barcelona (España) y Valparaíso (Chile). La sociología de la educación ha analizado las dinámicas y la relación entre sociedad y educación. Por una parte, la educación como ámbito social para la sociabilización y estabilidad (funcionalismo), y la respuesta por otra, la cual plantea que no sólo se trata de estabilidad sino de reproducción e intervención en las lógicas de las escuelas (reproduccionismo). Para poder superar las restricciones de estructurales de los funcionalistas y el pesimismo cultural de los reproduccionistas, surge una renovación teórica que apela a resistir las imposiciones del sistema educativo (teoría de la resistencia). Sin embargo, queda fuera de la teoría el plano de la implementación de las políticas educativas y la integración de otras vertientes teóricas. Para este trabajo, esa integración se guio por los principios de una acción educativa democrática, es el lente con el cual se analizarán los discursos, y que sustentan un modelo de escuela inclusiva y abierta a los cambios y transformación de la escuela (Apple, 1997; Hargreaves, 2012; Dewey, 2009). Partiendo de la base que las escuelas seleccionadas (infantiles y primarias) han emprendido procesos de mejora. Primero, se puede plantear que las escuelas de nivel de infantil (0-3 años) muestran semejanzas en las forma de gestionar y articular los procesos de mejora, básicamente porque están orientados por principios fundamentales que ponen el aprendizaje por sobre los objetivos. Siendo este elemento común en Valparaíso y Barcelona. En el campo de las diferencias, radica en que la gestión es orientada por criterios de eficiencia, los cuales han calado más en el caso de las escuelas de Valparaíso, cuyos procesos de mejora son medidos desde la administración educativa por medio de evidencias cuantificables, lo cual no logra explicar la parte cualitativa (o social) de la mejora. Por último, esta investigación ha permitido aproximarse a un modelo de análisis bajo criterios sociales, los cuales esquivan los movimientos reformadores que fomentan la competencia y el individualismo. Dejando ver que aquellas comunidades que logran visualizar y articular entornos favorecedores obtienen resultados valorados por la sociedad. ; [eng] Improving education in schools has become a social demand that has led countries to plan strategies, carry out reforms and carry out intervention plans that reach schools with the aim of improving children's learning experiences. The school is part of a political and social framework that involves external goals such as overcoming inequality and achieving more equity. At the same time internal goals such as demands for learning according to the demands of society. From the above, educational improvement is understood as actions that bring changes and transformations that allow schools to improve the quality of teaching and learning experiences, oriented to the present and future development of students. This research seeks to contribute new knowledge to the theoretical discussion about the models of improvement of the school that are driven by the current public policy. From a comparative empirical exploration in selected schools in Barcelona (Spain) and Valparaíso (Chile). The sociology of education has analysed the dynamics and the relationship between society and education. On the one hand, education as a social field for socialization and stability (functionalism), and the answer for another, which raises that it is not only about stability but about reproduction and intervention in the logics of schools (reproductionism). In order to overcome the structural restrictions of the functionalists and the cultural pessimism of the reproductionists, there arises a theoretical renovation that appeals to resist the impositions of the educational system (theory of resistance). However, the plan for the implementation of educational policies and the integration of other theoretical aspects is out of the theory. For this work, this integration was guided by the principles of a democratic educational action, it is the lens with which the discourses will be analysed, and that they support an inclusive school model and open to the changes and transformation of the school (Apple, 1997 Hargreaves, 2012; Dewey, 2009). Based on the basis that the selected schools (children's school and primary school) have undertaken improvement processes. First, it can be argued children's school (0-3 years) show similarities in the way of managing and articulating improvement processes, basically because they are guided by fundamental principles that put learning ahead of objectives. Being this common element in Valparaíso and Barcelona. In the field of differences, it is based on the fact that management is guided by efficiency criteria, which have been more focused in the case of schools in Valparaiso, whose improvement processes are measured from the educational administration through quantifiable evidence, which fails to explain the qualitative (or social) part of the improvement. Finally, this research has allowed us to approach a model of analysis under social criteria, which dodges the reformist movements that promote competition and individualism. Leaving to see that those communities that manage to visualize and articulate favorable environments obtain results valued by society

TheRevista Scientific of theInstituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presents its sixth editorial edition where fifteen works can be found in response to the search for interest in the investigation, analysis and interpretation of different topics.In this way, in a first section, the educational axes constituted in questions of questions respond to: the Teacher Training in Techniques applied to the Teaching of Mathematics in Secondary Education; Reading Alternatives considered for the Strengthening of Educational Quality; Advertising Effectiveness for Road Safety; Ecuadorian Education in English and their language skills in rural students; Didactic Strategies to improve Reading and Writing; the Importance of the Planning of the Environmental Education in the University Scope considered from a Transdisciplinary Perspective; the Utility of Tics in the Training of University Teaching Advisors; the Complementary Didactic Material for the Learning of Rational Mechanical Curriculum Unit 10 and the Tutor Role in the context of virtual learning.In continuity, other articles stand out, such as the Environmental Actions for the Conservation of Hydrographic Basins; the application of the Educaplay Computer Technique as a strategy for the learning of biomolecules in high school students of the Andrés F. Córdova Educational Unit; Program for Parents in the Internet use of their children; Bamboo Cultivation considered a renewable natural resource for reforestation in Quebrada Echeverría and corporate social responsibility in the context of labor relations in SMEs.In a second section, five essays induce us to reflect on perspectives of analysis in response to: Technological Imbrications in Pedagogical Praxis; Advanced Management in the Process of University Scientific Research; the Training in Citizen Culture Space and its importance for the Social Responsibility of Business Organizations; the Formative Vision of the Quantitative Methodology in Education; Neurosciences versus Vitalogy Emerging Paradigms in Millennium Management.Each of these articles struggles in post questioning as reflections of the interest placed on research considered an activity, which from a premise that asks about a topic, leads to multiple causal relationships and searches for answers; Therefore, they should be instruments conducive to the permanent knowledge of the entire academic community, allowing to stimulate and induce new experiences.This leads us to think that, teachers in a firm race for improvement, we must not engage in reductionist and repetitive practices of research results previously made, but in an exploration for new answers in the production of knowledge.Aware of the limitations and the reality of the social and political context of each of the Latin American countries, our editorial and bibliographic contribution aims to lead us to reflect on the crucial task of teachers committed to their social function and research as a transverse link for educational production and propagation. It is from this weighting, that could be aroused alternatives that overcome thinking at the state level. ; La Revista SCIENTIFIC del Instituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presenta su sexta edición editorial en donde pueden hallarse quince obras en respuesta a la búsqueda del interés puesta en la indagación, análisis e interpretación de diferentes temáticas. De esta forma, en una primera sección, los ejes educativos constituidos en temas de cuestionamientos responden a: la Formación Docente en Técnicas aplicadas a la Enseñanza de la Matemática en la Educación Segundaria; las Alternativas de la Lectura consideradas para el Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa; la Eficacia publicitaria para la Seguridad Vial; la Educación Ecuatoriana en inglés y sus competencias lingüísticas en los estudiantes rurales; Estrategias Didácticas para mejorar la Lectura y Escritura; la Importancia de la Planificación de la Educación Ambiental en el Ámbito Universitario considerada desde una Perspectiva Transdisciplinaria; la Utilidad de las Tics en la Formación de Asesores Docentes Universitarios; el Material Didáctico Complementario para el Aprendizaje de Unidad Curricular Mecánica Racional 10 y el Rol del Tutor en el contexto del aprendizaje virtual. En continuidad, sobresalen otros artículos como las Acciones Ambientalistas para la Conservación de las Cuencas Hidrográficas; la aplicación de la Técnica Informática Educaplay como estrategia para el aprendizaje de las biomoléculas en estudiantes de bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Andrés F. Córdova; Programa para Padres en el uso de Internet de sus hijos; el Cultivo de bambú considerado un recurso natural renovable para la reforestación en la Quebrada Echeverría y la responsabilidad social empresarial en el contexto de las relaciones laborales en las Pymes. En una segunda sección, cinco ensayos nos inducen a reflexionar sobre perspectivas de análisis en respuesta a: las Imbricaciones Tecnológicas en la Praxis Pedagógica; la Gerencia Avanzada en el Proceso de Investigación Científica Universitaria; la Formación en Cultura Ciudadana Espacio y su importancia para la Responsabilidad Social de las Organizaciones Empresariales; la Visión Formativa de la Metodología Cuantitativa en la Educación; las Neurociencias versus la Vitalogía Paradigmas Emergentes en la Gerencia del Milenio. Cada uno de estos artículos brega en post de cuestionamientos como reflejos del interés puesto en la investigación considerada una actividad, que a partir de una premisa cual pregunta sobre una temática, conlleva a múltiples relaciones causales y búsquedas de respuestas; por lo cual, debieran ser instrumentos conducentes al conocimiento permanente de toda la comunidad académica, permitiendo estimular e inducir a nuevas experiencias. Esto nos dirige a pensar que, los docentes en firme carrera por el perfeccionamiento, no debemos incurrir en prácticas reduccionistas y repetitivas de resultados de pesquisas previamente realizadas, sino en una exploración por nuevas respuestas en la producción del conocimiento. Conscientes de las limitaciones y de la realidad del contexto político social de cada uno de los países de América Latina, nuestro aporte editorial y bibliográfico pretende conducir a la reflexión sobre la crucial tarea del docente comprometido con su función social y la investigación como un eslabón trascedente para la producción y propagación educativa. Es a partir de esta ponderación, que se podrían suscitar alternativas superadoras de pensamiento a nivel estatal.

TheRevista Scientific of theInstituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presents its sixth editorial edition where fifteen works can be found in response to the search for interest in the investigation, analysis and interpretation of different topics.In this way, in a first section, the educational axes constituted in questions of questions respond to: the Teacher Training in Techniques applied to the Teaching of Mathematics in Secondary Education; Reading Alternatives considered for the Strengthening of Educational Quality; Advertising Effectiveness for Road Safety; Ecuadorian Education in English and their language skills in rural students; Didactic Strategies to improve Reading and Writing; the Importance of the Planning of the Environmental Education in the University Scope considered from a Transdisciplinary Perspective; the Utility of Tics in the Training of University Teaching Advisors; the Complementary Didactic Material for the Learning of Rational Mechanical Curriculum Unit 10 and the Tutor Role in the context of virtual learning.In continuity, other articles stand out, such as the Environmental Actions for the Conservation of Hydrographic Basins; the application of the Educaplay Computer Technique as a strategy for the learning of biomolecules in high school students of the Andrés F. Córdova Educational Unit; Program for Parents in the Internet use of their children; Bamboo Cultivation considered a renewable natural resource for reforestation in Quebrada Echeverría and corporate social responsibility in the context of labor relations in SMEs.In a second section, five essays induce us to reflect on perspectives of analysis in response to: Technological Imbrications in Pedagogical Praxis; Advanced Management in the Process of University Scientific Research; the Training in Citizen Culture Space and its importance for the Social Responsibility of Business Organizations; the Formative Vision of the Quantitative Methodology in Education; Neurosciences versus Vitalogy Emerging Paradigms in Millennium Management.Each of these articles struggles in post questioning as reflections of the interest placed on research considered an activity, which from a premise that asks about a topic, leads to multiple causal relationships and searches for answers; Therefore, they should be instruments conducive to the permanent knowledge of the entire academic community, allowing to stimulate and induce new experiences.This leads us to think that, teachers in a firm race for improvement, we must not engage in reductionist and repetitive practices of research results previously made, but in an exploration for new answers in the production of knowledge.Aware of the limitations and the reality of the social and political context of each of the Latin American countries, our editorial and bibliographic contribution aims to lead us to reflect on the crucial task of teachers committed to their social function and research as a transverse link for educational production and propagation. It is from this weighting, that could be aroused alternatives that overcome thinking at the state level. ; La Revista SCIENTIFIC del Instituto Internacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico Educativo (INDTEC, C.A.), presenta su sexta edición editorial en donde pueden hallarse quince obras en respuesta a la búsqueda del interés puesta en la indagación, análisis e interpretación de diferentes temáticas. De esta forma, en una primera sección, los ejes educativos constituidos en temas de cuestionamientos responden a: la Formación Docente en Técnicas aplicadas a la Enseñanza de la Matemática en la Educación Segundaria; las Alternativas de la Lectura consideradas para el Fortalecimiento de la Calidad Educativa; la Eficacia publicitaria para la Seguridad Vial; la Educación Ecuatoriana en inglés y sus competencias lingüísticas en los estudiantes rurales; Estrategias Didácticas para mejorar la Lectura y Escritura; la Importancia de la Planificación de la Educación Ambiental en el Ámbito Universitario considerada desde una Perspectiva Transdisciplinaria; la Utilidad de las Tics en la Formación de Asesores Docentes Universitarios; el Material Didáctico Complementario para el Aprendizaje de Unidad Curricular Mecánica Racional 10 y el Rol del Tutor en el contexto del aprendizaje virtual. En continuidad, sobresalen otros artículos como las Acciones Ambientalistas para la Conservación de las Cuencas Hidrográficas; la aplicación de la Técnica Informática Educaplay como estrategia para el aprendizaje de las biomoléculas en estudiantes de bachillerato de la Unidad Educativa Andrés F. Córdova; Programa para Padres en el uso de Internet de sus hijos; el Cultivo de bambú considerado un recurso natural renovable para la reforestación en la Quebrada Echeverría y la responsabilidad social empresarial en el contexto de las relaciones laborales en las Pymes. En una segunda sección, cinco ensayos nos inducen a reflexionar sobre perspectivas de análisis en respuesta a: las Imbricaciones Tecnológicas en la Praxis Pedagógica; la Gerencia Avanzada en el Proceso de Investigación Científica Universitaria; la Formación en Cultura Ciudadana Espacio y su importancia para la Responsabilidad Social de las Organizaciones Empresariales; la Visión Formativa de la Metodología Cuantitativa en la Educación; las Neurociencias versus la Vitalogía Paradigmas Emergentes en la Gerencia del Milenio. Cada uno de estos artículos brega en post de cuestionamientos como reflejos del interés puesto en la investigación considerada una actividad, que a partir de una premisa cual pregunta sobre una temática, conlleva a múltiples relaciones causales y búsquedas de respuestas; por lo cual, debieran ser instrumentos conducentes al conocimiento permanente de toda la comunidad académica, permitiendo estimular e inducir a nuevas experiencias. Esto nos dirige a pensar que, los docentes en firme carrera por el perfeccionamiento, no debemos incurrir en prácticas reduccionistas y repetitivas de resultados de pesquisas previamente realizadas, sino en una exploración por nuevas respuestas en la producción del conocimiento. Conscientes de las limitaciones y de la realidad del contexto político social de cada uno de los países de América Latina, nuestro aporte editorial y bibliográfico pretende conducir a la reflexión sobre la crucial tarea del docente comprometido con su función social y la investigación como un eslabón trascedente para la producción y propagación educativa. Es a partir de esta ponderación, que se podrían suscitar alternativas superadoras de pensamiento a nivel estatal.

Сьогодні процеси швидкої глобалізації та зростання динамізму світового економічного простору стали визначальними для побудови нової моделі економічного розвитку національної економічної системи - інноваційної моделі. Інноваційна модель економічного розвитку стає основою, яка визначає економічну міць країни та її перспективи на світовому ринку. У сучасному світі країни змушені шукати прийнятну модель економічного розвитку, яка забезпечувала б національну конкурентоспроможність і орієнтувала б національну економіку на довгострокове зростання. Одним з напрямків такого зростання стає розширення інтеграційних процесів і поява інноваційно-інтегрованих структур, які забезпечать становлення країни як високотехнологічної конкурентної держави. Існування проблем, пов'язаних із законодавчою підтримкою розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур як невід'ємної частини національної безпеки держави в умовах соціально-економічної нестабільності, визначає актуальність наших досліджень. Тому сьогодні актуальним є аналіз існуючого національного законодавства, що регулює інноваційну та інвестиційну галузі, питання законодавчої підтримки розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур і пошук напрямів його вдосконалення. Національне законодавство, що регулює розвиток інноваційно-інтегрованих структур України, є фрагментарним і суперечливим, і тому воно недосконале. Автори визначили, що впровадження прийнятих законів в інноваційній та інвестиційній сферах незадовільно; реалізація ряду законів в Україні стримується. Автори виявили, що ряд важливих законопроектів про регулювання інвестиційної та інноваційної сфери не розглядаються, що не допрацьовуються та / або не виводяться без розгляду альтернативних протягом тривалого часу. Виявлено нестійкість венчурної діяльності. Це перешкоджає розвитку таких форм для підтримки інновацій, як венчурні фонди. Для України характерний низький рівень державного фінансування науки, науки і техніки. В Україні немає реальної стратегії управління інноваціями. Авторами досліджено підходи і кількісні рекомендації по впровадженню структурних змін в Стратегії розвитку України на період до 2020 року. Основна мета - збільшити вплив інновацій на економічне зростання України в цій Стратегії. Автори проаналізували і узагальнили існуюче національне законодавство України, яке регулює інноваційну та інвестиційну сфери. Виділили законодавче забезпечення розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур поряд з переглядом національного законодавства. Важливим напрямом у розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур України є створення законодавчої бази, що забезпечує концептуальну державну політику, інвестиції, фінансове забезпечення інновацій, ефективний розвиток і функціонування наукової сфери і в той же час процесу комерціалізації його інтелектуальних результатів, реального партнерства між державним і приватним секторами. Необхідно врахувати витрати в Державному бюджеті України на можливість фінансової підтримки розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур. Завдання податкових стимулів для суб'єктів бізнесу, зайнятих в інноваційній галузі, повинна бути вирішена. Також необхідно відновити реалізацію цільової економічної програми зі створення інноваційної інфраструктури в Україні, яка припинила свою діяльність в 2013 році. На національному, регіональному та місцевому рівнях можуть бути розроблені напрями вдосконалення законодавчої підтримки розвитку інноваційно-інтегрованих структур для формування національної інноваційної системи України в умовах соціально-економічної нестабільності. Today the processes of rapid globalization and the growth of the dynamism of the global economic space become determinative for building a new model for the economic development of the national economic system - the innovation model. The innovation model of economic development is becoming the foundation that determines the economic strength of the country and its prospects on the global market. In the modern world countries are forced to search for the acceptable model of economic development that would ensure national competitiveness and orient the national economy for long-term growth. The expansion of integration processes and the emergence of innovation-integrated structures that will ensure the country's emergence as a high-tech competitive state become one of the directions of such growth. The existence of problems that related to the legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures as an integral part of the national security of the state in the conditions of socio-economic instability determines the topicality of our research. Therefore, the analysis of the existing national legislation that regulates the innovation and investment industry, the issues of legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures, and the search for directions for its improvement are relevant today. National legislation that regulates the development of Ukraine's innovation-integrated structures is fragmentary and contradictory, and therefore it is imperfect. The authors determined that the implementation of the adopted laws in the innovation and investment sphere is unsatisfactory; the implementation of a number of laws in Ukraine is restrained. We found that a number of important draft laws on the regulation of investment and innovation sphere are not considered, are not being finalized and/or withdrawn without consideration of alternative ones for a long time. The unsettledness of venture activity was revealed. It prevents the development of such institutions to support innovation, such as venture funds. The low level of state funding for science, science and technology is characteristic of Ukraine. There is no real strategy to manage innovation in Ukraine. We have justified the approaches and quantitative guidelines for implementing structural changes in the Development Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2020. The main goal is to increase the influence of innovation on Ukraine's economic growth in this Strategy. We have analyzed and summarized the existing national legislation of Ukraine that regulates the innovation and investment sphere. We have isolated legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures along with the review of national legislation. The important direction in the development of the development of Ukraine's innovation-integrated structures is the creation of a legislative framework that will ensure conceptual public policy, investment, financial provision of innovation, effective development and functioning of the scientific sphere and in the same time the process of commercialization of its intellectual results, real partnership between the state and private sector. It is necessary to budget the certain costs in the State Budget of Ukraine for the possibility of financial support for the development of innovation-integrated structures. The task of tax incentives for business entities engaged in the innovation industry needs to be resolved. It is also necessary to resume the implementation of the targeted economic program for the creation of innovation infrastructure in Ukraine that has stopped its activities in 2013. The directions for improvement of legislative support of the development of innovation-integrated structures can be used at the national, regional and local levels to form the national innovation system of Ukraine in the conditions of socio-economic instability.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Gestão e Internacionalização de Empresas ; It is widely recognized that entrepreneurs and policy makers play a critical role in both economic growth and the growth and development of firms. The ability to innovate is recognized at the international level as a key competitive factor in the business world and public policies are a key instrument that often assist companies to grow to international levels. Entrepreneurship emerges as one of the main mechanisms of social and economic growth and as a result, gains a progressive interest both in the academia to investigate this phenomenon and in several public and private initiatives that promote business activity. The literature shows that entrepreneurship is an important growth factor and therefore it is extremely important to understand if such support has been effective in stimulating entrepreneurial activity. In order to accomplish the objective of the work, a research was developed based on the review of scientific publications related to entrepreneurship- and internationalisation-related public policies, highlighting the contemporaneous approaches on governmental policies and regulations and international business, corroborated by an empirical support that allowed to identify the relations between the public politics supporting entrepreneurship and internationalization of firms. This dissertation includes five key dimensions: innovation, entrepreneurship; public policy; economic growth and internationalisation. The approach of the quantitative study consisted of using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database that is a research program focused on the relationship between entrepreneurship and the context allowing economic growth and, based on the identification of variables related to public policies to analyse the extent to which they influence the experts' perceptions on the efficiency of governmental policies to supporting new and growing business. Our data was subjected to statistical, univariate and multivariate analysis that allowed producing the results presented in the two studies. Our results show that the effectiveness of public policies is associated with the information and infrastructures available; adequacy of programs; recognition of the importance of public bodies for entrepreneurship policies; the competence and effectiveness of policy-related institutions; the priority of such policies in the context of national policies; the existence of support for young entrepreneurs; the bureaucratic system and the regulatory framework; and the concentration of policies in a single institution. Our results also suggest that governments gain a reputation and that according to this reputation; individuals evaluate different types of policies in a similar way. In addition, there is evidence that, in some countries, experts evaluate their policies in a more homogeneous way, while others have important divergences when experts evaluate the efficiency of their governments in implementing policies. It has also shown that investing in a reputation can be the result of the conditions that governments create in their societies and economies, in particular as regards a strong institutional and legal framework, the education system and the development of a coherent national culture, conditions of individuals' lives and levels of investment in technology and politics. ; É geralmente reconhecido que os empresários e os decisores políticos desempenham um papel fundamental tanto no crescimento económico como no crescimento e desenvolvimento de muitas empresas. A capacidade de inovar é reconhecida, a nível internacional, como um fator competitivo chave no mundo dos negócios e as políticas públicas são um instrumento fundamental que muitas vezes ajudam as empresas a crescer para níveis internacionais. O empreendedorismo surge como um dos principais mecanismos de crescimento económico e, consequentemente, social e, como resultado, adquire um interesse progressivo quer no meio académico para investigar esse fenómeno quer em diversas iniciativas públicas e privadas que promovem a atividade empresarial. A literatura mostra que o empreendedorismo é um fator de crescimento e, portanto, é extremamente importante entender se esse apoio tem sido eficaz para estimular a atividade empresarial. Para alcançar o objetivo do trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa baseada na revisão de publicações científicas relacionadas com políticas públicas de apoio ao empreendedorismo e à internacionalização de empresas, destacando as abordagens de referência atuais sobre o tema das políticas e regulamentos governamentais e negócios internacionais, corroborado por um apoio empírico que permitiu identificar as relações entre as políticas públicas que apoiam o empreendedorismo e a internacionalização das empresas. Esta dissertação inclui cinco dimensões-chave: inovação, empreendedorismo; políticas públicas; crescimento econômico e internacionalização. A abordagem deste estudo, de natureza quantitativa, consistiu no uso da base de dados do Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) – base de dados focada na relação entre o empreendedorismo e o contexto propício ao crescimento económico, com base na identificação de variáveis relacionadas com políticas públicas para analisar em que medida estas influenciam a perceção dos especialistas sobre a eficiência das políticas governamentais em apoiar negócios novos e em crescimento. Os dados recolhidos foram sujeitos a análises estatísticas, univariadas e multivariadas, que permitiram obter os resultados apresentados nos dois estudos. Os resultados mostram que a eficácia das políticas públicas está associada às informações e infraestruturas disponíveis; adequação de programas; reconhecimento da importância dos órgãos públicos para as políticas de empreendedorismo; á competência e à eficácia das instituições relacionadas com políticas; à prioridade de tais políticas no contexto das políticas nacionais; à existência de apoio a jovens empreendedores; ao sistema burocrático e ao quadro regulatório; e à concentração de políticas numa única instituição. Os resultados sugerem, também, que os governos ganham reputação e que, de acordo com essa reputação, os indivíduos avaliam diferentes tipos de políticas de forma semelhante. Adicionalmente, há evidência de que em alguns países, os peritos avaliam as suas políticas de forma mais homogénea, enquanto outros têm divergências importantes quando os especialistas avaliam a eficiência dos seus governos na implementação de políticas. Também mostrou que investir numa reputação pode ser o resultado das condições que os governos criam nas suas sociedades e economias, em particular no que diz respeito a um forte quadro institucional e jurídico, ao sistema educacional e ao desenvolvimento de uma cultura nacional coerente, condições de vidas de indivíduos e níveis de investimento em tecnologia e política.

The focus of this study is two-fold. First, it examines the relationship between financial development and growth. Second, it investigates the role of foreign banks, inflation and openness in the state of financial development. The above are discussed in relation to a comparative study of regional economic blocs of Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC) in three essays for the period 1980-2011. The dissertation comprises four essays as stated below. Existing studies on financial system development usually rely on single measure of financial development which is inadequate in capturing the financial system properly and leads to mixed results. This research addresses this critical issue by constructing a composite measure of the variable. The first essay provides a comparative analysis on the impact of financial development on growth and development between the two regions. In addition, it investigates the influence of financial development through political development on growth. The motivation stem s not only from inadequate studies on regional economic blocs, but, importantly, the methods applied in previous panel studies ignored issues of heterogeneity. To address this, the study employ s a combination of methodologies, Pooled Mean Group, Mean Group and Dynamic Fixed Effect approaches. These approaches also capture both the short run and long run dynamics. The results indicate that financial development induces economic growth in both regions with the impact in SADC more than that of ECOWAS. Also, more political development robustly supports more financial sector to impact on growth positively in ECOWAS, but not in SADC. Finally, the speed of adjustment suggests that deviations from the long run equilibrium path following a shock are corrected at about 13% per year in ECOWAS and 15% in SADC The second essay, which is another comparative study, addresses the question of why some countries having underdeveloped financial systems after it has been established that the sector is vital for growth. SSA has one of the least developed financial systems, and, since the first essay documented that indeed the sector is crucial to growth, the main aim of this essay is to investigate whether inflation and openness to trade and financial system (that is, Rajan and Zingales Hypothesis) matter for financial development. Importantly, the effects of the growing communication infrastructure on financial development is also captured, which is a novelty. Four approaches were used: Least square dummy variable, Feasible GLS, Panel corrected standard errors and seemingly unrelated regression. The main findings provide evidence that in both regions inflation robustly reverse s financial development with the effect in ECOWAS much more. Overall, the results seem to indicate that the cost of inflation to the financial system is genuine and not explained by a sort of omitted variable bias. Access to communication indicated a strong positive effect on financial development in both regions, with the impact in SADC more. Finally, the study indicates that even though more simultaneous opening of the financial sector and trade lead to more financial development in SADC, trade openness alone still enhances development in the sector. However, more financial openness alone is detrimental to financial development in the region. Hence, this seems to provide partial support for the hypothesis in SADC. The hypothesis, however, is rejected in ECOWAS. The third essay examines the asymmetric effects of inflation on financial development. It is motivated by existing theories which posit that the detrimental effects of inflation on the financial development is only observed beyond certain threshold level. The study is the first of its kind to be conducted on SSA, especially on regional economic blocs. Using a novel Panel smooth transition regression that endogenously determines this threshold value, a comparative study is conducted between the two regions. The results suggest evidence of the existence of a robust single threshold of 17.9% inflation for ECOWAS and 14.5% for SADC. The result indicates that inflation above these thresholds presents significant detrimental effects for financial development in both regions. The last essay focuses on financial sector stability via banking sector stability. It is motivated by the evidence that the financial system of the two regions are bank based which is also over 50% foreign bank dominated. Specifically, the essay investigates the effects of foreign banking inflows on banking crisis (financial instability) of both regions for the period 1995-2009. This objective is informed by the widely held conventional wisdom that foreign banks lack long term commitment to the domestic financial system and will leave at the first sign of trouble. This can stir instability in the sector. The study employs two econometric approaches, namely, the multivariate logit and the t wo-step system generalised method of moment using bank crisis measure constructed by Laeven and Valencia (2012) and bank z-score (Bankscope). The main results of the methods indicate evidence that the presence of foreign banks in the domestic banking sector reduces the probability of bank crisis. Generally, the results reveal that the benefits from the foreign banks in the financial system are unaffected by any sort of omitted variable bias. This study has significant implication for policy formulation since it is the first study on comparative analysis between two regional economic groups in SSA. The study argues that more efforts should be committed in improving the financial system and governance. Improvement in the legal system can enhance financial development and this should be coupled with good macroeconomic policies. The study recommends that price stability policies with inflation targeting framework that falls below the estimated threshold, should be the primary objective in monetary policy. Furthermore, more investment into telecommunication industry is necessary for FSD and should be given attention. In terms of foreign banking inflows, the study advocates for a cautious approach towards attracting more foreign banks as well as more opening of the financial sector.

Problem setting. The order of cross-border goods and vehicles for commercial use is the basis of the state customs. As a result of the movement of goods in foreign economic entities is subject to certain subjective rights and legal responsibilities. A person who carries out the movement, to pay taxes and fees, return the product for a certain period unchanged (the temporary removal) to keep the goods in a particular state (customs warehouse regime) to carry the goods on certain route (transit mode). There is also entitled to recover VAT on the free use of the goods (in Ukraine or abroad), change the customs regime free of import and export and so on. Transported goods are not the same status, heterogeneity, specific features. They are moving from the point of view of customs law, an object owned by a specific subject, with the customs value. In many cases, their signs are installed by specialized laws of the various areas of law. Bans and restrictions on the movement established a wide range of laws and regulations (depending on the type of goods subject movement, customs regulations, means and transportation). The list of goods allowed to move, does not exist. Similarly, there is no single list of goods prohibited by the customs. Recent research and publications analysis. The issue of moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine are still scarcely explored and controversial legal science in general and in particular customs law. Of course, the movement of goods and its components to some extent, been the subject of distribution was the same theoretical studies in the works B.M. Habrichidze, A.V . Grebelnyka, E.V . Dodina, S.V. Kivalova, O.M. Kozyrina, B.A. Kormicha, A.V . Mazura, V. Naumenko, P.V . Pashka, V.V. Prokopenka, D.V. Pryimachenka, K.K. Sandrovskoho, S.S. Tereshchenka, D.S. Tsalinoyi and others. Review of scientific works leads to the conclusion that despite the obvious signs of apparent legislative wording in this area there is still a lack of understanding of many aspects and features of exercise and movement. Positive perception of Ukraine international legal doctrine in customs led establishment of new approaches, some of which are reflected in the Customs Code of 2012 thus moving goods in a transboundary movement requires further thorough research relevant customs and legal regulation. Paper objective. The purpose of the article is to analyze normative legal acts and scientific literature to identify the main components of the movement of goods - customs regimes and customs clearance. In accordance with the designated purpose of the following objectives: analysis of the normative acts that regulate application of customs regimes and customs clearance; clarify the legal status of participants moving; proposals to improve legislation aimed at regulating the movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. Paper main body. One of the key places in moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine belongs customs regulations and customs clearance. Customs regimes established exclusively by the Customs Code. With customs regimes carried out state influence on the development of foreign economic relations. A component of the customs regime reflects the customs policy. The current Customs Code of Ukraine (Art. 70) found that in order to apply the law of Ukraine on Civil customs introduced customs regimes: 1) imports (release for free circulation); 2) re-import; 3) exports (final export); 4) re-export; 5) transit; 6) the temporary admission; 7) temporary export; 8) customs warehouse; 9) free customs zone; 10) free trade; 11) inward processing; 12) processing outside the customs territory; 13) destruction or destruction; 14) failure to state. Custom regime has its own internal structure that is revealed through the contents that is provided requirements and restrictions. Under the terms of the customs regime understood the circumstances that lead to the possibility of room under it for goods and vehicles, restrictions - direct or indirect prohibition to carry with them certain actions and requirements - actions are related to the implementation feasibility of completing the customs regime When moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is determined by its country of origin. This information is needed to use taxation and non-tariff measures. Under the country of origin of goods is the country in which the goods were fully produced or subjected to sufficient processing in accordance with the criteria set out in MK Ukraine. Due to the existence of differential customs duties (depending on the country of origin) customs tariff is an effective tool in foreign relations. Country of origin of goods is one of the main elements of the regulation of trade flows between countries is essential in the implementation of foreign trade agreements Conclusions of the research. Moving goods through the customs border of Ukraine is the main location, which is based customs. It brings together in a single unit all provisions of the Customs Code. Its components, especially, are the customs regimes, the customs clearance, the customs control, the customs formalities and the risk management. As for components that were considered in this study, it is possible to recognize the following. Customs regimes are the most voluminous institutes of the customs law. Through cross-border, economic operators elect customs regime provided for by the customs legislation and implement its clearance in accordance with established procedures. The choice depends on the particular administrative or fiscal prescription. The features are purpose of moving, origin (Ukrainian or foreign) status of the goods after customs clearance, payment of customs duties and some other features. By approving features and procedure for customs clearance, the legislator establishes rules for movement of goods through the customs border of Ukraine. These rules are defined conducted customs policy. ; Раскрыто содержание и структуру перемещения товаров через таможенную границу Украины. Обращено внимание на такие составляющие, как таможенные режимы, таможенное оформление, определение таможенной стоимости и страны происхождения товара. ; Розкрито зміст і структуру переміщення товарів через митний кордон України. Основну увагу сконцентровано на таких складових, як митні режими, оформлення, визначення митної вартості та країни походження товару

Sweet sorghum processing and production in the Philippines still at its infancy stage in the country. It was introduced in Ilocos Norte by Dr. Heraldo H. Layoen, Vice President of Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in 2005. The crop has been found to be highly efficient in producing fuel in other countries like Indonesia, Tanzania, and USA. Other products that can be produced from the sweet sorghum crop are molasses, animal feeds, fertilizer, flour, syrup, vinegar, juice, liquor, and sugar. BAPAMIN Enterprise, (BAPAMIN) is the sole enterprise which has engaged in sweet sorghum production and marketing of products made from the crop in the country. BAPAMIN was established in 2009 as the marketing arm of the BAPAMIN Farmer?s Cooperative (BFC), a group of farmers into planting and growing of sweet sorghum in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Both the enterprise and cooperative ids headed by Engr. Antonio Arcangel. BAPAMIN and his wife, Doris who are co-managing the company. It was observed that the enterprise was encountering difficulty in taking off even it has existing for seven years already. Thus, this research was conducted to draw up a strategic plan that would help make BIPAMIN Enterprise a viable social enterprise. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1) Present and discuss a noteworthy business issue faced by BAPAMIN Enterprise, which has company wide implications. 2) Evaluate the BAPAMIN sweet sorghum business model in terms of its various business functions. 3) Analyze the opportunities, threats and the critical strategic and operational issue(s) facing the venture 4) recommend a strategic plan and operational options for BAPAMIN Enterprise to become viable. Primary and secondary data were used to gather information. Interviews were conducted with Engr. And Ms. Arcangel as well as key informants from BAPAMIN Enterprise. Technical and socio-economic experts from MMSU and government agencies like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)-DOST DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research were also interviewed. Secondary data on sweet sorghum were gathered from various publications as well as internet sources. The collected data were analyzed using Business Model Canvas, Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Self-Rating Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation, Porters Five Forces Model, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis, and the Qualitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) Matrix. It was learned through the Business Model Canvas that there were eight (8) participants in BAPAMIN?s business model: the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) for funding the research and some equipment the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for research and development Bapamin Farmers? Cooperative (BFC) for the production of raw materials and university, outlets, and institutions as the distribution channels. These participants were connected to one another and the efficiency of BAPAMIN depended on its linkages with the other components of the business model. Based on the interview with the entrepreneur, the vision for BAPAMIN is to be ?the pioneer in the propagation and processing of sweet sorghum in the country and the main advocate for developing high value products from sweet sorghum?. On the other hand, the mission of BAPAMIN is ?to campaign for mass planting of sweet sorghum as an alternative crop, address the goal of food sufficiency in the country and promote and educate the farmers on the best agricultural and cultural management practices for the adoption and propagation of sweet sorghum to consequently improve the financial condition of the farmers?. An examination of BAPAMIN?s vision and mission revealed that the mission statement only consisted of 4 out of 9 elements. Thus, improvements in both the mission and vision statements were suggested. BAPAMINS business functions were also presented in the study. The production and operations activities to the enterprise were not programmed and intermittent as they produced different products which were being introduced to the market and also displayed in trade exhibits. It was analyzed that then current equipment was still not enough to achieve the target production volume. In terms of raw materials supply, the enterprise bought grains from the BFC at Php 13/kg and the juice at Php 3/liter. Generally, the harvest were much higher during the dry season that the wet season. The enterprise as of the time of the study employed 4 full time and 210 seasonal workers because processing operations in the company took place only during harvest season. The marketing aspects of the enterprise were assessed to be relatively weak as the firm does not employ any marketing strategy. A closer look at the financial aspects of BAPAMIN revealed that the enterprise yielded an acceptable amount of profit but a part of it was plowed back for research and development of the sweet sorghum crop. Through the problem flowchart, it was seen that there were factors hindering BAPAMIN to becoming a true social enterprise. The owner was more focused on his advocacy of promoting sweet sorghum production and processing in the country to uplift the situation of farmers rather than focus on the profitability of the business itself. He overlooked the fact that BAPAMIN must first a profitable enterprise which is a must for any social enterprise. The EFE score derived for BAPAMIN was 2.53 which means the enterprise was only a little above the average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalized on external opportunities and avoid threats on the other hand, the IFE score was 2.45 which implies that the enterprise is below average in terms of its overall internal strength. There was only one alternative formulated from the SWOT and this is the owner should exert more aggressive efforts in showcasing BAPAMIN as a model social enterprise. To achieve this, it must align its strategies to consumer preferences expose its customers to the various aspects of its business model through field and plant tours, and come up with a compelling product labeling and appealing packaging which would reflect the social enterprise dimension of the business.

Dottorato di ricerca in Storia d'Europa: società, politica, istituzioni (XIX-XX secolo) ; La storia del movimento libertario italiano in esilio in Francia rimane un tema ancora scarsamente studiato. Questa tesi è nata da questa constatazione e fa seguito a un precedente lavoro realizzato nel quadro di una tesi di Master II sui comitati Anarchici Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia1. Questi lavori avevano permessi di confermare parecchie piste e di validare diversi conclusioni. Il ricorso a delle fonti nuove aveva messo in luce delle prospettive inedite e aveva fatto comparire nuove problematiche. Tuttavia, conviene spostare questo studio in un quadro più ampio, quello delle migrazioni politiche del fuoruscitismo e dell'antifascismo in Francia. Effetivamente, la vicinanza con l'Italia e l'anzianità dell'insediamento della comunità italiana nella regione fanno della città focese e più largamente del sud-est della Francia uno sbocco naturale per questo flusso di migranti. Tra le due guerre, gli Italiani rappresentano il gruppo il più importante tra gli stranieri esiliati in Francia. Peraltro, la storiografia si è concentrata sui partiti di massa occultando le formazioni politiche minoritarie che sono per esempio la corrente socialista massimalista, i giellisti e gli anarchici. I nostri ultimi lavori sulla città marsigliese avevano rivelato una componente anarchica italiana fino ad ora sottovalutata perchè in gran'parte clandestina. D'altra parte, gli studii degli storici hanno sopratutto privilegiati i ritratti dei ténors2, dei personnaggi più famosi dell'antifascismo a danno degli «oscuri»3. Tramite il percorso di un militante secondario del movimento libertario italiano, Pio Turroni, questo studio ripercorre le vicende degli anarchici italiani in esilio in Francia e più particolarmente nella regione sud-est tra le due guerre. Dopo un bilancio storiografico e un inventario del materiale mobilitato per ricomporre la storia del movimento italiano all'estero abbiamo deciso di scrivere la biografia di uno di loro per studiare il percorso del gruppo intero. Il cambiamento di scala, il passaggio del ritratto di gruppo allo studio di un percorso individuale permette in fine di studiare l'impegno individuale di un 'attore e la fitta rete delle 1 Françoise Fontanelli Morel, «I comitati Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia» à Marseille dans l'entre-deux-guerres. Histoire d'une organisation anarchiste en exil, Mémoire de Master II sous la direction de Jean-Marie Guillon, Aix-Marseille I, 2011. 2 Usando un'espressione di Pierre Milza per definire i stati maggiori dell'antifascismo. 3 Usando una parola cara - "les obscurs"- allo storico dell'anarchismo francese, Jean Maitron. Il "sottosuolo" come lo chiama Maurizio Antonioli. sue relazioni sia nel movimento anarchico in esilio che nel seno delle altre famiglie dell'antifascismo italiano. Questo studio analizza la cultura politica, le pratiche e le strategie di un insieme di militanti a partire da uno degli anelli de la catena. Provando di fare della biografia di Pio Turroni un'entrata permettendo di capire la storia delle rete anarchiche in esilio in Francia e al di là contribuire a una migliore conoscenza della storia dell'antifascismo e della loro inserzione nel tessuto politico e sociale dei paesi d'adozione. ; The History of Italian libertarian movement in exile to France, is a faintly studied topic . By this analysis, I hereby declare written this thesis, after a precedent study done as part of a second Master's degree about Comitati Anarchici Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia1. This precedent work brings me some important information to confirm trails and approve several conclusions. The access of new resource of information allowed to put forward previously unseen possibilities and news issues. It is important to situate this study in link with an another wide topic: the politics migration of the fuoruscitismo and Anti-fascism in France. In fact, proximity with Italy and the old settlement of Italian community in the region, make Marseille and South-east France a natural passage for migrant-flow. During interwar period, Italian people represent the most important group among foreigners who are exiled in France. Firstly, historiography is focused on the masses parties eclipsing the creation of politics minorities groups like Socialist-maximalist, Giustizia e libertà movement and anarchist. Our last work on the city of Marseille revealed a constitutive movement of Italian's anarchists until now underestimated because their actions were mainly clandestine. Secondly, historians favored particularly portraits of « ténors2 » to deal with anti-fascisme of the most famous figures to the detriment of « obscurs3 ». This study traces the history of Italians anarchists who were exiled in France and particularly in South-east France during interwar, through the path of a secondary militant from Italian libertarian movement, Pio Turroni. After a historiographic assessment and an inventory of sources mobilized to complete this study, we decided to write the biography of one amongst themselves to work on the history of the entire group. Change at scale, passage from the group's portrait to the study of an individual trajectory enables to understand the role of a character played 1 Françoise Fontanelli Morel, « I comitati Pro Vittime Politiche d'Italia » à Marseille durant l'entre-deux-guerres. Histoire d'une organisation anarchiste en exil. Second Master's degree extended essay supervised by Jean-Marie Guillon, Aix-Marseille I, 2011. 2 According to the term of Pierre Milza, to define managers of anti-fascism. 3 To use a specific terminology « les obscurs » which belongs to the historian Jean Maitron specialist of the French anarchy. Il « sottosuolo » of the movement underlined by Maurizio Antonioli. by an individual commitment and galloping network of his relations within anarchist movement in exile like others Italian anti-fascism groups. Finally, this study analyses cultural politics, practices and strategies of a militants group from the link plays by Pio Turroni. From the biography of Pio Turroni, we tried to create a way to understand the History of anarchists network in exile to France, and above all contributes to a better knowledge about antifascism and its insertion into the political and social fabric of receiving countries.

Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, are considered among the priorities for implementing management processes long term all countries, employed and used as flags of social, economic, cultural, economic and political demands. However units or ministries enjoy the lowest budget, they are not in the forefront of prioritizing the POA, no late reaction and few trained and hired specialized professionals. Bolivia has substantial rules with different names and a single focus: "Mechanisms of Regulation", which involves prevention systems under a precautionary principle, which can make possible, with imagination and will, immediate action. From the decade of the 70 in our country it will enact some legal instruments on environmental management: a) in 1975 which is considered the Wild Life, National Parks and Game and Fish to start an interesting process Management of Natural Resources (Law of Wildlife, National Parks, Fishing and Hunting: DL 12301, 14.03.1975); b) in 1980, a line is drawn to incorporate some safeguards mining activity, which did not give many results for its lack of consensus with the actors; c) between 1985 - 1989, to promote national productive sector precautele some agendas that water issues are developed, but again aimed at regulating the mining sector and the use of such a vital resource; d) between 91-92, since the commitments made by the country in the preparatory meetings for the Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, is included on the agenda concerns environmental, thereby initiating a debate serious about the paradigm based on the development and conservation, giving rise formulating the Environmental Law (DS 1333, 27.4.1992); e) in 1996, after extensive research process, the Forest Law (DS 1700, 12/07/1996) is formulated in view of the forest land in the country with over 52 MM / ha of forests where the environmental context, conservation, ecosystem functions and high value attributes are important; f) from 1999 Bolivia faces the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources from a technical look with the National Climate Change Programme, which ends its action in 2014 based on the new policies of the country where the climate issue and the management of natural resources is a matter of foreign policy; g) 2010 Bolivia convenes and hosts the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth (Tiquipaya 2010) managing to reunite more than 30,000 representatives of governments, social organizations, nations and peoples; h) for the 2012 Law of Mother Earth (DS is passed, 300) and with it the guiding policy of living well with sovereignty, with a governing body such as the Plurinational Authority Mother Earth and political body that counteract the commodification of natural resources through: Joint Mechanism for Mitigation and Adaptation for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth. ; El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados. Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: "Mecanismos de Regulación", lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas. A partir de la Década de los 70 en nuestro país se va promulgando algunos instrumentos legales relativos a la gestión ambiental: a) en 1975 donde se considera la Vida Silvestres, los Parques Nacionales y la Caza y Pesca para dar comienzo a un proceso interesante en la gestión de los Recursos Naturales (la Ley de la Vida Silvestre, Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca: DL 12301, 14/03/1975); b) en 1980 se traza una línea para incorporar en la actividad minera algunos resguardos, los que no dieron muchos resultados por su falta de consenso con los actores; c) entre el 1985 – 1989, para promover el sector productivo nacional se desarrollan algunas agendas que precautele el tema del agua, pero otra vez tendientes a regular el sector minero y el uso de tan vital recurso; d) entre el 91-92, dado los compromisos asumidos por el país en las reuniones preparatorias para la cumbre sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Rio de Janeiro, se incluye en la agenda política las preocupaciones de orden ambiental, iniciándose de esta manera un debate serio sobre el paradigma referido al desarrollo y la conservación, dando pie la formulación de la Ley de Medio Ambiente (DS 1333, 27/04/1992); e) en 1996, después de un amplio proceso de investigación, se formula la Ley Forestal (DS 1700, 12/07/1996), dada la vocación forestal del país con más de 52 MM/ha de bosques, donde el contexto ambiental, la conservación, las funciones ecosistemas y sus atributos de alto valor son importantes; f) a partir de 1999 Bolivia afronta la conservación de la biodiversidad y los Recursos naturales desde una mirada técnica con el Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos, que culmina su accionar el 2014 con base a las nuevas políticas del país, donde el tema climático y la gestión de los recursos naturales es un tema de política exterior; g) el 2010 Bolivia convoca y es sede de la Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Derechos de la Madre Tierra (Tiquipaya 2010) logrando reunir más de 30.000 representantes de gobiernos, Organizaciones Sociales, Naciones y Pueblos del Mundo; h) para el 2012 se promulga la Ley de la Madre Tierra (DS: 300) y con ella el órgano rector de las políticas del vivir bien con soberanía, con un órgano rector como es la Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madres Tierra y políticas que contrarrestan la mercantilización de los recursos naturales a través del: Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de los Bosques y la Madre Tierra.

Indijski vladar Aśoka (273/269.–232. pr. Khr.) ostavio je znatan korpus natpisa na širokome prostoru svojega carstva o načelima svoje vladavine. Njegovi su pretci osvojili gotovo čitavu Indiju i područja današnjega Afghanistana i dijela Irana. On je vodio samo jedan rat u Kaliṅgi za istočnu obalu Indije. Strašne posljedice toga rata jasno je opisao na vlastitim natpisima. Potom je obustavio ratovanje i odlučio osvajati svijet načelima (buddhističke) pravednosti. Održavao je diplomatske odnose sa susjednim državama i imao poklisare u svim helenističkim kraljevstvima. Četrdesetak godina gradio je drugačiju Indiju i slao misionare da grade drugačiji svijet. Njegove su misli o ratu, miru, pravednosti i brizi za sva bića jedinstvene u povijesti politike. Loza je Aśokina vladala još pedesetak godina poslije njega, otprilike do 185. g. pr. Khr. Potom je na vlast u dijelu carstva došla brahmanistička loza Śunga (185.–73. pr. Khr.), a sjeverozapad su stali osvajati grčki vladari iz Baktrije, a zatim i neki iranski i drugi narodi. Śunge su vjerojatno zaslužni za neku vrst brahmanističkoga preporoda i vjerojatno je da je za njihova vladanja zaokružen narativni dio velikoga ratničkoga epa Mahābhārata. Možda je u to vrijeme ispjevan i bitan dio misaonoga spjeva Bhagavadgītā u okviru toga epa. U njem se raspravlja koliko je rat grijeh, i u kojem slučaju je dužnost, a nije grijeh ratovati. Tu se brahmanistički nazor prepoznatljivo upušta u polemiku s buddhističkim (ne spominjući ga imenom). U kontekstu takve polemike između buddhizma i brahmanizma (a i jinizma) formulirale su se neke od najznatnijih ljudskih dilema u odnosu na rat, nasilje, pravdu i nenasilnost, i stvorili su se obrisi etičkih pogleda na ljudsko djelovanje i život uopće, koji nas i danas jednako mogu potaći na razmišljanje i zauzimanje stava prema životu i drugim ljudima i živim bićima. I buddhizam i brahmanizam razvili su svoje temeljne pojmove o ljudskoj obvezi da se djeluje iz dužnosti bez obzira na vlastitu korist, s krajnjom svrhom da se ostvari opće dobro i održi svijet. Na taj su način izrazili svojevrstan kategorički imperativ da se djeluje u skladu s idealnim općim zakonodavstvom (dharmom, bilo u buddhističkome ili brahmanisičkome smislu), a indijski su ga mislioci izrazili na takav način dvije tisuće godina prije Kanta. Razlika između brahmanističkoga i buddhističkoga shvaćanja ipak je u tome što po brahmanističkome shvaćanju treba toj svrsi težiti djelujući samozatajno iz dužnosti, bez obzira na moguće nanošenje patnje drugima, dok po buddhističkome shvaćanju tu svrhu treba ozbiljiti upravo iz milosrđa koje nas navodi na najveće napore da bismo ljude i druga osje- ćajuća bića spasili od patnje i tjelesne i duševne propasti. Mnogi buddhistički i jinistički nazori i vrijednosti bili su ipak s vremenom prihvaćeni i u hinduizmu. ; The Indian emperor Aśoka Maurya (273/269 – 232 BC) left behind him an important corpus of inscriptions, describing the leading principles of his rule, which were disseminated over the vast territory of his empire. His ancestors conquered almost the whole of India and of contemporary Afghanistan, as well as parts of Iran. He waged only one war in Kaliṅga in order to incorporate the eastern coast of India into his realm. He described the horrible consequences of this war very openly in his inscriptions. He decided to stop waging wars therafter, and to "conquer" the world by means of righteousness in accordance with Buddhist principles. He cultivated diplomatic relations with neighbouring countries and had ambassadors in all the Hellenistic kingdoms. He invested fourty years of his rule in efforts to shape a different India, and sent missionaries to shape a different world. His thoughts on war and peace, on righteousness and care for all sentient beings are unique in human political history. The dynasty of Aśoka, the Mauryas, ruled some fifty years after his death, until 185 BC. After this, the Brahman dynasty of the Śuṅgas (185 – 73 BC) rose to power in the eastern part of the former empire. The northwestern part of the empire was conquered by the Greek rulers of Bactria, and later by Iranian peoples like the Parthians and the Scythians, and other invaders. It is very likely that we have to thank the Śuṅgas for a Brahmanist revival, and the narrative part of the great heroic epic the Mahābhārata was most probably completed during their rule. It is also possible that an essential portion of the famous philosophical and religous poem Bhagavadgītā, which was incorporated into this epic, was composed during the same period. The poem discusses under which circumstances war is a sin, and under which circumstances it is a duty to fight. The Brahmanical or Hindu world¬view here polemically opposes the Buddhist one without naming it explicitly. Some of the most salient dilemmas concerning war and peace, violence and non¬violence, duty and compassion found their expression within the context of the polemics between Brahmanism or Hinduism and Buddhism (and Jinism as well), and ethical views concerning human activity and life in general, which emerged on these grounds, can incite us even today to take our stand with regard to life and to other people and sentient beings. Both the Buddhists and the Hindus formulated their basic concepts of human obligation to act out of duty without regard to personal utility with the ultimate aim of promoting universal good and maintaining further existence of the world. This amonuts to the categorical imperative to act in accordance with what would be an ideal universal legislation (dharma, either in the Buddhist or in the Brahmanist sense), as it found its expression in India two thousand years before Kant in Europe. However, the difference between the Brahmanical and Buddhist conception is that, in the Brahmanical world¬view, this aim should be attained through the self¬denying fulfilment of our duty, irrespectively of the potential pain inflicted on others, while in the Buddhist view, this aim should be achieved through compassion that urges us to invest the greatest efforts to protect other people and sentient beings from pain and physical and spiritual ruin. However, many Buddhist and Jinist views and values were, through the course of time, also incorporated into the Hindu world¬view.

The proliferation of export and import of social, economic and policy management models has recently found a new arena: that of South-South relations. Brazil gained wide international recognition during the 2000s for its agricultural modernisation and social policies. The country's domestic moves were especially significant in a context of weak political responses to the worldwide challenges of « fight against poverty ». Global interest in Brazil has strengthened in view of its diplomatic efforts to intensify cooperation, trade and investment with developing countries, especially in Africa. This study aims to understand the content, the process and the political implications of the internationalization of Brazil's rural public policy instruments. The study also intends to broadly analyse the dynamics of power distribution at the international level resulting from the emergence of new actors and new public policy frameworks, taking into account the historical and political distinctiveness of South-South exchanges. We show that the influence of Brazilian actors in the production and the circulation of international norms of rural development has been more effective in producing organisational and normative change within multilateral institutions, such as the FAO, than in the reorientation of policy instruments and institutions in the Global South, and in particular in Mozambique which is our case study. This assumption is grounded in the idea that internationalization of policy instruments is subject to a political process involving actors' networks at multiple levels. For our study, we identify three factors influencing the interactions between Brazilian players and the "receivers" of norms at multilateral and national levels: i) strategies of the actors involved in the redistribution of political resources; ii) changes in the cognitive frame of the ruling coalition; and/or iii) changes to the internal or external context of the political system (opportunity structure). This analysis should enable a clearer understanding of the drivers of state transformation in a context of globalisation and the consolidation of new global policy solutions. ; La multiplication des mouvements d'exportation et d'importation des modèles de gestion sociale, politique et économique a récemment trouvé un foyer privilégié et peu exploré : celui de l'échange entre acteurs du « Sud ». L'expérience brésilienne de modernisation agricole ou de politiques sociales a attiré l'attention de la communauté internationale dans les années 2000, en manque de réponses politiques face aux défis mondiaux de « lutte contre la pauvreté ». Cet intérêt s'est accru eu égard aux efforts diplomatiques brésiliens pour intensifier la coopération, le commerce et les investissements avec les pays en développement, notamment sur le continent africain. C'est dans le but de saisir le contenu, les processus et les implications politiques de l'internationalisation des instruments des politiques publiques brésiliennes pour le secteur rural que nous réalisons cette étude. Il nous intéresse également d'appréhender de manière plus large les dynamiques de distribution de pouvoir à l'échelle internationale face à l'insertion de nouveaux acteurs et de nouveaux référentiels d'action publique, en tenant compte de la particularité historico-politique des échanges sud-sud. Nous montrerons que l'influence des acteurs brésiliens dans la production et la circulation de normes internationales en matière de développement rural a été plus effective dans le changement organisationnel et normatif au sein des institutions multilatérales telles que la FAO que dans la réorientation des instruments politiques au sein des institutions publiques des pays du Sud, dans notre cas le Mozambique. Cette conclusion repose sur l'idée selon laquelle l'internationalisation d'instruments d'action publique fait l'objet d'un processus politique impliquant des réseaux d'acteurs à de multiples niveaux. Nous identifions trois ordres de facteurs influençant les résultats des interactions entre les acteurs brésiliens et les « récepteurs » des normes au niveau multilatéral aussi bien que national : i) les stratégies d'acteurs impliquant la redistribution des ressources politiques ; ii) le changement du cadre cognitif de la coalition dominante ; et/ou iii) l'altération du contexte intérieur ou extérieur au système politique (structure d'opportunité). Ces étapes devraient nous permettre de mieux saisir les enjeux de la transformation de l'État dans un contexte de mondialisation et de consolidation de nouvelles recettes mondiales de solutions publiques. ; A multiplicação de movimentos de exportação e importação de modelos de gestão social, política e econômica tem se intensificado a partir de um novo eixo: o das relações entre países do "Sul". A experiência brasileira de modernização agrícola e de implementação de políticas sociais foi reconhecida pela comunidade internacional nos anos 2000, principalmente num contexto de fragilidade das respostas políticas face aos desafios mundiais de "luta contra a pobreza". Tal interesse internacional tem se aprofundado diante dos esforços da diplomacia brasileira em intensificar a cooperação, o comércio e os investimentos nos países em desenvolvimento, em particular no continente africano. Neste contexto, este trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar o conteúdo, os processos e as implicações políticas da internacionalização de instrumentos brasileiros de políticas públicas para o setor rural. Ele busca ainda examinar de maneira mais ampla as dinâmicas de distribuição de poder na esfera internacional, como resultado da emergência de novos atores e de novos marcos de políticas públicas, levando-se em conta as particularidades histórico-políticas das relações Sul-Sul. Nós mostraremos que a influência de atores brasileiros na produção e na circulação de normas internacionais em matéria de desenvolvimento rural se mostrou mais efetiva na mudança organizacional e normativa no âmbito das instituições multilaterais, como a FAO, do que na reorientação de instrumentos políticos nas instituições públicas dos países do Sul, em particular em Moçambique que representa no nosso estudo de caso. Tal conclusão baseia-se na ideia de que a internacionalização de instrumentos de políticas públicas representa um processo político envolvendo redes de atores em múltiplos níveis de ação. Três principais fatores influenciam os resultados das interações entre atores brasileiros e os "receptores" das normas no âmbito multilateral e nacional: i) as estratégias dos atores levando à redistribuição de recursos políticos; ii) a mudança da estrutura cognitiva da coalizão dominante; e/ou iii) a alteração do contexto interno ou externo ao sistema político (estrutura de oportunidade). Esta análise deverá proporcionar uma melhor compreensão do processo de transformação do Estado num contexto de globalização e de consolidação de novas soluções globais de políticas públicas.

Environment, Natural Resources and Biodiversity, are considered among the priorities for implementing management processes long term all countries, employed and used as flags of social, economic, cultural, economic and political demands. However units or ministries enjoy the lowest budget, they are not in the forefront of prioritizing the POA, no late reaction and few trained and hired specialized professionals. Bolivia has substantial rules with different names and a single focus: "Mechanisms of Regulation", which involves prevention systems under a precautionary principle, which can make possible, with imagination and will, immediate action. From the decade of the 70 in our country it will enact some legal instruments on environmental management: a) in 1975 which is considered the Wild Life, National Parks and Game and Fish to start an interesting process Management of Natural Resources (Law of Wildlife, National Parks, Fishing and Hunting: DL 12301, 14.03.1975); b) in 1980, a line is drawn to incorporate some safeguards mining activity, which did not give many results for its lack of consensus with the actors; c) between 1985 - 1989, to promote national productive sector precautele some agendas that water issues are developed, but again aimed at regulating the mining sector and the use of such a vital resource; d) between 91-92, since the commitments made by the country in the preparatory meetings for the Summit on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, is included on the agenda concerns environmental, thereby initiating a debate serious about the paradigm based on the development and conservation, giving rise formulating the Environmental Law (DS 1333, 27.4.1992); e) in 1996, after extensive research process, the Forest Law (DS 1700, 12/07/1996) is formulated in view of the forest land in the country with over 52 MM / ha of forests where the environmental context, conservation, ecosystem functions and high value attributes are important; f) from 1999 Bolivia faces the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources from a technical look with the National Climate Change Programme, which ends its action in 2014 based on the new policies of the country where the climate issue and the management of natural resources is a matter of foreign policy; g) 2010 Bolivia convenes and hosts the World People's Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth (Tiquipaya 2010) managing to reunite more than 30,000 representatives of governments, social organizations, nations and peoples; h) for the 2012 Law of Mother Earth (DS is passed, 300) and with it the guiding policy of living well with sovereignty, with a governing body such as the Plurinational Authority Mother Earth and political body that counteract the commodification of natural resources through: Joint Mechanism for Mitigation and Adaptation for Integral and Sustainable Management of Forests and Mother Earth. ; El medio Ambiente, los Recursos Naturales y la Biodiversidad, están considerada entre las prioridades para implementar procesos de gestión de largo plazo en todos los países del mundo, empleadas y usadas como banderas de reivindicación social, económica, cultural, económica y política. Sin embargo las unidades o ministerios gozan del más bajo presupuesto, no están en las primeras filas de priorización de los POA, hay tardías reacción y escasos profesionales capacitados, especializados y contratados. Bolivia tiene cuantiosas normas con distintos nombres y un solo énfasis: "Mecanismos de Regulación", lo que involucra sistemas de prevención bajo un principio precautorio, donde podemos viabilizar, con imaginación y voluntad, acciones inmediatas. A partir de la Década de los 70 en nuestro país se va promulgando algunos instrumentos legales relativos a la gestión ambiental: a) en 1975 donde se considera la Vida Silvestres, los Parques Nacionales y la Caza y Pesca para dar comienzo a un proceso interesante en la gestión de los Recursos Naturales (la Ley de la Vida Silvestre, Parques Nacionales, Caza y Pesca: DL 12301, 14/03/1975); b) en 1980 se traza una línea para incorporar en la actividad minera algunos resguardos, los que no dieron muchos resultados por su falta de consenso con los actores; c) entre el 1985 – 1989, para promover el sector productivo nacional se desarrollan algunas agendas que precautele el tema del agua, pero otra vez tendientes a regular el sector minero y el uso de tan vital recurso; d) entre el 91-92, dado los compromisos asumidos por el país en las reuniones preparatorias para la cumbre sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo de Rio de Janeiro, se incluye en la agenda política las preocupaciones de orden ambiental, iniciándose de esta manera un debate serio sobre el paradigma referido al desarrollo y la conservación, dando pie la formulación de la Ley de Medio Ambiente (DS 1333, 27/04/1992); e) en 1996, después de un amplio proceso de investigación, se formula la Ley Forestal (DS 1700, 12/07/1996), dada la vocación forestal del país con más de 52 MM/ha de bosques, donde el contexto ambiental, la conservación, las funciones ecosistemas y sus atributos de alto valor son importantes; f) a partir de 1999 Bolivia afronta la conservación de la biodiversidad y los Recursos naturales desde una mirada técnica con el Programa Nacional de Cambios Climáticos, que culmina su accionar el 2014 con base a las nuevas políticas del país, donde el tema climático y la gestión de los recursos naturales es un tema de política exterior; g) el 2010 Bolivia convoca y es sede de la Conferencia Mundial de los Pueblos sobre Cambio Climático y Derechos de la Madre Tierra (Tiquipaya 2010) logrando reunir más de 30.000 representantes de gobiernos, Organizaciones Sociales, Naciones y Pueblos del Mundo; h) para el 2012 se promulga la Ley de la Madre Tierra (DS: 300) y con ella el órgano rector de las políticas del vivir bien con soberanía, con un órgano rector como es la Autoridad Plurinacional de la Madres Tierra y políticas que contrarrestan la mercantilización de los recursos naturales a través del: Mecanismo Conjunto de Mitigación y Adaptación para el Manejo Integral y Sustentable de los Bosques y la Madre Tierra.

MARKETING ANALYSIS AND MONITORING OF PRICES FOR MEDICATIONS WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS OF SOFT DOSAGE FORM USED IN DERMATOLOGYB. V. Vons, M. B. Chubka, T. A. GroshovyiSHEI "Ternopil State Medical University by I. Ya. Horbachevsky"Summary: It was studied the assortment of soft medications with corticosteroids used in dermatology. It was found the correlation of domestic and foreign medications within each pharmacotherapeutic subgroup of medications. The price range was analyzed and the liquidity ratio for medications in this category was calculated too.Key words: corticosteroids, soft dosage forms, price monitoring, market research.Every year the level of skin disease is growing rapidly. Today soft medications (SM) take the first place for the local treatment of dermatological diseases [1, 2]. SM with corticosteroids (CS) are the most commonly used medications in dermatology. This group of medications (M) for over 50 years is used for treatment of dermatitis, eczema, erythema, psoriasis, for relieving symptoms of inflammation and itching of the skin.However, the price is one of the constituent elements of pharmaceutical marketing and one of the most important factors determining the choice of buyers and demand for goods [4].The aim of research was to study the index of medication assortment with corticosteroids, summarize the results of price analysis, namely: the calculation of average retail prices of medications, liquidity ratios of prices, which were analyzed with the following justification of general trends.The object of the study was the information posted on the website "Regulatory and legislative documents of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine" [5] about registered SM in Ukraine and the method of analysis of used secondary marketing information.There has been 492 names registered, of which 226 medications are used in dermatology according to preliminary studies, for the date of January 1, 2015.The largest number of registered medicines belongs to the group of medications with corticosteroids (D 07), 80 medications are used in dermatology. According to the order No. 235 "classifier dosage forms" [7] of MPH of Ukraine, all registered medications with CS were divided due to their dosage form into creams, ointments, gels, pastes, liniments.Thus, in the ratio ointments and creams have 49.43 % of the assortment, gels only 1.15 % and corticosteroid medications such as liniments and pastes are not represented on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine.The domestic market of SM with CS depends on import because soft dosage forms (SDF) of foreign manufacturing take 73.56 % of assortment, while soft dosage forms (SDF) of domestic production have 26.44 % of the market.SM with CS are represented by 12 countries of the world at Ukrainian market, the leaders are: Poland – 21.87 %, India – 14.06 %, Italy – 12.5 %, Germany – 10.93 %, Belgium and Croatia – 9,37 % each.In Ukraine, SM with corticosteroids are produced by 8 pharmaceutical enterprises of different ownership. Leading manufacturing positions are occupied by Pharmaceutical Company Zdoroviya, LLC – 26.08 %, Farmak, PJSC, Pharmaceutical company Darnytsiya, PJSC and Kievmedpreparat, PJSC have 17.39 % each of pharmaceutical market.Price is one of the most important elements of the marketing complex because it determines the monetary price paid for a particular product [8].Price features of SDF with CS presented at the domestic wholesale market from January 2015 to May 2015 were investigated during the research. In particular, dynamics of changes, average weighted wholesale price and liquidity ratios were studied. Wholesale prices presented on an electronic resource "Ezhenedelnyk apteky" [9] were used for the analysis.We analyzed the pricing environment of SDF with CS and defined liquidity ratio, which has showed the balance between the maximum and minimum price of a particular medication at a current period at the appropriate market [4] for this category of medications of soft dosage form during January - May 2015. Аt 6.89 % of medications of soft dosage forms with CS have liquidity ratio less than 0,15, in 52.89 % of medications liquidity ratio range between 0,15-0,5, and 40.22 % of medications of soft dosage form with CS have liquidity ratio higher than 0,5.Also it was found the average arithmetic wholesale prices for this group of medications during the studied period. All SM with corticosteroids (group D 07 according to ATC classification) were analyzed due to the international non-patented name and divided into domestic and imported medications.Average price for 1 pack of medication of SDF with corticosteroids had a significant tendency to change a price during the period of study. The wholesale price of the medication with CS of domestic manufacturer varies from UAH 14.02 per pack to 67.43 UAH, while the price of imported medication is from 19.89 UAH to 267.35 UAH per one pack. It should be noted that the price of imported medications is higher in three times than the price of domestic counterparts.ReferencesVons B. V. Market analysis of semisolid dosage forms registered in Ukraine and research of excipients included to their formulas / B. V. Vons, M. B. Chubka, T. A. Groshovyi // Farmatsevtychnyy chasopys. – 2015. – № 1. – P. 55-61.Analiz rynku zareyestrovanykh v Ukrayini m'yakykh likarsʹkykh zasobiv, yaki vykorystovuyutʹsya u dermatolohiyi / B. V. Vons, T. A. Hroshovyy, M. B. Chubka // Menedzhment ta marketynh u skladi suchasnoyi ekonomiky, nauky, osvity, praktyky: materialy III mizhnarodnoyi naukovo-praktychnoyi Internet-konferentsiyi, (26-27 bereznya 2015 r., m. Kharkiv). – KH.: Vyd-vo NFaU, 2015. – S. 303-304.Shmelʹkova K. S. Problema vyboru suchasnoho topichnoho hlyukokortykosteroyidy / Shmelʹkova K. S., Brykov O. L. // Mystetstvo likuvannya. – 2008. – N 8. – S. 114-116.Kosyachenko K. L. Naukovo-metodychni pidkhody do otsinky efektyvnosti systemy tsin na likarsʹki zasoby / K. L. Kosyachenko, A. S. Nemchenko, O. V. Kovalenko // Visnyk farmatsiyi. – 2010. – № 3. – S. 51-54.Normatyvno-dyrektyvni dokumenty MOZ Ukrayiny [Elektronnyy resurs] / Ministerstvo okhorony zdorovʺya Ukrayiny. – Rezhym dostupu do informatsiyi: http://mozdocs.kiev.ua/.Dovidnyk "Kompendium". [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu do informatsiyi: http://compendium.com.ua/.Nakaz Ministerstva okhorony zdorov'ya Ukrayiny vid 26.06.2002 roku № 235 "Pro zatverdzhennya Klasyfikatora likarsʹkykh form" [Elektronnyy resurs] / Ministerstvo okhorony zdorovʺya Ukrayiny. – Rezhym dostupu do informatsiyi: .http://mozdocs.kiev.ua/view.php?id=1113.Myrzabekova M. YU. Mekhanyzm tsenoobrazovanyya v sovremennoy ékonomyke / M. YU. Myrzabeova // Ékonomyka y upravlenye v XXI veke: tendentsyy razvytyya. – 2013. – № 11. – S. 106-110.Ezhenedelʹnyk apteka. [Elektronnyy resurs]. – Rezhym dostupu do informatsiyi: http://pharmbase.com.ua/poisk.

Sweet sorghum processing and production in the Philippines still at its infancy stage in the country. It was introduced in Ilocos Norte by Dr. Heraldo H. Layoen, Vice President of Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) in 2005. The crop has been found to be highly efficient in producing fuel in other countries like Indonesia, Tanzania, and USA. Other products that can be produced from the sweet sorghum crop are molasses, animal feeds, fertilizer, flour, syrup, vinegar, juice, liquor, and sugar. BAPAMIN Enterprise, (BAPAMIN) is the sole enterprise which has engaged in sweet sorghum production and marketing of products made from the crop in the country. BAPAMIN was established in 2009 as the marketing arm of the BAPAMIN Farmer?s Cooperative (BFC), a group of farmers into planting and growing of sweet sorghum in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Both the enterprise and cooperative ids headed by Engr. Antonio Arcangel. BAPAMIN and his wife, Doris who are co-managing the company. It was observed that the enterprise was encountering difficulty in taking off even it has existing for seven years already. Thus, this research was conducted to draw up a strategic plan that would help make BIPAMIN Enterprise a viable social enterprise. The specific objectives of the research are to: 1) Present and discuss a noteworthy business issue faced by BAPAMIN Enterprise, which has company wide implications. 2) Evaluate the BAPAMIN sweet sorghum business model in terms of its various business functions. 3) Analyze the opportunities, threats and the critical strategic and operational issue(s) facing the venture 4) recommend a strategic plan and operational options for BAPAMIN Enterprise to become viable. Primary and secondary data were used to gather information. Interviews were conducted with Engr. And Ms. Arcangel as well as key informants from BAPAMIN Enterprise. Technical and socio-economic experts from MMSU and government agencies like the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCAARRD)-DOST DA-Bureau of Agricultural Research were also interviewed. Secondary data on sweet sorghum were gathered from various publications as well as internet sources. The collected data were analyzed using Business Model Canvas, Personal Entrepreneurial Competencies Self-Rating Analysis, Internal Factor Evaluation, Porters Five Forces Model, Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) Analysis, and the Qualitative Strategic Planning (QSPM) Matrix. It was learned through the Business Model Canvas that there were eight (8) participants in BAPAMIN?s business model: the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) and the Department of Agriculture (DA) for funding the research and some equipment the Mariano Marcos State University (MMSU) and the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) for research and development Bapamin Farmers? Cooperative (BFC) for the production of raw materials and university, outlets, and institutions as the distribution channels. These participants were connected to one another and the efficiency of BAPAMIN depended on its linkages with the other components of the business model. Based on the interview with the entrepreneur, the vision for BAPAMIN is to be ?the pioneer in the propagation and processing of sweet sorghum in the country and the main advocate for developing high value products from sweet sorghum?. On the other hand, the mission of BAPAMIN is ?to campaign for mass planting of sweet sorghum as an alternative crop, address the goal of food sufficiency in the country and promote and educate the farmers on the best agricultural and cultural management practices for the adoption and propagation of sweet sorghum to consequently improve the financial condition of the farmers?. An examination of BAPAMIN?s vision and mission revealed that the mission statement only consisted of 4 out of 9 elements. Thus, improvements in both the mission and vision statements were suggested. BAPAMINS business functions were also presented in the study. The production and operations activities to the enterprise were not programmed and intermittent as they produced different products which were being introduced to the market and also displayed in trade exhibits. It was analyzed that then current equipment was still not enough to achieve the target production volume. In terms of raw materials supply, the enterprise bought grains from the BFC at Php 13/kg and the juice at Php 3/liter. Generally, the harvest were much higher during the dry season that the wet season. The enterprise as of the time of the study employed 4 full time and 210 seasonal workers because processing operations in the company took place only during harvest season. The marketing aspects of the enterprise were assessed to be relatively weak as the firm does not employ any marketing strategy. A closer look at the financial aspects of BAPAMIN revealed that the enterprise yielded an acceptable amount of profit but a part of it was plowed back for research and development of the sweet sorghum crop. Through the problem flowchart, it was seen that there were factors hindering BAPAMIN to becoming a true social enterprise. The owner was more focused on his advocacy of promoting sweet sorghum production and processing in the country to uplift the situation of farmers rather than focus on the profitability of the business itself. He overlooked the fact that BAPAMIN must first a profitable enterprise which is a must for any social enterprise. The EFE score derived for BAPAMIN was 2.53 which means the enterprise was only a little above the average in its effort to pursue strategies that capitalized on external opportunities and avoid threats on the other hand, the IFE score was 2.45 which implies that the enterprise is below average in terms of its overall internal strength. There was only one alternative formulated from the SWOT and this is the owner should exert more aggressive efforts in showcasing BAPAMIN as a model social enterprise. To achieve this, it must align its strategies to consumer preferences expose its customers to the various aspects of its business model through field and plant tours, and come up with a compelling product labeling and appealing packaging which would reflect the social enterprise dimension of the business.